232 lines
28 KiB
XML
232 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="FA45D113DA29745E8E37E703A40C67BB" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF6F6AD1FA91909E1B63BDB7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Murina hilgendorfi Peters 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="910" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="909" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AD27973DE6C9A0E5C01C16CA09E43E2C">
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<mods:title id="E48B1E21C61276EE148F2AD3F7D40A80">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="257ED7D52E056E4DE8F26EF50666CD16">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CE90BDFEB8AB0CDCEBE39ACCF572F262">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="44F9B4F12666D462E943B65A029836D9">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="687608A89691A068621EC024833E1986" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="7A022F77079D092F3F94C82752490D96">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="84DDA590EDFA1129CE0397660B97FB42">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="AB086DC6E42FE44D3EC573A25A153420">
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<mods:title id="06A41DED3AF8FB3592524C9C9F4A172B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="87F068B0A32ECD9E7838156E84F682A5">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF6F6AD1FA91909E1B63BDB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403695" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF6F6AD1FA91909E1B63BDB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF6F6AD1FA91909E1B63BDB7" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="910" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA91909E1BC0BDCB" box="[1389,1472,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA91909E1BC0BDCB" blockId="148.[1387,2508,1735,1866]" box="[1389,1472,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<heading id="9F638192FF6F6AD0FA91909E1BC0BDCB" box="[1389,1472,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF6F6AD0FA91909E1BC0BDCB" box="[1389,1472,1735,1785]" captionStart="Plate 68: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="146.[110,139,3296,3321]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="324. Hairy-winged Bat (Harpiocephalus harpia), 325. Gray Tube-nosed Bat (Harprola grisea), 326. Formosan Tube-nosed Bat (Harpiola isodon), 327. Rufous Tube-nosed Bat (Murina leucogaster), 328. Bicolored Tube-nosed Bat (Murina bicolor), 329. Rongjiang Tube-nosed Bat (Murina rongjiangensis), 330. Fang He Tube-nosed Bat (Murina fanjingshanensis), 331. Shuipu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina shuipuensis), 332. Dusky Tube-nosed Bat (Munrina fusca), 333. Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat (Murina hilgendorfi), 334. Litde Tube-nosed Bat (Murina aurata), 335. Jaintia Tube-nosed Bat (Murina jaintiana), 336. Rainforest Tube-nosed Bat (Murina pluvialis), 337. Fea’s Tube-nosed Bat (Murina feae), 338. Beelzebub Tube-nosed Bat (Murina beelzebud), 339. Lorelie’s Tube-nosed Bat (Murina lorelieae), 340. Vietnamese Tube-nosed Bat (Murina harpioloides), 341. Golden-haired Tube-nosed Bat (Murina chrysochaetes), 342. Harrison's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina harrisoni), 343. Ussuri Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ussuriensis), 344. Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat (Murina tenebrosa), 345. Ryukyu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ryukyuana), 346. Hutton’s Tube-nosed Bat (Murina huttonii), 347. Taiwan Tube-nosed Bat (Murina puta)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398936" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398936/files/figure.png" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">333.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA2C909E162DBDCB" box="[1488,2093,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA2C909E162DBDCB" blockId="148.[1387,2508,1735,1866]" box="[1488,2093,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<heading id="9F638192FF6F6AD0FA2C909E162DBDCB" box="[1488,2093,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF6F6AD0FA2C909E162DBDCB" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[1488,2093,1735,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0F78F909E17CCBDCB" box="[2163,2508,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0F78F909E17CCBDCB" blockId="148.[1387,2508,1735,1866]" box="[2163,2508,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<heading id="9F638192FF6F6AD0F78F909E17CCBDCB" box="[2163,2508,1735,1785]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F78F909E17CCBDCB" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[2163,2508,1735,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0F78F909E17CCBDCB" box="[2163,2508,1735,1785]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Murina hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA9091521956BC7B" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA90915217B3BC12" blockId="148.[1387,2508,1735,1866]" box="[1388,2483,1803,1824]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<heading id="9F638192FF6F6AD0FA90915217B3BC12" box="[1388,2483,1803,1824]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA9091521BB8BC12" bold="true" box="[1388,1464,1803,1824]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF6F6AD0FA3E91521897BC12" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[1474,1687,1803,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Murine de Hilgendorf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0F95791521906BC12" bold="true" box="[1707,1798,1803,1824]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF6F6AD0F8F3915219F5BC12" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[1807,2037,1803,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Hilgendorf-Rohrennase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0F7F691521665BC12" bold="true" box="[2058,2149,1803,1824]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF6F6AD0F793915217B3BC12" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[2159,2483,1803,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Ratonero narizudo de Hilgendorf</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA90916D1956BC7B" blockId="148.[1387,2508,1735,1866]" box="[1388,1878,1844,1865]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<heading id="9F638192FF6F6AD0FA90916D1956BC7B" box="[1388,1878,1844,1865]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA90916D1863BC7B" bold="true" box="[1388,1635,1844,1865]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF6F6AD0F990916D1956BC7B" ID-CoL="44N35" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[1644,1878,1844,1865]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Greater Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0F82C912C165DBC8F" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0F82C912C165DBC8F" blockId="148.[2000,2594,1909,2336]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0F82C912C166BBCA4" bold="true" box="[2000,2155,1909,1942]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F781912C1658BC8F" ID-CoL="6LG39" authority="Peters, 1880" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Harpyiocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">Harpyiocephalus hilgendorfi Peters, 1880</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0F79991F917C1BC8F" box="[2149,2497,1952,1981]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0F79991F917C1BC8F" blockId="148.[2000,2594,1909,2336]" box="[2149,2497,1952,1981]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF6F6AD0F79991F917C1BC8F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319347" box="[2149,2497,1952,1981]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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Yedo, near
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6F6AD0F6F991F9175CBC8F" box="[2309,2396,1952,1981]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6F6AD0F69A91F917BEBC8F" box="[2406,2494,1952,1981]" name="Japan" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Japan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0F82D919D172FB242" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0F82D919D172FB242" blockId="148.[2000,2594,1909,2336]" lastBlockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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Relationships uncertain but limited genetic data place this species as sister to the M.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F7C59E4F16C1B301" authorityName="A. Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[2105,2241,2070,2099]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
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clade (see above). Often considered a race of M.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F6D09E6317B4B369" authorityName="A. Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[2348,2484,2106,2139]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
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but numerous genetic and morphological studies support their treatment at separate species. Race sibirica has occasionally been treated as a distinct species, but morphological data do not support this. The name
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0FA8C9F7E1BF5B27A" authorityName="Hill & Francis" authorityYear="1984" box="[1392,1525,2343,2376]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">intermedia</taxonomicName>
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is here considered to be a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F7E79F7E166CB27A" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1927" box="[2075,2156,2343,2376]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">ognevi</taxonomicName>
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, although further morphological and genetic comparison is needed. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA929F211420B16F" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF6F6AD0FA929F211420B16F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398567/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" targetBox="[1386,1977,1923,2337]" targetPageId="148">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA929F211763B28D" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA929F2118FEB2AB" bold="true" box="[1390,1790,2424,2457]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0FA939FC71763B28D" authority="Peters, 1880" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1880" box="[1391,2403,2462,2495]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hilgendorfi" subSpecies="hilgendorfi">M.h.hilgendorfiPeters,1880—muchofJapan,alsoKunashir(SKurilIs).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA939F941905B13D" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0FA939F941905B13D" authority="Kishida & Mori, 1931" authorityName="Kishida & Mori" authorityYear="1931" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hilgendorfi" subSpecies="ognevi">M.h.ogneviKishida&Mori,1931—RussianFarEast(includingSakhalin),NEChina,andKorea(includingJejuI).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA939C4D1420B16F" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0FA939C4D1917B107" authority="Kastschenko, 1905" authorityName="Kastschenko" authorityYear="1905" box="[1391,1815,2580,2613]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hilgendorfi" subSpecies="sibirica">M.h. sibirica Kastschenko, 1905</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6F6AD0F8AC9C4D19A7B107" box="[1872,1959,2580,2613]" name="Russia" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, in S Siberia, including Republic of
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6F6AD0F6699C4D141CB107" box="[2453,2588,2580,2613]" country="Russia" name="Khakasiya" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Khakassia</collectingRegion>
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, Sayan Mts, Lake Baikal area, and
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6F6AD0F8D19C1D196DB16F" box="[1837,1901,2628,2653]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Altai</collectingRegion>
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Mts, along with NE
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6F6AD0F7809C1D1717B16F" box="[2172,2327,2628,2653]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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and NW Mongolia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA929C3E1421B7E1" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA929C3E1421B7E1" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA929C3E1862B1B6" bold="true" box="[1390,1634,2663,2692]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 46-5-69-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F8719C3E19E1B1B6" box="[1933,2017,2663,2692]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F7D49C3E16BCB1B6" box="[2088,2236,2663,2692]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.347" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="3347.0">3347 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F6FA9C3E1799B1B6" box="[2310,2457,2663,2692]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15-20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 9-5-13-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0FA2E9CD31824B199" box="[1490,1572,2698,2731]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 39-5—46-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F8E39CD3196FB199" box="[1823,1903,2698,2731]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F8239CD31639B199" box="[2015,2105,2698,2731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="g" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9-11 g</quantity>
|
||
. Fur is soft, woolly, and glossy, being composed ofsilky straight guard hairs and soft curly hairs; dorsally silvery brownish gray (hairs have four bands, with dark grayish-brown base, followed by a paler grayish-brown band, an olive- to orange-brown band, and a golden buff tip; guard hairs are silvery and glossy); ventrally paler (hairs with dark brown bases and silvery tips). Dorsal pelage extends sparsely onto wings, uropatagium, thumbs, and feet. Face is sparsely haired except long protuberant nostrils, which are naked. Ears are short and broad (more rounded in ognevt), with smoothly convex anterior margins, distinct notch on posterior margin (less defined in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF6F6AD0F9F59D9F185CB0D5" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1927" box="[1545,1628,3014,3047]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">ognevi</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and broadly roundedtip; tragus is long, narrow, and tapering toward pointed tip, which is either bent outwards or straight. Wing attaches to base offirst toe. Baculum is short (1-8-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F95A9A4C18FDB704" box="[1702,1789,3093,3126]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and saddle-shaped, with bluntly rounded tip, open base, and deep, wide ventral groove. Skull is robust, with short, stout rostrum; braincase 1s low and narrow; lambdoidal crests are well developed, forming occipital helmet; sagittal crest is present but low (absent or barely developed posteriorly). P* is more than half the size of P% M,is highly reduced. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50, 56, or 58.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD0FA8C9A83176EB678" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD0FA8C9A83176EB678" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA8C9A831BDFB7C9" bold="true" box="[1392,1503,3290,3323]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
A variety of temperate hilly or montane habitats, including coniferous-broadleaf and broadleaf forests. It can be found in taiga forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6F6AD0F72C9B581757B610" box="[2256,2391,3329,3362]" name="Mongolia" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6F6AD0F65F9B5817FDB610" box="[2467,2557,3329,3362]" name="Russia" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It forages in forested and open areas. Recorded at elevations up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6F6AD0F6FD9B70176AB678" box="[2305,2410,3369,3402]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6F6AD1FA8C9B091D44BAA7" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="910" pageId="148" pageNumber="909" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6F6AD1FA8C9B091D44BAA7" blockId="148.[1390,2598,2343,3481]" lastBlockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="910" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6F6AD0FA8C9B09187EB643" bold="true" box="[1392,1662,3408,3441]" pageId="148" pageNumber="909">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat apparently feeds on flying insects, foraging close to the ground and in the understory offorests. It may perform ground gleaning or quadrupedal ground feeding, and is regularly caughtin pitfall traps. It can hover and has powerful and maneuverable flight. In captivity, it will take mealworm larvae (
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF6E6AD1FED5972D1F86BAA7" box="[297,390,372,405]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" unit="g" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4-10 g</quantity>
|
||
/day) but refuses basket worms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6E6AD1FF4297C51C9AB968" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6E6AD1FF4297C51C9AB968" blockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6E6AD1FF4297C51F45BA8F" bold="true" box="[190,325,412,445]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births have been reported in July in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6E6AD1FC9997C51DBBBA8F" box="[869,955,412,445]" name="Japan" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a litter size of 1-3. After birth, the ears erect after 3—4 days, eyes open at 8-10 days, and young are completely furred by 12-14 days. Replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth is completed at 23-24 days. Maximum recorded life span is 16 years, although the species typically only lives up to 5-9 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6E6AD1FF4094381C64B8A7" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6E6AD1FF4094381C64B8A7" blockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6E6AD1FF4094381FA5B9B0" bold="true" box="[188,421,609,642]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat has been reported roosting in a variety of sites, including foliage, tree branches, flying-squirrel nestboxes, various structural objects, houses, abandoned mines, caves, tunnels, and karst caves. They hibernate through the winter from December to March,for ¢.100 days. While hibernating, their body temperature is relatively low at an average of 3-4°C. Calls are a steep FM sweep with start frequency of 104-9 kHz (82-8-140 kHz), end frequency 43-6 kHz (44-9-58-4 kHz), peak frequency 51-2 kHz (46-56-5 kHz), and average duration 1-8 milliseconds (1:1-2-7 milliseconds) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6E6AD1FE8B952D1C02B8A7" box="[375,514,884,917]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6E6AD1FDF7952D1C61B8A7" box="[523,609,884,917]" name="Japan" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6E6AD1FF4295C51D9EBEA4" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6E6AD1FF4295C51D9EBEA4" blockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6E6AD1FF4295C51D65B88F" bold="true" box="[190,869,924,957]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat roosts in small groups generally of 1-10 bats during summer, although colonies 10-100 or more have been reported aggregated in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6E6AD1FD6B95B21CECBF3E" box="[663,748,1003,1036]" name="Japan" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, between early February and late June. Colony size reaches a maximum from late April to earlyJune, although the bats disperse by early June. These colonies have an almost 1:1 sex ratio, and the role of these colonies during this period is still unclear; they may be connected with reproduction. Bats are known to switch roosts often, probably every 1-2 days. A study in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6E6AD1FC5E92D01A32BF98" box="[930,1074,1161,1194]" country="Japan" name="Yamanashi" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Yamanashi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6E6AD1FBC692D01A96BF98" box="[1082,1174,1161,1194]" name="Japan" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found that bats seemed to prefer open over hidden roosts throughout the year. They used abandoned mines and tunnels from May to November, particularly in May-July; dead summer cypress thickets were used in June—-October; and outer walls of buildings were used in June and October. During hibernation, most bats have been found roosting alone in crevices and secluded areas, but in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF6E6AD1FDD793161C7EBE42" box="[555,638,1359,1392]" name="Japan" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
there are reports of colonies of several hundred roosting together, although this appears to be uncommon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6E6AD1FF4293C41D99BED7" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6E6AD1FF4293C41D99BED7" blockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6E6AD1FF4293C41C15BE8C" bold="true" box="[190,533,1437,1470]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The species 1s widespread but naturally rare throughout its range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF6E6AD1FF4393AC1B63BDB7" pageId="149" pageNumber="910" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF6E6AD1FF4393AC1B63BDB7" blockId="149.[184,1396,293,1675]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF6E6AD1FF4393AC1F50BD3C" bold="true" box="[191,336,1525,1550]" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abe (2004), Csorba & Bates (2005),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF6E6AD1FD3793AC1CFFBD3C" box="[715,767,1525,1550]" country="Japan" name="Fukui" pageId="149" pageNumber="910">Fukui</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2004), Harada (2011), Harada etal. (1987a), Hashimoto & Matsumura (2008), Ishida et al. (2012), Jo Yeong-Seok et al. (2018), Kawai et al. (2014), Kazakov et al. (2016), Kruskop (2005), Kuo Haochih et al. (2009), Kuramoto (1964, 1981), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Takada et al. (2017), Tsytsulina (2008d), Urano (2011), Watanabe & Funakoshi (2017), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zeng Xiang et al. (2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |