225 lines
26 KiB
XML
225 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="D2376BD2F9ED66B1AB48B972CF35EF52" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lasiurus xanthinus Thomas 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="881" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="880" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0EC9F1ACB3F397C3B88A718427375FA1">
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<mods:title id="F4BA02D789CB261B84A3A04D2B3CE165">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A87C6DF641136B312A4BD9F8B31796B4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="427961C835A434E04BC8376CE2C400DA">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C851BDBBF857E685CC10FB692719ACB3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D85EFA375E951EA9D3C2D63498B7D1B2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="97DDA975DE0D0AC77612A6BA8FD99C1A">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="47EBEEE689E2A9587CB86F2A58975B4D" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="3441DB8E0AEA8A43052DFDB241800CF5">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="29D8DE4832C6FA46C4D7EF98FF85FA17">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="68C3FDBD958D71B510E960B3CFE3A383">
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<mods:title id="12C6EA2F8D15E1F03FD56AFFF80A5766">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="8669EA2F4CFA24A1AE1D53EAA972C275">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577451" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577451" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="881" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EFA539AE51800B7D4" box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EFA539AE51800B7D4" blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading id="9F638192FF816A3EFA539AE51800B7D4" box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF816A3EFA539AE51800B7D4" box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">265.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EF9F39AE5199BB7D4" box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EF9F39AE5199BB7D4" blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading id="9F638192FF816A3EF9F39AE5199BB7D4" box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF816A3EF9F39AE5199BB7D4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" language="eng" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">Western Yellow Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EF8319AE51746B7D4" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EF8319AE51746B7D4" blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading id="9F638192FF816A3EF8319AE51746B7D4" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF816A3EF8319AE51746B7D4" ID-CoL="8LH4K" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthinus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF816A3EF8319AE51746B7D4" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Lasiurus xanthinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EFA519AAF17E6B639" box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EFA519AAF17E6B639" blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading id="9F638192FF816A3EFA519AAF17E6B639" box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF816A3EFA519AAF1BF9B639" bold="true" box="[1453,1529,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF816A3EF9FF9AAF18CDB639" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1539,1741,3318,3339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" language="fra" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">
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Lasiure de
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF816A3EF98D9AAF18CDB639" box="[1649,1741,3318,3339]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Californie</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF816A3EF91F9AAF193DB639" bold="true" box="[1763,1853,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF816A3EF8BF9AAF16A3B639" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1859,2211,3318,3339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" language="deu" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">Westliche Haarschwanzfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF816A3EF7449AAF1713B639" bold="true" box="[2232,2323,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF816A3EF6E19AAF17E6B639" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[2333,2534,3318,3339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" language="esp" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF816A3EF6E19AAF1764B639" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[2333,2404,3318,3339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" language="esp" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">Lasiuro</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF816A3EF6709AAF17E6B639" box="[2444,2534,3318,3339]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">California</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EFA509B60167AB668" box="[1452,2170,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EFA509B60167AB668" blockId="122.[1451,2656,3385,3467]" box="[1452,2170,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF816A3EFA509B601847B668" bold="true" box="[1452,1607,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF816A3EF9A99B601676B668" authority="Thomas, 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1621,2166,3385,3418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dasypterus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="xanthinus">Dasypterus ega xanthinus Thomas, 1897</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF816A3EF7759B60193FB6B0" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF816A3EF7759B60193FB6B0" blockId="122.[1451,2656,3385,3467]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF816A3EF7759B60193FB6B0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319430" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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“Sierra Laguna, Lower California [=
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF816A3EFA299B3C18B0B6B0" box="[1493,1712,3429,3458]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Baja California</collectingRegion>
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],”
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF816A3EF92E9B3C193BB6B0" box="[1746,1851,3429,3458]" name="Mexico" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFD1F97781DE4B997" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFD1F97781DE4B997" blockId="123.[737,1329,289,716]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFD1F97781DE6BA70" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[739,998,289,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthinus">Lasiurus xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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was previously considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFBDF97101A7ABA58" authority="P. Gervais, 1856" box="[1059,1146,329,362]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ega">L. ega</taxonomicName>
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, but studies based on allozymes and restriction-enzyme analysis of mtDNA suggested that
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFD1F97E61D8ABAD2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[739,906,447,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthinus">L. xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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should be treated as a distinct species. Recent molecular studies based on mtDNA and nDNA also recovered
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFD1E946C1D8BB964" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[738,907,565,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthinus">L. xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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as a full species and placed it as the most basal lineage in the Yellow Bat group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFD1D94F61A2CB9C1" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF806A3FFD1D94F61A2CB9C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398372/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" targetBox="[122,714,295,710]" targetPageId="123">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFD1D94F61A2CB9C1" blockId="123.[737,1329,289,716]" lastBlockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFD1D94F61D91B9FE" bold="true" box="[737,913,687,716]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SW
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF806A3FFC2A94F61A15B9FE" box="[982,1045,687,716]" name="United States of America" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
(S
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFBB494F61AD5B9FE" box="[1096,1237,687,716]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">California</collectingRegion>
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||
, S
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFAFC94F61EBEB9C1" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFF3094831F3DB9C1" box="[204,317,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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, SW
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFE7F94831C33B9C1" box="[387,563,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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, and SW
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFD4B94831D06B9C1" box="[695,774,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Texas</collectingRegion>
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) S to W & C
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF806A3FFC4394831A28B9C1" box="[959,1064,730,755]" name="Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF8195581F3BBE5B" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF8195581F3BBE5B" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF8195581F77B828" bold="true" box="[125,375,769,794]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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||
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||
, tail
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||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFCED95581DA8B828" box="[785,936,769,794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40-50 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear 11-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFBE295581AA3B828" box="[1054,1187,769,794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="9.0">9-19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFF8295781F02B870" box="[126,258,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8-10 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFE6C95781C26B870" box="[400,550,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="42.0">42-48 mm</quantity>
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; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFD6395781D0CB870" box="[671,780,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="g" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12-19 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal hairs have dark bases and pale yellowish tips, lightly washed with black. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with blackish bases and reddish yellow tips. Ears are short, wide, naked, and light brown. Tragusis broad and reaches slightly more than 50% the ear length. Face is dark brown, not black. Uropatagium is densely furred, with bright yellow hairs that contrast with dorsal fur. Skull is short and broad; rostrum slopes in front and almost aligns to braincase, which is high and rounded; auditory bullae are well developed; zygomatic arches are slender; and basisphenoid pits are distinct, long, and narrow. I? is close to C', unicuspid, and pointed; P? is absent; M' and M? lack hypocone; M? is reduced; lower incisors are tricuspid and almost perpendicular to jaws; and lower molars have developed cusps. Dental formulais 11/3, C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 46, with seven pairs of large metacentric and submetacentric autosomes, three pairs of medium metacentric autosomes, three pairs of small acrocentric autosomes, medium submetacentric X-chromosome, and small acrocentric Ychromosome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF87932D1B2CBD3A" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF87932D1B2CBD3A" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF87932D1EEABEA3" bold="true" box="[123,234,1396,1425]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Semiarid to arid areas, including xeric shrublands, palm groves, riparian woodlands, savannas, pastures, and croplands at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFC1D93C51A7ABE8B" box="[993,1146,1436,1465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2125" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.025" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="1212.5" valueMax="2400.0" valueMin="25.0">25-2400 m</quantity>
|
||
(more often at intermediate elevations). The Western Yellow Bat is often captured over water (e.g. streams, ponds, stock tanks, and rivers) and in open areas, canyons, and riparian areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF8790571B1ABD4C" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF8790571B1ABD4C" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF8790571F80BD1D" bold="true" box="[123,384,1550,1583]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Yellow Bat has been recorded flying slowly and steady at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFF61906F1F03BD65" box="[157,259,1590,1623]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="9.0">9-23 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground and rapidly along arroyos. Feces contained species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFB3E906F1EB3BD4C" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFF3F90041F2FBD4C" box="[195,303,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFEC390041FDABD4C" box="[319,474,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFE1690041D65BD4C" authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[490,869,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera, Homoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFC8990041A25BD4C" box="[885,1061,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF806A3FFB8890041B16BD4C" box="[1140,1302,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF8790DD1C08BDC6" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF8790DD1C08BDC6" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF8790DD1F01BD97" bold="true" box="[123,257,1668,1701]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Western Yellow Bats usually bear two embryos and were captured from early May to mid-July, lactating females from late June to late July, and young from mid-July to September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF8590A21C27B33A" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF8590A21C27B33A" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF8590A21F67BC2E" bold="true" box="[121,359,1787,1820]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Yellow Bat is crepuscular/nocturnal. Individuals were observed flying before dusk and captured during the first five hours of dark. In winter, it can reduce activity, suggesting periods of torpor. Roosting sites are mainly found in dead-leaf skirts of palm trees but also hackberry, sycamore, cottonwood, and vines. Roosting sites have been found 2-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFDA591C01C8FBC88" box="[601,655,1945,1978]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF806A3FFC6391C01DD3BC88" box="[927,979,1945,1978]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
above a road. Echolocation calls are c.6-9-2 milliseconds, with narrowband and single harmonic, and sweep from 52-68 kHz to 26-30 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF869E561A85B394" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF869E561A85B394" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF869E561D44B302" bold="true" box="[122,836,2063,2096]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Yellow Bat is usually solitary, but small groups can be found. It was observed only during autumn in northeastern parts of its distribution, suggesting southward seasonal migration. In northern parts ofits distribution, some individuals are present throughout the year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF879EF41B2AB22E" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF879EF41B2AB22E" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF879EF41FD8B3FC" bold="true" box="[123,472,2221,2254]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Yellow Bat is widespread, presumably has a large population, and occurs in several protected areas. Major threats are use of pesticides, fires, and trimming of palm trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF806A3FFF879F7E1C72B13B" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF806A3FFF879F7E1C72B13B" blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF806A3FFF879F7E1F14B276" bold="true" box="[123,276,2343,2372]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aguilar et al. (2014), Alvarez-Castafieda & Gonzalez-Ruiz (2018), Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castaneda (2017b), Baird et al. (2015), Baker & Patton (1967), Baker, Patton et al. (1988), Bickham (1987), Collen (2012),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF806A3FFF369F231F4DB2A1" box="[202,333,2426,2451]" country="Algeria" name="Constantine" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Constantine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1946), Handley (1960), Higginbotham, Ammerman & Dixon (1999), Higginbotham, Dixon & Ammerman (2000), Kurta & Lehr (1995), Leén-Tapia & Hortelano-Moncada (2016), Morales & Bickham (1995), Morgan et al. (2019), Novaes, Garbino et al. (2018), O'Farrell et al. (2004), Ortiz & Barrows (2014), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1897a), Williams et al. (2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |