221 lines
28 KiB
XML
221 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="46E9E639E40CDCF91820B598E0C60398">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9DDF6AA6965CDF9F6244014F28D25E58">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78A0E88780443B65EF6BAF400DD599C1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="54DA3F88240F849F62A698BC05320685">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="29E291F3A4798A8E2542189EDBE75E31">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="3C4432716A87FE02B98A6CE14C952FBD">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="2052F957DE3BAC86DF7FD6AF47C7B9C8">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF476AF9FA51956F1B1FB870" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567113" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567113" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF476AF9FA51956F1B1FB870" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF476AF9FA51956F1B1FB870" lastPageId="189" lastPageNumber="951" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA51956F1800B856" box="[1453,1536,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA51956F1800B856" blockId="188.[1451,2400,822,951]" box="[1453,1536,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FA51956F1800B856" box="[1453,1536,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF476AF8FA51956F1800B856" box="[1453,1536,822,868]" captionStart="Plate 72: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="187.[130,160,3289,3314]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,20,3661]" captionTargetPageId="186" captionText="420. Herman's Myotis (Myotis hermani), 421. Bartels’s Myotis (Myotis bartelii), 422. Weber’s Myotis (Myotis weberi), 423. Orange-fingered Myotis (Myotis rufopictus), 424. Black-and-orange Myotis (Myotis formosus), 425. Geoftroy’s Myotis (Myotis emarginatus), 426. Temminck's. 3 Myotis (Myotis tricolor), 427. Welwitsch’s Myotis (Myotis welwitschii), 428. Reddish-black Myotis (Myotis rufoniger), 429. Scott's Myotis (Myotis scotti), 430. Morris's Myotis (Myotis morrisi), 431. Bocage’ Myotis (Myotis bocagii), 432. Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii), 433. Anjouan Myotis (Myotis anjouanensis), 434. Kock’s Myotis (Myotis dieteri), 435. Alcathoe Whiskered Myotis (Myotis alcathoe), 436. Hyrcanian Myotis (Myotis hyrcanicus), 437. Pond Myotis (Myotis dasycneme), 438. Ikonnikov’ ' s Myotis (Myotis tkonnikovi), 439. Sichuan Myous (Myotis altarium), 440. Common Whiskered Myotis (Myotis mystacinus), 441. David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii), 442. Valley Myotis (Myotis ancricola), 443. Anna Tess’s Myotis (Myotis annatessae), 444. Gomantong Myotis (Myotis gomantongensis), 445. Peters’s Myotis (Myotis ater), 446. Nepalese Whiskered Myotis (Myotis muricola), 447. Brown’s Whiskered Myotis (Myotis browni), 448. Insular Myotis (Myotis insularum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398946/files/figure.png" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">425.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F9ED956F1978B856" box="[1553,1912,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F9ED956F1978B856" blockId="188.[1451,2400,822,951]" box="[1553,1912,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8F9ED956F1978B856" box="[1553,1912,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8F9ED956F1978B856" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1553,1912,822,868]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">Geoftroy’s Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F850956F171FB856" box="[1964,2335,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F850956F171FB856" blockId="188.[1451,2400,822,951]" box="[1964,2335,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8F850956F171FB856" box="[1964,2335,822,868]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F850956F171FB856" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1964,2335,822,868]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8F850956F171FB856" box="[1964,2335,822,868]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Myotis emarginatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA51952F193AB881" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA51952F1760B8B9" blockId="188.[1451,2400,822,951]" box="[1453,2400,886,907]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FA51952F1760B8B9" box="[1453,2400,886,907]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA51952F1BF8B8B9" bold="true" box="[1453,1528,886,907]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8F9FE952F1915B8B9" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1538,1813,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">Murin a oreilles échancrées</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8F8D6952F1984B8B9" bold="true" box="[1834,1924,886,907]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8F877952F164CB8B9" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1931,2124,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">\Wimperfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8F79D952F16BDB8B9" bold="true" box="[2145,2237,886,907]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8F73B952F1760B8B9" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[2247,2400,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">Ratonero pardo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA5095C7193AB881" blockId="188.[1451,2400,822,951]" box="[1452,1850,926,947]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FA5095C7193AB881" box="[1452,1850,926,947]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA5095C718A3B881" bold="true" box="[1452,1699,926,947]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8F95195C7193AB881" ID-CoL="8LZVW" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1709,1850,926,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">Geoffroy’s Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F7ED95BD176EBF1A" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F7ED95BD176EBF1A" blockId="188.[2064,2658,996,1420]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8F7ED95BD16ACBF33" bold="true" box="[2065,2220,996,1025]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F74395BD1769BF1A" ID-CoL="1402086f-f155-4b49-b74d-f7aa574b66c1" authority="E. Geof" authorityName="E. Geof" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">Vespertilio emarginatus E. Geof: froy Saint-Hilaire, 1806</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F67F9252179BBFAD" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F67F9252179BBFAD" blockId="188.[2064,2658,996,1420]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF476AF8F67F9252179BBFAD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319596" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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“les souterrains des fortifications de Charlemont [= tunnels in the Fort of Charlemont],” Givet, Ardennes, northern
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F6C892DF1797BFAD" box="[2356,2455,1158,1183]" name="France" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">France</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F7ED92FC171EBE0E" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F7ED92FC171EBE0E" blockId="188.[2064,2658,996,1420]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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Subgenus Chrysopteron.
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF476AF8F68692FC17A9BFF4" box="[2426,2473,1189,1222]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">See</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F63892FC145CBFF4" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1832" box="[2500,2652,1189,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="953" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">M. tricolor</taxonomicName>
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. Populations of Central Asia are sometimes separated as
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F72892AD17CBBE27" box="[2260,2507,1268,1301]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="turcomanicus">race turcomanicus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8F7ED931E1749BD30" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF476AF8F7ED931E1749BD30" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398829/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" targetBox="[1449,2041,1003,1417]" targetPageId="188">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F7ED931E17A1BE56" blockId="188.[2064,2658,996,1420]" box="[2065,2465,1351,1380]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8F7ED931E17A1BE56" bold="true" box="[2065,2465,1351,1380]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8F7EE93361897BEE9" blockId="188.[2064,2658,996,1420]" lastBlockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F7EE93361BEEBE81" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1806" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="emarginatus" subSpecies="emarginatus">M.e. emarginatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806</taxonomicName>
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— Europe and N Africa, including most larger Mediterranean Is, E to Caucasus and Middle East.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA5193B81749BD30" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" box="[1453,2377,1505,1538]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FA5193B81948BD30" authority="Dobson, 1875" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[1453,1864,1505,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="emarginatus" subSpecies="desertorum">M.e. desertorum Dobson, 1875</taxonomicName>
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— Asian part of range E of Caucasus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA5090511763B348" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA5090511763B348" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA50905118A9BD1B" bold="true" box="[1452,1705,1544,1577]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F89690511602BD1B" box="[1898,2050,1544,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="47.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="41.0">41-54 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F7AD905116EABD1B" box="[2129,2282,1544,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="42.0" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="38.0">38-46 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F6C6905117D1BD1B" box="[2362,2513,1544,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15-17 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot 9-11-
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, forearm 36-1-44-
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F8A7906919B5BD63" box="[1883,1973,1584,1617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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; weight 5-5-15-
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F765906916CCBD63" box="[2201,2252,1584,1617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
|
||
. Fur of Geoffroy’s Myotisis long and woolly. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown to bright rusty brown (hairs tricolored, being straw yellow with gray bases and tips matching dorsal color). Ventral pelage is slightly to much paler than dorsum, ranging from yellowish gray to pale rufous (hairs bicolored, dark gray or dark grayish brown on basal one-half). Juveniles are darker and grayer with less conspicuously tricolored dorsal hairs. Muzzle is hairy and reddish to medium brown. Ears are grayish brown and relatively long, outer margin with conspicuous notch at about two-thirds from base; tragusis lancet-shaped with bluntly pointed tip, beingjust over one-half the ear height. Membranes are uniformly grayish brown and wings attach to base of outer toe; hindfeet are relatively short and calcaris straight, extending about halfway to tail tip. Skull is moderately sized and fairly delicate; braincase is high and forehead region is strongly concave;sagittal crest is absent anteriorly and weak posteriorly. Upper incisors are subequal in crown area to each other; P? is reduced but within tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F9C29E04188FB348" box="[1598,1679,2141,2170]" name="Spain" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or FNa = 52 (former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F8329E0416A3B348" box="[1998,2211,2141,2170]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Czechoslovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F7109E041756B348" box="[2284,2390,2141,2170]" name="Greece" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA579ED9145EB20D" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA579ED9145EB20D" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA579ED9181BB393" bold="true" box="[1451,1563,2176,2209]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Usually reported from hardwood forests, with clear preference for deciduous trees and shrublands. It favors complex, structurally rich habitats, and positively selects riparian forests and low-vegetation ecosystems. It prefers sloping ground rather than the open spaces used by other species. It is commonly found feeding in more humanized habitats such as cattle sheds, orchards, or parks. Ranges from sea level to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F6089F47145BB20D" box="[2548,2651,2334,2367]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA509F1C1743B136" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA509F1C1743B136" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA509F1C18B7B254" bold="true" box="[1452,1719,2373,2406]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Geoffroy’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F89D9F1C19BAB254" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1889,1978,2373,2406]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds mainly on flies and spiders, with smaller amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F9A79F3418F8B2BC" box="[1627,1784,2413,2446]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F8BA9F34160CB2BC" box="[1862,2060,2413,2446]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species captures most of its prey by gleaning off surfaces; it tends to fly very close to ground, scanning for potential prey. It typically forages in rich shrublands and grasslands; also around cowsheds or sheep pens, where flies are abundant around cattle or sheep droppings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA509C521704B055" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA509C521704B055" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA509C521832B11E" bold="true" box="[1452,1586,2571,2604]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Maternity colonies occur in a wide range of places such as caves, roofs of churches or houses, cattle sheds, and other buildings, usually less than
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F6509C621404B166" box="[2476,2564,2619,2644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level. Maternity colonies tend to be densely clustered, mostly with adult females and young, and frequently mixed with other species. During maternity period, single individuals, mostly males, occupy rock holes and tree holes. Young are commonly born in early summer (earlyJune to mid-July), one per female, rarely twins. Lactating period lasts 25-35 days. Maternity colonies usually number 20-500 females and a few adult males. Females do not often mate during their first year, but a few do in their first autumn. Nursery roosts are frequently abandoned in August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA569D3418BBB6BD" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA569D3418BBB6BD" blockId="188.[1450,2660,1426,3471]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA569D34189DB0BC" bold="true" box="[1450,1693,2925,2958]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Being a cave-dwelling species, Geoffroy’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F6F39D341769B0BC" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2319,2409,2925,2958]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
always occurs in habitats close to underground sites. After maternity period, it mainly occupies caves and mines or other underground sites for swarming. Roosts are commonly in group; the species tends to emerge from roosts ¢.15-20 minutes after sunset, and will fly up to 12:
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F9D39A521879B71E" box="[1583,1657,3083,3116]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
from the roost each night to visit hunting grounds, which can be as large as 50-70 ha; it can fly at up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8F84E9A6A1612B766" box="[1970,2066,3123,3156]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="km" value="55.0">55 km</quantity>
|
||
/h. Caves and mines used as winter roosts usually have temperature fairly constant and often up to 13°C, much higher than in other similar species. The species can hibernate for long periods, to mid-April or even later. In winter,it is normally free-hanging, especially males that tend to roost solitarily. However, small clusters have also been found hibernating together with other species. Echolocation is characterized by short, highly modulated pulses, reaching values of 140 kHz at start of call, and ending at 38 kHz (broad frequency range), rarely below 30 kHz. These calls are typical for all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8F7859B1E16CFB65A" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2169,2255,3399,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pulses are always very short (1-3 milliseconds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF466AF9FF7C977C1A82B934" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF466AF9FF7C977C1A82B934" blockId="189.[126,1335,293,839]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF466AF9FF7C977C1D45BA70" bold="true" box="[128,837,293,322]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Longest known distance of migration is only
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF466AF9FED897111F88BA5B" box="[292,392,328,361]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="km" value="105.0">105 km</quantity>
|
||
, but few hibernation sites are known and longer distancesare to be expected. In some regions, the species disappears during winter and is not seen again until spring. During the swarming period,it forms groups mainly in caves and mines, generally dominated by males. Typically found roosting with other species such as Rhinolophus spp. and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF466AF9FCBF97BC1A76B934" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[835,1142,485,518]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">Miniopterus schreibersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF466AF9FF8394541C46B9F8" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF466AF9FF8394541C46B9F8" blockId="189.[126,1335,293,839]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF466AF9FF8394541FE1B91C" bold="true" box="[127,481,525,558]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. In previous decades numbers declined, but the species has now clearly recovered and is even spreading to new regions. Cave-dwelling habits make the species vulnerable to disturbance, especially from leisure activities, and recently from fires and vandalism; itis also hunted for traditional medicine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF466AF9FF8394861B1FB870" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF466AF9FF8394861B1FB870" blockId="189.[126,1335,293,839]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF466AF9FF8394861F17B9C6" bold="true" box="[127,279,735,756]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aulagnier (2013k), Dekker et al. (2013), Fenton & Bogdanowicz (2002), Findley (1972), Flaquer et al. (2008), Garcia & Arbona (2009), Goiti et al. (2011), Hutterer et al. (2005), Kervyn et al. (2012), Krull et al. (1991), Piraccini (
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF466AF9FF1495701F28B870" box="[232,296,809,834]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.016" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="g" value="2016.0">2016g</quantity>
|
||
), Schumm et al. (1991), Steck & Brinkmann (2006), Volleth & Heller (2012), Zahn et al. (2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |