280 lines
35 KiB
XML
280 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="B56900201FC5A9EACBFC0E16875831A4" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF7F6AC0FF93943616EFBE87" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Scotophilus dinganii" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="891" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="891" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods id="0E9F03C2102FF00EB180ADA6A9EF1978" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3BAEED4BA6A10DA9C3B5BC9C30B49CF0">
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<mods:title id="614FC4E3F88F6A5DB45AD1556D9ED81B">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E5C56FC0081837D76F17134F5376B22C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2CEC4193353272B9C52CB5DB59DCB277">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A596864AF93412CB07AAAEBED2A9C04D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F5EB7299FE7160CA68249C185B28E724">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="15E58D970DF5CCCB035B0B96AFAFB3D6">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="C642E8ECF276A3EEC14A0057FD3BE71A" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="E83F7CFCB374F88DF186E57B9E72F213">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="321C1417A5E5FE81FF2E6880628AA975">
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<mods:placeTerm id="16FB6BF0402C42FE888949579F84DA1C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="429378249A2B1452CEAA946DFE2B4053">
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<mods:title id="79C7D9AAF90CDEDBFFC10199CE81C51C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B7C64DFBD2BE481DBCE75D60CEC13DFB">
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<mods:start id="46F35BF7B5613A01FABF2AAD181A5BCF">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="00C7C7150A52178020E6E4A12EDD22AE">981</mods:end>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF7F6AC0FF93943616EFBE87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403665" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628419" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403665" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF7F6AC0FF93943616EFBE87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF7F6AC0FF93943616EFBE87" lastPageNumber="891" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF9394361EC1B993" box="[111,193,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF9394361EC1B993" blockId="132.[108,1146,623,756]" box="[111,193,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FF9394361EC1B993" box="[111,193,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF7F6AC0FF9394361EC1B993" box="[111,193,623,673]" captionStart="Plate 66: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="126.[130,160,3295,3320]" captionTargetBox="[11,2762,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="269. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhlii), 270. Sody’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus collinus), 271. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat (Scotophilus heathii), 272. Sulawesi Yellow Bat (Scotophilus celebensis), 273. Nut-colored Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nux), 274. Malagasy Yellow Bat (Scotophilus tandrefana), 275. Marovaza Yellow Bat (Scotophilus marovaza), 276. White-bellied Yellow Bat (Scotophilus leucogaster), 277. East African Yellow Bat (Scotophilus altilis), 278. Robust Yellow Bat (Scotophilus robustus), 279. Lesser Yellow Bat (Scotophilus borbonicus), 280. Eastern Greenish Yellow Bat (Scotophilus viridis), 281. Ejeta’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus ejetai), 282. Schreber’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nigrita), 283. Robbins’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nucella), 284. Andrew Rebori’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus andrewreborii), 285. Western Greenish Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nigritellus), 286. Livingstone’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus livingstonii), 287. Trujillo's Yellow Bat (Scotophilus trujilloi), 288. African Yellow Bat (Scotophilus dinganii), 289. Eritrean Yellow Bat (Scotophilus colias), 290. North American Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis), 291. Cuban Evening Bat (Nycticeius cubanus), 292. Temminck’s Mysterious Bat (Nycticetus aenobarbus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398541/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">288.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF3394361C4BB993" box="[207,587,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF3394361C4BB993" blockId="132.[108,1146,623,756]" box="[207,587,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FF3394361C4BB993" box="[207,587,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FF3394361C4BB993" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[207,587,623,673]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">African Yellow Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FD6D94361A00B993" box="[657,1024,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FD6D94361A00B993" blockId="132.[108,1146,623,756]" box="[657,1024,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FD6D94361A00B993" box="[657,1024,623,673]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FD6D94361A00B993" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[657,1024,623,673]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FD6D94361A00B993" box="[657,1024,623,673]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Scotophilus dinganii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF9294EB1DF4B9DD" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF9294EB1A7AB9F5" blockId="132.[108,1146,623,756]" box="[110,1146,690,711]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FF9294EB1A7AB9F5" box="[110,1146,690,711]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF9294EB1EBAB9F5" bold="true" box="[110,186,690,711]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FF3E94EB1FA5B9F5" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[194,421,690,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Scotophile de Dingane</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FE4594EB1C14B9F5" bold="true" box="[441,532,690,711]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FDE194EB1D30B9F5" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[541,816,690,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Gelbbauch-Hausfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FCBA94EB1DA1B9F5" bold="true" box="[838,929,690,711]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FC5694EB1A7AB9F5" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[938,1146,690,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Scotofilo de Dingane</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF9294831DF4B9DD" blockId="132.[108,1146,623,756]" box="[110,1012,730,751]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FF9294831DF4B9DD" box="[110,1012,730,751]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF9294831F64B9DD" bold="true" box="[110,356,730,751]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FE9094831C68B9DD" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[364,616,730,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">African Yellow House Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FD8B94831CF2B9DD" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[631,754,730,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Dingan’s Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FD0094831DF4B9DD" ID-CoL="4VY56" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[764,1012,730,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Yellow-bellied House Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FD2F95781D1BB854" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FD2F95781D1BB854" blockId="132.[723,1313,801,1224]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FD2F95781D6BB80C" bold="true" box="[723,875,801,830]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FC7495781D17B854" ID-CoL="8LJ7C" authority="A. Smith, 1833" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">Vespertilio dinganii A. Smith, 1833</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FCBF95141B1EB8BE" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FCBF95141B1EB8BE" blockId="132.[723,1313,801,1224]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF7F6AC0FCBF95141B1EB8BE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319327" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FCB195141A1CB854" box="[845,1052,845,870]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,—between Natal [= Durban] and Delagoa Bay [= Maputo].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FD2895CE1A5CBF92" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FD2895CE1A5CBF92" blockId="132.[723,1313,801,1224]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7F6AC0FD2895CE1D03B886" box="[724,771,919,948]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">See</collectingRegion>
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SS. wigritn. Several divergent cy tochrome-b lineages of S.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FBBA95E31AB3B8E9" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" box="[1094,1203,954,987]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">dinganii</taxonomicName>
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suggest that cryptic species might be present, and the name colias was tentatively suggested for East African populations because they clearly differ from typical
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FB7392011AFDBF4B" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" box="[1167,1277,1112,1145]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinganii">dinganii</taxonomicName>
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in southern Africa. Monotypic.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FD2F92FE1AF3BE24" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF7F6AC0FD2F92FE1AF3BE24" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398422" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398422/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" targetBox="[108,699,807,1221]" targetPageId="132">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FD2F92FE1AF3BE24" blockId="132.[723,1313,801,1224]" lastBlockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FD2F92FE1D82BFFA" bold="true" box="[723,898,1191,1224]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Widely distributed in subSaharan Africa, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FE59928B1C12BFDD" box="[421,530,1234,1263]" name="Senegal" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FD9D928B1CCEBFDD" box="[609,718,1234,1263]" name="Gambia" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Gambia</collectingCountry>
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||
E to
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FCDE928B1D84BFDD" box="[802,900,1234,1263]" name="Eritrea" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FC6B928B1A0CBFDD" box="[919,1036,1234,1263]" name="Djibouti" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FB9C928B1AD9BFDD" box="[1120,1241,1234,1263]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, and S through much of E & S Africa as far S as E
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FD1D92A01D92BE24" box="[737,914,1273,1302]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FC5E92A01A15BE24" box="[930,1045,1273,1302]" name="Lesotho" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
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||
, and
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FB9892A01AF0BE24" box="[1124,1264,1273,1302]" name="Swaziland" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF9093781DF4BCEF" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF9093781DF4BCEF" blockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF9093781F68BE0C" bold="true" box="[108,360,1313,1342]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body ¢.
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FDC493781CD2BE0C" box="[568,722,1313,1342]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="82.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="74.0">74-90 mm</quantity>
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, tail
|
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FCE793781DB2BE0C" box="[795,946,1313,1342]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="55.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="46.0">46-65 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FC0293781A94BE0C" box="[1022,1172,1313,1342]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="11.0">11-22 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FF8C931D1F01BE57" box="[112,257,1348,1381]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10-14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FE71931D1C21BE57" box="[397,545,1348,1381]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="53.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="47.0">47-60 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FD64931D1D04BE57" box="[664,772,1348,1381]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="g" value="25.5" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="15.0">15-36 g</quantity>
|
||
. Femalesare slightly larger than males in body measurements. Pelage is smooth,soft, and sleek. Dorsal pelage is sepia-brown, greenish brown, grayish brown, or reddish brown; dorsal hairs are paler at bases. Middorsal hairs are
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FEB393E31FC2BEE9" box="[335,450,1466,1499]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6-7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Ventral pelage is pale yellow, bright yellow, or orange yellow, not tinged with brown. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown and semi-translucent. Ears are comparatively short, widely separated, with strongly convex inner margin and almost straight outer margin. Tragus is moderately long, with rounded tip and concave anterior margin. Eyes are small. Testes are posterior to anus. Young of both sexes have two pairs of rudimentary nipples, but only one pair of functional nipplesis present in adult females. Skull is medium to large (greatest skull lengths 18-3-23-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FB4390FE1B14BDFA" box="[1215,1300,1703,1736]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FF5890971F32BDDD" box="[164,306,1742,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; profile of skull is mostly a gentle slope from front to back, with very shallow concavity in forehead region; and sagittal crest and occipital helmet are well developed. I? is unicuspid; M' and M* have concave surfaces and indistinct ridges and appear worn; and M” is very short and has two ridges. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 52, with small acrocentric X-chromosome and small metacentric Y-chromosome in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FE9691C41C1BBC84" box="[362,539,1949,1974]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, or 2n = 36 and FNa = 50, with medium submetacentric X-chromosome and small telocentric Y-chromosome in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FC8391E51DF0BCEF" box="[895,1008,1980,2013]" name="Somalia" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF9191B21DB6B361" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF9191B21DB6B361" blockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF9191B21EDCB336" bold="true" box="[109,220,2027,2052]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Most habitats south of the Sahara, including woodland savannas and various bushland and thicket savannas; rainforests (but not Congolese rainforest); rainforestsavanna mosaics; and riverine, coastal, and montane forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF909E001C12B2BC" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF909E001C12B2BC" blockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF909E001F74B348" bold="true" box="[108,372,2137,2170]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The African Yellow Bat forages by moderate fast hawking in moderately uncluttered spaces above canopies, in clearings, and over fields. It has been observed foraging near lights and drinking in streams, pools, and dams. It forages close to trees and as low as c.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FDE09E891C57B3C3" box="[540,599,2256,2289]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground. Foraging is characterized by long, straight, or gently banked flights and abrupt acrobatic swerves and spectacular dives in pursuit of prey. African Yellow Bats seem to feed on beetles and other flying insects taken opportunistically. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FE119F1F1C44B255" box="[493,580,2374,2407]" name="Kenya" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, three stomachs contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FC2C9F1F1A6EB255" box="[976,1134,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FB7C9F1F1B1AB255" box="[1152,1306,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FF929F341F10B2BC" box="[110,272,2413,2446]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FEA29F341C0EB2BC" box="[350,526,2413,2446]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF919FCD1CA8B1C3" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF919FCD1CA8B1C3" blockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF919FCD1EF3B287" bold="true" box="[109,243,2452,2485]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The African Yellow Bat commonly has twins, sometimes one and occasionally triplets. Based on serially sectioned reproductive tracts of females from Kruger National Park, it is seasonally monoestrous. Insemination, ovulation, and fertilization take place in April-May. Early embryonic development of normally two embryos (one in each uterine horn) was retarded, and implantation was delayed until mid-winter July) when blastocysts implanted. During the first week post-partum, a captive female licked her two young, sheltered them with one wing, and sometimes squeaked. Young stayed attached to nipples until the third night, after which they occasionally roosted beside their mother or climbed over her.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FF979CAE1932B824" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FF979CAE1932B824" blockId="132.[106,1316,1234,3471]" lastBlockId="132.[1383,2592,284,1466]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FF979CAE1F59B02A" bold="true" box="[107,345,2807,2840]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Aspect ratio and wing loading are medium; flight is fast and agile, with poor maneuverability. The African Yellow Bat can take off from the ground. It turns by banking and stalling-and-twisting. Scuttling, headfirst, up and down, over horizontal, sloping, and vertical surfaces has been reported. Day roosts include small holes in trees and wooden lampposts, crevices in hollow trees, narrow crevices and crannies in buildings, under eaves and roofs of corrugated iron, and in thatch. It prefers to rest on sloping or horizontal surfaces but also clings to vertical surfaces. Foraging activity begins soon after sunset, and individuals have full stomachs before dark. The African Yellow Bat tolerates high temperatures under iron roofs. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FB129A6B1EA2B749" name="Malawi" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
at 20-21°C, it does not become torpid during the day. Seasonal fluctuation in abundance was observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FDFC9AD31C56B791" box="[512,598,3210,3235]" name="Sudan" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and East Africa. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FC8B9AD31DDAB791" box="[887,986,3210,3235]" name="Malawi" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it was more abundant in the wet season (November—February) than the rest of the year (data not available in July-August). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FE729A891C20B7C3" box="[398,544,3280,3313]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the African Yellow Bat is absent above elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FF8C9AA11ED6B62B" box="[112,214,3320,3353]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
|
||
during colder months. It does not hibernate in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FC609AA11A50B62B" box="[924,1104,3320,3353]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Average peak echolocation frequency was 33-4 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FD449B711D35B673" box="[696,821,3368,3393]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">St. Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7F6AC0FCB49B711A18B673" box="[840,1048,3368,3393]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FB609B711EA3B65A" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Average peak frequency of 33-9 kHz and average duration of 4-1 milliseconds was recorded in Durban, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0FDEB9B371CCCB6BD" box="[535,716,3438,3471]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Averages of seven calls in Soutpansberg, north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F9CF974518E7BA0F" box="[1587,1767,284,317]" name="South Africa" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, had maximum frequency of 51-6 kHz (42-1-65-2 kHz), minimum frequency of 33-1 kHz (31-6-34-1 kHz), frequency of the knee of 36-4 kHz (34-4-37-4 kHz), characteristic frequency of 33-8 kHz (31-9-35-3 kHz), and duration of 3-4 milliseconds (2-7—4-6 milliseconds). At Maroua, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F6F797CF17A2BA81" box="[2315,2466,406,435]" name="Cameroon" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 19 calls were FM/QCF and had maximum frequency of 58-5 kHz (49-4-84-8 kHz), minimum frequency of 52-6 kHz (46-7-69-5 kHz), mean frequency of 55-6 kHz (48-1-77 kHz), frequency of the knee of 58-5 kHz (49-4-84 kHz), characteristic frequency of 52-7 kHz (46-8—-69-5 kHz), and duration of 0-88 milliseconds (0-73—1 milliseconds). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F637946D1BA8B94A" name="Swaziland" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, minimum frequency was 33-2 kHz (30-3-34-7 kHz), frequency of the knee was 36-4 kHz (32-1-38-6 kHz), characteristic frequency was 33-7 kHz (30-3-35-6 kHz), and duration was 3-8 milliseconds (2:6-6-1 milliseconds). Calls were detectable up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0FA9594881BB0B9DC" box="[1385,1456,721,750]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
. Diurnal avian predators include bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus) and African harrier-hawks (Polyboroides typus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA9495451BE3BFF5" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA9495451BE3BFF5" blockId="132.[1383,2592,284,1466]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FA949545162AB80F" bold="true" box="[1384,2090,796,829]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
African Yellow Bats are mostly gregarious, roosting in groups of up to 20 individuals. In KwaZulu-Natal, some roosts were occupied for at least eight years. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F8AF953319E6B8B9" box="[1875,2022,874,907]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, aggregations of hundreds of individuals foraged where termites swarmed. Of 93 African Yellow Bats mist-netted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F67495CB17EBB881" box="[2440,2539,914,947]" name="Malawi" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 66 were caught alone, six were in pairs, 14 were with another individual of the same sex, and six were in groups of two males and one female. Endoparasites include the bacteria Rickettsia and the kinetoplastid Leishmania. Ectoparasites include bedbugs
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F66392511420BF1B" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[2463,2592,1032,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cacodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacodmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sparsilis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FA239269185BBF63" authorityName="Jordan & Rothschild" authorityYear="1912" box="[1503,1627,1072,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Aphrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphrania</taxonomicName>
|
||
ct. barys, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F8E2926919AEBF63" authorityName="Ferris & Usinger" authorityYear="1957" box="[1822,1966,1072,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Stricticimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stricticimex</taxonomicName>
|
||
transversus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F7A5926916F5BF63" box="[2137,2293,1072,1105]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F6FA9269179ABF63" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[2310,2458,1072,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the flea Charopteropsylla brockmani (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F925920E199ABF4A" box="[1753,1946,1111,1144]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Siphonaptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F852920E168DBF4A" authorityName="Wahlgren" authorityYear="1907" box="[1966,2189,1111,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Ischnopsyllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnopsyllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bat flies Basilia glabra and B. bouvieri (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F9F19226187ABF92" box="[1549,1658,1151,1184]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F97292261950BF92" box="[1678,1872,1151,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Nycteribiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nycteribiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the mite Spinturnix walkerae (Acari,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F65292261BD5BFF5" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Spinturnicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA9592941783BFDC" box="[1385,2435,1229,1262]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA9592941783BFDC" blockId="132.[1383,2592,284,1466]" box="[1385,2435,1229,1262]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FA95929418C5BFDC" bold="true" box="[1385,1733,1229,1262]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA9592A716EFBE87" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA9592A716EFBE87" blockId="132.[1383,2592,284,1466]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FA9592A71802BE25" bold="true" box="[1385,1538,1278,1303]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Eisenring et al. (2016), Fenton (1975), Fenton & Bell (1981), Happold, M. (2013bi), Jacobs et al. (2007), Kingdon (1974), Koopman (1994), Linden et al. (2014), Manga Mongombe (2012), van der Merwe & Rautenbach (1990), van der Merwe et al. (2006), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), O'Shea & Vaughan (1980), Robbins (1978), Robbins et al. (1985), Schoeman & Waddington (2011), Simmons (2005), Smithers & Wilson (1979), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7F6AC0F91C93C51923BE87" box="[1760,1827,1436,1461]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2009), Vallo, Benda & Reiter (2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |