253 lines
30 KiB
XML
253 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="91592C461D266F9E4500DBC090DC5677">
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<mods:title id="D4C693A57D71265177BCFF1362757E6C">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF0BE12C27FC79E0405ED30224B55197">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9FED51CFF770D6D6771AA4800306E28F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="420B9FCFB0316CF93F5F30B120ECE710">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="D27111E998B82DAE0E5B082515EC845E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="CBF0FCDDD56DDD44E546E243B148ED02">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="76BC2BA1493B6A2AF6A2135B7BC48552">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF876A38FF4C956218B5B34C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6883974" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6883974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF876A38FF4C956218B5B34C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF876A38FF4C956218B5B34C" lastPageNumber="882" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF4C95621F02B85B" blockId="124.[174,1127,827,915]" box="[176,258,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<heading id="9F638192FF876A38FF4C95621F02B85B" box="[176,258,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF876A38FF4C95621F02B85B" box="[176,258,827,873]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">268.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FEEF95621CB8B85B" box="[275,696,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FEEF95621CB8B85B" blockId="124.[174,1127,827,915]" box="[275,696,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<heading id="9F638192FF876A38FEEF95621CB8B85B" box="[275,696,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF876A38FEEF95621CB8B85B" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[275,696,827,873]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Southern Yellow Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FD1695621DDEB85B" box="[746,990,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FD1695621DDEB85B" blockId="124.[174,1127,827,915]" box="[746,990,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<heading id="9F638192FF876A38FD1695621DDEB85B" box="[746,990,827,873]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FD1695621DDEB85B" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[746,990,827,873]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FD1695621DDEB85B" box="[746,990,827,873]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Lasiurus ega</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FF5395231A66B8BD" box="[175,1126,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF5395231A66B8BD" blockId="124.[174,1127,827,915]" box="[175,1126,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<heading id="9F638192FF876A38FF5395231A66B8BD" box="[175,1126,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FF5395231EFBB8BD" bold="true" box="[175,251,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF876A38FEF895231F87B8BD" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[260,391,890,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Lasiure jaune</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FE6095231FF7B8BD" bold="true" box="[412,503,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF876A38FDFC95231D50B8BD" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[512,848,890,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Sidliche Haarschwanzfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FC9995231DC0B8BD" bold="true" box="[869,960,890,911]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF876A38FC3795231A66B8BD" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[971,1126,890,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF876A38FC3795231A12B8BD" ID-CoL="8LH4D" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[971,1042,890,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Lasiuro</vernacularName>
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amarillo
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FCE895981A05BF34" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FCE895981A05BF34" blockId="124.[787,1379,961,1385]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FCE895981DAFB8EC" bold="true" box="[788,943,961,990]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FC3595981B2FB8EC" ID-CoL="8LF9W" authority="P. Gervais" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[969,1327,961,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticejus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Nycticejus ega P. Gervais</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="453510EFFF876A38FCE995B01A05BF34" box="[789,1029,1001,1030]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Castelnau, 1836,</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FBE095B01A0BBF1F" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FBE095B01A0BBF1F" blockId="124.[787,1379,961,1385]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF876A38FBE095B01A0BBF1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319413" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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“Ega, ville du
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FB0395B01B51BF34" box="[1279,1361,1001,1030]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brasil</collectingCountry>
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,” Amazonas,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FC49924D1A07BF1F" box="[949,1031,1044,1069]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FCE9926D1C38BEA2" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FCE9926D1C38BEA2" blockId="124.[787,1379,961,1385]" lastBlockId="124.[173,1380,1391,2174]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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Recent molecular studies based on mtDNA and nDNA showed genetic differences between North American and South American populations of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FB7192F31AE1BFF9" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" box="[1165,1249,1194,1227]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">L. ega</taxonomicName>
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, suggest ing they are distinct species. Nevertheless, any taxonomic change was discarded, and broader analysis of subspecies is needed.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FCE993111DC1BE5B" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" box="[789,961,1352,1385]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">Lasiurus ega</taxonomicName>
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1s in the Yellow Bat group. Four subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FF5393C21A08BDFE" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF876A38FF5393C21A08BDFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398380/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" targetBox="[173,765,965,1380]" targetPageId="124">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF5393C21DC5BD35" blockId="124.[173,1380,1391,2174]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FF5393C21C3FBE8A" bold="true" box="[175,575,1435,1464]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FF53939F1DC5BD35" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" authorityName="P. Gervais" authorityYear="1856" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="ega">L.e.egaP.Gervais,1856—EoftheAndesinColombia,Venezuela,Peru,andBolivia,Guyana,Suriname,andN&CBrazil;alsoonTrinidadI.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF53904C1FB2BD64" blockId="124.[173,1380,1391,2174]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FF53904C1FB2BD64" authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="argentinus">L.e.argentinusThomas,1901—SBoliviaandNEBrazilStoParaguay,W&SUruguay,andECArgentina.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF5390051DE0BD4F" blockId="124.[173,1380,1391,2174]" box="[175,992,1628,1661]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FF5390051DE0BD4F" authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[175,992,1628,1661]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="fuscatus">L.e.fuscatusThomas,1901—WColombiaandWEcuador.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FF4C90DA1A08BDFE" blockId="124.[173,1380,1391,2174]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38FF4C90DA1C4FBD96" authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[176,591,1667,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="panamensis">L. e. panamensis Thomas, 1901</taxonomicName>
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— from SE Texas S along the Gulf coast to S
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FB4290DA1B24BD96" box="[1214,1316,1667,1700]" name="Mexico" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and through Central America to N
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FD9F90F21CECBDFE" box="[611,748,1707,1740]" name="Colombia" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and NW
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FC8D90F21A04BDFE" box="[881,1028,1707,1740]" name="Venezuela" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FF53908B1451B949" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="description">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FF53908B1FA4BDC1" bold="true" box="[175,420,1746,1779]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.57-
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, tail
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, ear
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, hindfoot 6-11-
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||
, forearm 40-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF876A38FDFD90A71C80BC29" box="[513,640,1790,1819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="5.0">5-52 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF876A38FD0990A71D5EBC29" box="[757,862,1790,1819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" unit="g" value="16.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="13.0">13-20 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with dark or brown bases, orange to pale yellowish tips, and inconspicuous to heavy blackish wash. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with dark or brown bases and olivaceous to yellowish tips, and lighter than dorsum. Dorsal and ventral hairs are not frosted. Ventral hairs reach membranes next to body, extending along forearm to fifth finger. Ears are small, rounded, and fringed with yellow hairs at internal base. Tragus is broad and reaches slightly more than 50% the ear length. Face is blackish. Muzzle is short and broad. Wing membranes are naked and light brown, with whitish edges. Uropatagium is partially furred, with hairs reaching only one-half ofits length and contrasting or not with dorsalfur. Calcar has slight keel and reaches almost entire extent of free margin of uropatagium. Skull is short and broad. Rostrum slopes in front and almost aligns to braincase. Braincase is high and rounded; auditory bullae are well developed; zygomatic arches are slender; basisphenoid pits are distinct, long, and narrow. I* is close to C'!, unicuspid and pointed; P? is usually absent; M' and M* lack hypocone; M? is reduced; lower incisors are tricuspid and almost perpendicular to jaws; and lower molars have developed cusps. Dental formulais11/3,C1/1,P 1-2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30-32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 46, with seven pairs of large metacentric and submetacentric autosomes, three pairs of medium metacentric autosomes, three pairs of small acrocentric autosomes, medium submetacentric X-chromosome, and small acrocentric Y-chromosome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA5594D81603B82A" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA5594D81603B82A" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA5594D81818B990" bold="true" box="[1449,1560,641,674]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Variety of xeric to moist habitats including tropical dry forests, subtropical and tropical moist forests, elfin forests, savannas, pastures, dense forests, and banana and palm groves, often over streams, rivers, ponds, swimming pools, and along roads, from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF876A38F86E94AE1600B82A" box="[1938,2048,759,792]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" unit="m" value="1860.0">1860 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA56954616C5B8EC" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA56954616C5B8EC" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA56954618B2B872" bold="true" box="[1450,1714,799,832]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Southern Yellow Bat seems to have rapid and maneuverable flight, commonly capturing insects over water. Its diet varies across its wide distribution. In Mexico, it seems to prey mainly on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F7E5952B16B5B8BD" box="[2073,2229,882,911]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and then other prey; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F5E5952B1BE9B884" name="Paraguay" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, stomachs contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F8E795CC1987B884" box="[1819,1927,917,950]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F86B95CC1646B884" box="[1943,2118,917,950]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F7AB95CC16F5B884" box="[2135,2293,917,950]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Heteroptera; and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FA5795E41BFCB8EC" box="[1451,1532,957,990]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, stomachs contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F8D195E419DBB8EC" box="[1837,2011,957,990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F7DF95E416C1B8EC" box="[2083,2241,957,990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA5695BD1442BE2B" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA5695BD1442BE2B" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA5695BD1830BF37" bold="true" box="[1450,1584,996,1029]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Southern Yellow Bat is monoestrous. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F75B95BD1725BF37" box="[2215,2341,996,1029]" name="Paraguay" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating begins in May (autumn), and ovulation takes place c.3 months later. After 3-3-5-months gestation, parturition occurs in late November and early December (spring or early summer), and seems to be earlier in areas near to the equator. Lactation seemsto last at least 60 days. Pregnant females were captured in late April in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F76692DB1733BF91" box="[2202,2355,1154,1187]" name="Guatemala" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, November in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F5FA92DB1457BF91" box="[2566,2647,1154,1187]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and mid-November in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F91792F0197BBFF8" box="[1771,1915,1193,1226]" name="Argentina" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Lactating females were captured in June in Mexico and May in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F9AF928D18E5BFC3" box="[1619,1765,1236,1265]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F8CC928D19BFBFC3" box="[1840,1983,1236,1265]" name="Honduras" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Parturition was observed in spring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F619928D145EBFC3" box="[2533,2654,1236,1265]" name="Uruguay" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and late January in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F94792A5194BBE2B" box="[1723,1867,1276,1305]" name="Argentina" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Pregnant females bear 1-4 embryos (typically three).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA5493461612BD1F" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA5493461612BD1F" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA5493461894BE72" bold="true" box="[1448,1684,1311,1344]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Southern Yellow Bats are crepuscular/nocturnal. They are probably more active during the first five hours of the night, being mostly captured from right before dusk until close to midnight. Roosting sites are mainly in dead palm leaves but also building crevices and holes, banana leaves, abandoned parrot nests (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F60E93CF1BE1BEEC" class="Aves" family="Psittacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psittaciformes" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and caves. Echolocation calls are c.9 milliseconds, with narrowband and single harmonic, and sweep from c¢.51-5 kHz to ¢.29 kHz. Predators include owls and rufousbrowed peppershrikes (Cyclarhis gujanensis).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA56906A170ABC5B" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA56906A170ABC5B" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA56906A1666BD66" bold="true" box="[1450,2150,1587,1620]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Southern Yellow Bat is solitary, but up to 20 individuals occurred in the same roost. Migration movements are unknown, but it has been observed c.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF876A38F86490D31603BD91" box="[1944,2051,1674,1699]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" unit="km" value="145.0">145 km</quantity>
|
||
offshore in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F74990D31704BD91" box="[2229,2308,1674,1699]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF876A38F6AC90D317B7BD91" box="[2384,2487,1674,1699]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" unit="km" value="335.0">335 km</quantity>
|
||
offshore in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FA5590F01839BDF8" box="[1449,1593,1705,1738]" name="Argentina" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The season when the second observation occurred and direction of flight (northward) suggested that migratory movements toward the equator might occur. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF876A38FA5790A41860BC28" box="[1451,1632,1789,1818]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38F99390A418C1BC28" box="[1647,1729,1789,1818]" name="Brazil" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it cohabits caves with Common Vampire Bats (Desmodus rotundus) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF876A38FA3391711838BC73" box="[1487,1592,1832,1857]" name="Mexico" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it shared a roost with Sinaloan Mastiff Bats (Molossus sinaloae); and in Texas, it roosted with the Northern Yellow Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF876A38F815911516FEBC5B" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1862" box="[2025,2302,1868,1897]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">Lasiurus intermedius</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA579136174FBCED" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA579136174FBCED" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA5791361905BCA2" bold="true" box="[1451,1797,1903,1936]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Yellow Bat is widely distributed, locally common, and presumably has large population. It occurs in protected areas, and no major threats are known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF876A38FA5791B718B5B34C" pageId="124" pageNumber="882" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF876A38FA5791B718B5B34C" blockId="124.[1448,2656,286,2175]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF876A38FA5791B71844B335" bold="true" box="[1451,1604,2030,2055]" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alvarez-Castafieda & Gonzalez-Ruiz (2018), Baird et al. (2015), Barquez & Diaz (2016¢), Barquez et al. (1999), Bianconi & Pedro (2017), Bickham (1987), Collen (2012),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF876A38F74E9E4F16EEB31D" box="[2226,2286,2070,2095]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="124" pageNumber="882">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2016), Gardner & Handley (2008), Handley (1960), Kurta & Lehr (1995), Mikula et al. (2016), Morales et al. (2014d), Novaes, Garbino et al. (2018), Simmons (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |