277 lines
38 KiB
XML
277 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="25C85FE377C3F25B92E59BF18E86D93C" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF2C6A9CFA8D9DE9196CB989" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis myotis" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="978" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="977" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="7424E7BA418E67099D372D5F526448FE">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5872F00EA7039706777EE108F967C071">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B74AA264F6D59A34F4DBCEAF13DA9EF6">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="4F525C4F2D6254779C92AE15D98B80C2">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="460ADD906872AE552ADC89C2154C13AF" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="15A6B38D1637C804E489388E4108F3D4">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="5ECACC714332F3F57B97B6769D9A86CA">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="8B0E6CEE9D3705517BF92D4B8FF139E6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="39673D95BA1718883B517976C4619E76">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF2C6A9CFA8D9DE9196CB989" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577990" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577990" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF2C6A9CFA8D9DE9196CB989" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF2C6A9CFA8D9DE9196CB989" lastPageId="216" lastPageNumber="978" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93FA8D9DE91BC3B0D0" box="[1393,1475,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA8D9DE91BC3B0D0" blockId="215.[1390,2565,2992,3129]" box="[1393,1475,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading id="9F638192FF2C6A93FA8D9DE91BC3B0D0" box="[1393,1475,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF2C6A93FA8D9DE91BC3B0D0" box="[1393,1475,2992,3042]" captionStart="Plate 74: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="211.[124,154,3336,3357]" captionTargetBox="[12,2762,19,3661]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="475. Russian Myotis (Myotis petax), 476. Big-footed Myotis (Myotis macrodactylus), 477. Fringed Long-footed Myotis (Myotis fimbriatus), 478. Ricketts Big-footed Myotis (Myotis pilosus), 479. Mandelli’s Myotis (Myotis sicarius), 480. Bechstein’s Myotis (Myotis bechsteinii), 481. Long-tailed Myotis (Myotis longicaudatus), 482. Daubenton’s Myotis (Myotis daubentonii), 483. Reddish Myotis (Myotis soror), 484. Fraternal Myotis (Myotis frater), 485. Bokhara Myotis (Myotis bucharensis), 486. Lesser Myotis (Myotis blythii), 487. Greater Myotis (Myotis myotis), 488. Maghreb Myotis (Myotis punicus), 489. Natterer’s Myotis (Myotis nattereri), 490. Cryptic Myotis (Myotis crypticus), 491. Schaub’s Myotis (Myotis schaubi), 492. Escalera’s Myotis (Myotis escalerar), 493. Zenati Myotis (Myotis zenatius), 494. Peking Myotis (Myotis pequinius), 495. Far Eastern Myotis (Myotis bombinus), 496. Large Myotis (Myotis chinensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6399025/files/figure.png" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">487.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93FA299DE91907B0D0" box="[1493,1799,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA299DE91907B0D0" blockId="215.[1390,2565,2992,3129]" box="[1493,1799,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading id="9F638192FF2C6A93FA299DE91907B0D0" box="[1493,1799,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93FA299DE91907B0D0" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1493,1799,2992,3042]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Greater Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93F8C79DE91638B0D0" box="[1851,2104,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93F8C79DE91638B0D0" blockId="215.[1390,2565,2992,3129]" box="[1851,2104,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading id="9F638192FF2C6A93F8C79DE91638B0D0" box="[1851,2104,2992,3042]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F8C79DE91638B0D0" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1851,2104,2992,3042]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93F8C79DE91638B0D0" box="[1851,2104,2992,3042]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Myotis myotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93FA8C9DAC1404B705" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA8C9DAC1682B738" blockId="215.[1390,2565,2992,3129]" box="[1392,2178,3061,3082]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading id="9F638192FF2C6A93FA8C9DAC1682B738" box="[1392,2178,3061,3082]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93FA8C9DAC1BBBB738" bold="true" box="[1392,1467,3061,3082]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93FA389DAC1840B738" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1476,1600,3061,3082]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Grand Murin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93F9AA9DAC18B0B738" bold="true" box="[1622,1712,3061,3082]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F9459DAC1963B738" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1721,1891,3061,3082]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">GroRes Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93F88B9DAC19D3B738" bold="true" box="[1911,2003,3061,3082]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F8219DAC1682B738" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[2013,2178,3061,3082]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Ratonero grande</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA939A401404B705" blockId="215.[1390,2565,2992,3129]" box="[1391,2564,3097,3127]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading id="9F638192FF2C6A93FA939A401404B705" box="[1391,2564,3097,3127]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93FA939A401866B702" bold="true" box="[1391,1638,3097,3120]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F9939A42196FB700" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1647,1903,3099,3122]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Greater Mouse-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F8829A44166AB706" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1918,2154,3101,3124]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Large Mouse-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F7859A461726B704" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[2169,2342,3103,3126]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Mouse-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF2C6A93F6C89A781404B705" ID-CoL="8LZKY" authority="myotis" baseAuthorityName="Borkhausen" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[2356,2564,3105,3127]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Mouse-eared Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93FA929A0619F6B7B2" box="[1390,2038,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA929A0619F6B7B2" blockId="215.[1388,2596,3167,3476]" box="[1390,2038,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93FA929A061809B7B2" bold="true" box="[1390,1545,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F9E49A0619F1B7B2" ID-CoL="5WGF" authority="Borkhausen, 1797" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[1560,2033,3167,3200]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">Vespertilio myotis Borkhausen, 1797</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93F7FD9A061727B7B2" box="[2049,2343,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93F7FD9A061727B7B2" blockId="215.[1388,2596,3167,3476]" box="[2049,2343,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF2C6A93F7FD9A061727B7B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319358" box="[2049,2343,3167,3200]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF2C6A93F7FD9A061691B7B2" box="[2049,2193,3167,3200]" country="Germany" name="Thueringen" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Thuringia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF2C6A93F75E9A061723B7B2" box="[2210,2339,3167,3200]" name="Germany" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Germany</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A93FA929ADA17F5B7C9" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA929ADA17F5B7C9" blockId="215.[1388,2596,3167,3476]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F9FD9ADD1855B797" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1537,1621,3204,3237]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F9949ADC18B4B794" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[1640,1716,3205,3238]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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||
species group.
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF2C6A93F86C9AD119BFB79B" box="[1936,1983,3208,3241]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">See</collectingRegion>
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F8369AD11648B798" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[1994,2120,3208,3242]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">M. blythii</taxonomicName>
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||
. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between
|
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F9729AF41909B7FC" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[1678,1801,3245,3278]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">M. blythii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93F8AD9AF719CEB7E2" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[1873,1998,3246,3280]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
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are still controversial and need additional research. They interbreed and produce viable hybrids. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF2C6A9CFA919AA21B5ABA68" lastPageId="216" lastPageNumber="978" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FF2C6A9CFA919AA21B5ABA68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398999/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="216" lastPageNumber="978" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" targetBox="[173,765,289,703]" targetPageId="216">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF2C6A93FA919AA219B5B6A1" blockId="215.[1388,2596,3167,3476]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF2C6A93FA919AA218FDB62E" bold="true" box="[1389,1789,3323,3356]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF2C6A93FA919B7019B5B6A1" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">M.m.myotisBorkhausen,1797—S&CentralEurope,fromPortugaltoTurkey,alsoinBalearicIsandSicily,withthelimitsofitsdistributioninNofGermany,SofDenmark,Netherlands,NofPolandandWUkraine.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFCEA97481B5ABA68" blockId="216.[789,1380,273,701]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFCEA97481DB2BA68" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">M. m. macrocephalicus D. L. Harrison & Lewis, 1961</taxonomicName>
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— E Mediterranean countries.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFCE997391D60BFDA" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFCE997391D60BFDA" blockId="216.[789,1380,273,701]" lastBlockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFCE997391A0EBAB3" bold="true" box="[789,1038,352,385]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFB3A97391B5BBAB3" box="[1222,1371,352,385]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="74.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="65.0">65-84 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFCB397D51DE9BA9B" box="[847,1001,396,425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="40.0">40-60 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 24-4-27-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFB4F97D51B0CBA9B" box="[1203,1292,396,425]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 55-66-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFC4697F61A16BAE2" box="[954,1046,431,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFB6197F61B12BAE2" box="[1181,1298,431,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="g" value="23.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="20.0">20-27 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC6D978E1DEBBACA" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[913,1003,471,504]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the largest bat species in Europe and the largest species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFCC6947F1D8EB975" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[826,910,550,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with females being slightly larger than males. Color differs quite remarkably between dorsum (reddish or brown) and venter (whitish or pale cream-beige). Fur is generally short and dense, with woolly aspect. Yellowish collar is sometimes noticeable surrounding neck. Young tend to be more grayish than adults, with shorter and denser fur. Skin is paler than other congeners. Length of ears and muzzle (broad and large) are quite distinctive traits to identify Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC7495621DE2B86E" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[904,994,827,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a distance. Wings are blackish or dark brown and quite broad, with wingspans of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFC1F953B1A98B8B1" box="[995,1176,866,899]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="400.0" valueMax="450.0" valueMin="350.0">350-450 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Uropatagium is markedly large, with large calcar that helps them glean prey from the ground. Although some studies suggest that the Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFCE295E81D78B8E0" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[798,888,945,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC7395E81A0CB8E0" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[911,1036,945,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">M. blythii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFAF595E81B63B8E0" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1289,1379,945,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically different in terms of ear size (shorter in the former), tragus tip (black), and tooth row length (less than 9-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFCD9925C1D80BF10" box="[805,896,1029,1058]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), both species are so similar that identifying them by only morphological traits is not entirely reliable. Skull is large with robust rostrum and low braincase compared to unrelated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC0D92161A4DBF42" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1009,1101,1103,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; forehead region is moderately concave and sagittal crest is strongly developed. P? is about one-half height and crown area of P? or less and is within tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF236A9CFE0D929E1C54BFDA" box="[497,596,1223,1256]" name="Turkey" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or 52 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF236A9CFD36929E1D53BFDA" box="[714,851,1223,1256]" name="Germany" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFF4C92B41A67BEE7" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFF4C92B41A67BEE7" blockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFF4C92B41F1EBE3C" bold="true" box="[176,286,1261,1294]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Various habitats from deciduous forests (mostly open forests or forest edges) to semi-open and open grasslands and pastures, agricultural land, and fruit and olive orchards from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFCE893651D81BE6F" box="[788,897,1340,1373]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
. Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFBFF93651A5DBE6F" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1027,1117,1340,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually linked to habitats with large clearings and little ground cover because they hunt insects on the ground and need space to maneuver. Although in lower numbers, they also have been recorded in high-elevation meadows, pastures, and harvested fields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFF4D93831B4FBCE7" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFF4D93831B4FBCE7" blockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFF4D93831FBDBEC9" bold="true" box="[177,445,1498,1531]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFD7793831CE4BEC9" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[651,740,1498,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is gleaner, specialized in capturing large arthropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFE5290581C4ABD10" box="[430,586,1537,1570]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ground-dwelling beetles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC3090581A60BD10" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[972,1120,1537,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFB8190581B1EBD10" box="[1149,1310,1537,1570]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Aracnida (especially in the Mediterranean area) on the ground. Therefore,it tends to fly very slowly and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFE3C90091C47BD43" box="[448,583,1616,1649]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="cm" value="50.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="30.0">30-70 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the surface to increase chances of detecting prey. Along with echolocation, it relies on smell and audible sound detection;it passively listens for noises produced by prey. After prey is detected,it lands just above it and captures it with its mouth. After it captures a insects from a surface,it either consumesit in flight (if the prey is small) or hangs from a nearby perch (if the prey is large). It uses aerial hawking to hunt some insects (e.g. chafers). It can easily switch hunting strategy and habitat depending on insect availability. In fact,it always selects its hunting sites depending on higher density of suitable prey and better accessibility of ground-dwelling prey. When the Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFE1091D41C46BC9C" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[492,582,1933,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFCCE91D41D8CBC9C" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[818,908,1933,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
forage sympatrically, diets are partitioned with bush crickets and carabid beetles as their main food items, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFF4E91851AA7B2BA" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFF4E91851AA7B2BA" blockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFF4E91851F38BCCF" bold="true" box="[178,312,2012,2045]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Maternity colonies can have up to several thousands of individuals, usually in caves, mines, or other underground roosts. Maternity colonies mainly have adult females and their offspring and only a few males; apparently these males are not the most reproductively successful because females prefer to mate with males from outside the colony that wait in small clusters and colonies nearby. Maternity colonies are placed in sites with temperatures of 30-34°C and are formed at the end of March and last until August. Females give birth in May—June (April in some Mediterranean countries), and after 6-8 weeks, young are fully independent. Locations of maternity colonies are strongly influenced by climate and parasite abundance in caves, and they might change from year to year. Most females become sexually active during the first and second year of life. Maximum longevity is up to 22 years in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFF4E9FD71B53B008" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFF4E9FD71B53B008" blockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFF4E9FD71FA1B29D" bold="true" box="[178,417,2446,2479]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFD8D9FD71CCBB29D" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[625,715,2446,2479]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally classified as strictly cave dwelling. Depending on the region,it also uses artificial roosts in buildings (e.g. loft spaces, churches, cellars, and empty cavities below roofs) and very occasionally trees or bat boxes. In the northern part ofits distribution, Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC409C5D1A16B117" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[956,1046,2564,2597]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
tend to roost in human structures, but in the southern part, they are mostly found in underground roosts (e.g. caves or mines). They emerge from cavesafter other species such as Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFE309C221CFAB1AE" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[460,762,2683,2716]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">Miniopterus schreibersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and definitely forage later than pipistrelles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFF3D9CFB1F55B1F1" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[193,341,2722,2755]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Nightly activity is equally bimodal, with a peak 1-2 hoursafter sunset and another before dawn. Echolocation calls are very similar among all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFAE59C931B6DB1D9" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1305,1389,2762,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe. Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFE309CA81C26B020" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[460,550,2801,2834]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
emit extremely modulated pulses of 120-170 kHz down to 26-29 kHz, with peak frequency usually ¢.35 kHz and durations ¢.6-10 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFF499D191DBFB6B8" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFF499D191DBFB6B8" blockId="216.[174,1389,708,3466]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFF499D191D82B053" bold="true" box="[181,898,2880,2913]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFBB29D191AA8B053" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1102,1192,2880,2913]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not clearly migratory, but movements up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFD729D311CF6B0BB" box="[654,758,2920,2953]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.36" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="km" value="436.0">436 km</quantity>
|
||
have been reported. The Strait of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF236A9CFB119D311B6CB0BB" box="[1261,1388,2920,2953]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
|
||
seems to act as a geographical barrier. Movements of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFC489DD61A4EB082" box="[948,1102,2959,2992]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="km" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50-100 km</quantity>
|
||
are typical between summer and winter roosts. Every night, individuals fly
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF236A9CFC4F9DEE1A29B0EA" box="[947,1065,2999,3032]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" unit="km" value="15.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="5.0">5-26 km</quantity>
|
||
to reach hunting sites. In some regions, Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFDD59D871C83B0CD" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[553,643,3038,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
have foraging areas of up to 1000 ha. It is assumed to be gregarious, with relatively large colonies, but there are reports of solitary males and young females roosting alone in tree holes, bat boxes, and fissures of bridges. In winter, they seem to congregate in small clusters in mines, caves, bunkers, and tunnels, usually at 5-15°C, rather warm compared with other winter roosts. From the end of the maternity period to hibernation, Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC3E9AFD1A1CB7F7" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[962,1052,3236,3269]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from various locations often swarm in roosts (caves or buildings) commonly used by males. Swarming period peaks in September. Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFDAC9AAB1CAAB621" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[592,682,3314,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are commonly found with other cave-dwelling bat species such as Greater Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats (R. euryale), Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFD3C9B181D1CB650" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[704,796,3393,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Geoffroy’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFC329B181A27B650" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[974,1063,3393,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFBBE9B181B1BB650" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1090,1307,3393,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">M. emarginatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFD839B341DB3B6B8" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[639,947,3437,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">Miniopterus schreibersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFA56974B1743BA97" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFA56974B1743BA97" blockId="216.[1449,2656,274,704]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFA56974B1906BA1D" bold="true" box="[1450,1798,274,303]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF236A9CFA2D976C182BBA64" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1489,1579,309,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
was possibly extirpated in the British Isles in the 1990s. Its populations dramatically decreased a few decades ago, but they now seem to be stable. Nevertheless,it is considered widespread and common in most ofits distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF236A9CFA5797ED196CB989" pageId="216" pageNumber="978" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF236A9CFA5797ED196CB989" blockId="216.[1449,2656,274,704]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF236A9CFA5797ED1844BAFF" bold="true" box="[1451,1604,436,461]" pageId="216" pageNumber="978">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Arlettaz (1996a, 1999), Arlettaz, Perrin & Hausser (1997), Arlettaz, Ruedi & Hausser (1991), Arlettaz, Ruedi, Ibanez et al. (1997), Audet (1990), Bachanek & Postawa (2010), Berthier et al. (2006), Castella & Ruedi (2000), Castella, Ruedi & Excoffier (2001), Castella, Ruedi, Excoffier, Ibanez et al. (2000), Coroiu et al. (2016), Furman et al. (2014), Guttinger et al. (2001), Habersetzer & Vogler (1983), Jebb et al. (2017), Obrist et al. (2004), Pacifici et al. (2013), Petri et al. (1997), Roué & SFEPM (1997), Rudolph et al. (2009), Ruedi & Castella (2003), Russo, Jones & Arlettaz (2007), Simon et al. (2004), Spitzenberger (2002), Volleth & Heller (2012), Wojciechowski et al. (2007), Zahn (1999).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |