197 lines
22 KiB
XML
197 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="EC57498BE02E55CAA6A7296C81A1A3B9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="12dd6a18-8481-4dc9-8727-8cfbfc138f7a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="237775" ID-ZooBank="FE00B390-0362-42F7-B6F8-67D35141E014" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461348369585" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sinclair, Bradley J." docDate="2015" docId="1F0D87A0FFDAFF84FF6DC629ADE1FD09" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04048p564.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4048 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Asymphyloptera dominica Sinclair, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="558" masterDocId="E334FFD8FFDEFF81FFFAC367AF58FFA2" masterDocTitle="New World species of Asymphyloptera Collin (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="564" masterPageNumber="553" pageNumber="557" updateTime="1698621086257" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3CC0226070C0AC844580493562D4C0D5">
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<mods:title id="106F73CE9D77700EA7421EAE1966C7A2">New World species of Asymphyloptera Collin (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C3B9B80B82FD080D7B6F4AB97BFB77F6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E295510B53BB6DAD68C2A57A532A35DC">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="57429C86777D7678CB428DE38E8B47BE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="78C2548B908F1DF560483AB6C6FB1C46">
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<mods:date id="ECB753121D02A6A500987A1B91A45098">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DEC981CE0C2C95C9684FBFCFE7A3D1A5">4048</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="01D28DC300A7FE1551BBE51C6E35D49D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D457B5849F7B4AD5DAB0DAA08E503C29" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="58512FC587E29197445F5CEF75A0FB08" type="GBIF-Dataset">12dd6a18-8481-4dc9-8727-8cfbfc138f7a</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1F0D87A0FFDAFF84FF6DC629ADE1FD09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113493" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119645593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113493" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F0D87A0FFDAFF84FF6DC629ADE1FD09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F0D87A0FFDAFF84FF6DC629ADE1FD09" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="558" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDAFF85FF6DC629AFA1FA28" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF6DC629AD6FFACA" blockId="4.[151,567,1358,1418]" box="[151,567,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<heading id="CC5381DAFFDAFF85FF6DC629AD6FFACA" bold="true" box="[151,567,1358,1384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FF6DC629AD6FFACA" bold="true" box="[151,567,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FF6DC629AE8BFACA" ID-CoL="9HZMF" box="[151,467,1358,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FF6DC629AE8BFACA" bold="true" box="[151,467,1358,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Asymphyloptera dominica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="BEE357DFFFDAFF85FE23C629AD6FFACA" box="[473,567,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF6DC616AFA1FA28" blockId="4.[151,567,1358,1418]" box="[151,249,1393,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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(
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<figureCitation id="0F9F2A33FFDAFF85FF65C616AFA8FA28" box="[159,240,1393,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[192,1402,203,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 16. Male terminalia of Asymphyloptera, lateral views. 13, A. dominica sp. nov.; 14, A. havasu sp. nov.; 15, A. lutea sp. nov.; 16, A. mexicana sp. nov. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: pgt—postgonite; ph—phallus; sur—surstylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237779/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDAFF85FF6DC6DEAFB6F908" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF6DC6DEAC02F99C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1465,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FF6DC6DEAE19FA70" bold="true" box="[151,321,1465,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDAFF85FF6DC6DEAF8AFA70" box="[151,210,1465,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FEA9C6DEAEAAFA70" bold="true" box="[339,498,1465,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDAFF85FEA9C6DEAEAAFA70" box="[339,498,1465,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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, ♂ labelled: “
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FD6DC6DDAC74FA70" box="[663,812,1466,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
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<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDAFF85FD6DC6DDAC74FA70" box="[663,812,1466,1490]" name="Dominica" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">DOMINICA</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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, W.I./ FondFiguesR./
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<date id="E31A1076FFDAFF85FBD6C6DDABE0FA70" box="[1068,1208,1465,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" value="1965-02-09">9 Feb. 1965</date>
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/ W. W. Wirth/ rain forest”; “Bredin-Archibald/ SmithsonianBio./ Surv.
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FCFAC6BAAC2DFA54" box="[768,885,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
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<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDAFF85FCFAC6BAAC2DFA54" box="[768,885,1501,1526]" name="Dominica" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Dominica</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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”; “
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDAFF85FC5BC6B9AB6FFA54" box="[929,1079,1502,1526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FBAFC6BAAA57FA54" box="[1109,1295,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asymphyloptera</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FAD6C6BAAACCFA54" box="[1324,1428,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica">dominica</taxonomicName>
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/ Sinclair [red label]” (
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<collectionCode id="F1B5AE73FFDAFF85FE72C565AE87F9B8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[392,479,1538,1562]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">USNM</collectionCode>
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).
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FE09C566ADCFF9B8" bold="true" box="[499,663,1537,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDAFF85FE09C566ADCFF9B8" box="[499,663,1537,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDAFF85FD5CC566AC41F9B8" box="[678,793,1537,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FD5CC566AC41F9B8" bold="true" box="[678,793,1537,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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||
<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDAFF85FD5CC566AC41F9B8" box="[678,793,1537,1562]" name="Dominica" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Dominica</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Same data as
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDAFF85FC3CC566AB70F9B8" box="[966,1064,1537,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<specimenCount id="81A2FD3FFFDAFF85FBC1C565AB3CF9BB" box="[1083,1124,1538,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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, 1 ♀,
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<collectionCode id="F1B5AE73FFDAFF85FB54C565AA5CF9B8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1198,1284,1538,1562]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">USNM</collectionCode>
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); Pont Casse,
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<quantity id="505C9B53FFDAFF85FF6DC542AF87F99C" box="[151,223,1573,1598]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02336" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" unit="mi" value="2.5">2.5 mi</quantity>
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E,
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<date id="E31A1076FFDAFF85FEFFC542AE29F99C" box="[261,369,1573,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" value="1965-01-16">16.i.1965</date>
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, stream margin, W.W. Wirth (
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<specimenCount id="81A2FD3FFFDAFF85FD38C541ADB4F99F" box="[706,748,1574,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectionCode id="F1B5AE73FFDAFF85FD02C541AC16F99C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[760,846,1574,1598]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">USNM</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF3DC52EAFB6F908" blockId="4.[151,1436,1465,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FF3DC52EAE0EF9C0" bold="true" box="[199,342,1609,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Recognition</emphasis>
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. This species is distinguished by its small size; yellowish coxae; pleura brown; narrow, tapered surstylus with pointed apex; phallus arched posteriorly, apex expanded and membranous with jagged lateral margin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDAFF84FF3DC5D2AACEFEC7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="558" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" type="description">
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF3DC5D2AEA7F8B7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1465,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FF3DC5D2AE09F96C" bold="true" box="[199,337,1717,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Description</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDAFF85FEA5C5D2AEC3F96C" bold="true" box="[351,411,1717,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Male</emphasis>
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. Postpedicel globular with long, slender apical extension, arising subapically. Ocellar setae stout, shorter than length of postpedicel extension. Labrum slightly shorter than clypeus; palpus brown, subequal to labrum, tapered to slender apex.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDAFF85FF3DC446AFBEF84C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1465,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
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Pleura brown. Chaetotaxy stout; 1 pprn short, very slender; 2 npl, lower slender and shorter; 4 dc, anterior dc offset; 2 apical sctl, slightly shorter than prescutellar dc, lacking lateral sctl. Coxae and base of femora yellowish, remaining segments brown; fore femur with antero- and posteroventral rows of pale, slender setae, subequal in length to width of femur; fore tibia with erect ventral setae. Wing length
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<quantity id="505C9B53FFDAFF85FC37C4E9AB0FF807" box="[973,1111,1934,1958]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.2 mm</quantity>
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; crossvein h distinct; base of wing with 2–3 long, stouter setulae along posterior margin, separated from finer distal setulae by wide gap. Halter brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC3F0AB15FEE2" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
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Male terminalia (
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<figureCitation id="0F9F2A33FFDBFF84FE66C3F0AEA1FF12" box="[412,505,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[192,1402,203,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 16. Male terminalia of Asymphyloptera, lateral views. 13, A. dominica sp. nov.; 14, A. havasu sp. nov.; 15, A. lutea sp. nov.; 16, A. mexicana sp. nov. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: pgt—postgonite; ph—phallus; sur—surstylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237779/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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): Cercus with anterior lobe slightly produced; posterior lobe long, slender. Hypandrium prolonged as broad, paired postgonites; apical margin of postgonite rounded, with short, subapical pointed projections. Epandrium narrow, with elongate setae on apical half. Surstylus shorter than cercus, slender, arched, tapered to pointed apex; not extending beyond phallus. Phallus strongly arched posteriorly; apex expanded, membranous with jagged lateral margin; ejaculatory apodeme narrow, not expanded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC22BAACEFEC7" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" box="[199,1430,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDBFF84FF3DC22BAE46FEC7" bold="true" box="[199,286,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Female</emphasis>
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. Similar to male except as follows: lacking long ventral setae on fore femur. Terminalia not dissected.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDBFF84FF3DC208AB71FE2A" box="[199,1065,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC208AB71FE2A" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" box="[199,1065,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
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<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDBFF84FF3DC208AE1EFE2A" bold="true" box="[199,326,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Etymology</emphasis>
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. Named after the
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<typeStatus id="481F8814FFDBFF84FDF5C217AD67FE2A" box="[527,575,368,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">type</typeStatus>
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locality, the Caribbean island of
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDBFF84FC48C208AB7CFE2A" box="[946,1060,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDBFF84FC48C208AB7CFE2A" box="[946,1060,367,392]" name="Dominica" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Dominica</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDBFF84FF3DC2F3AB9CFE0E" box="[199,1220,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC2F3AB9CFE0E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" box="[199,1220,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
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||
<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDBFF84FF3DC2F3AE01FE0F" bold="true" box="[199,345,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. This species is restricted to the island of
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<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDBFF84FCD5C2F3ACF8FE0F" box="[815,928,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
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<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDBFF84FCD5C2F3ACF8FE0F" box="[815,928,404,429]" name="Dominica" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Dominica</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, Lesser Antilles (
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<figureCitation id="0F9F2A33FFDBFF84FB99C2F3ABEEFE0E" box="[1123,1206,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1990,2012]" captionTargetBox="[264,1319,193,1957]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1319,193,1957]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 17. Distribution of Asymphyloptera in the New World." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237780/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDBFF84FF3DC2D0AAC5FE57" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC2D0AAC5FE57" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
|
||
<emphasis id="A5D0EAA4FFDBFF84FF3DC2D0AE6CFE72" bold="true" box="[199,308,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. This species was collected during the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of the Caribbean island of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDBFF84FE82C2BBAEBEFE57" box="[376,486,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDBFF84FE82C2BBAEBEFE57" box="[376,486,476,501]" name="Dominica" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="E31A1076FFDBFF84FE0FC2BBAD30FE57" box="[501,616,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" value="1964-05">May 1964</date>
|
||
-
|
||
<date id="E31A1076FFDBFF84FD95C2BBAC54FE57" box="[623,780,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" value="1966-10">October 1966</date>
|
||
) (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F3354B47FFDBFF84FCB5C2BBACA4FE57" author="Robinson" box="[847,1020,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" refString="Robinson, H. (1975) The Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica. The family Dolichopodidae with some related Antillean and Panamanian species (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 185, 1 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.185" type="journal article" year="1975">Robinson 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for brief introduction to expedition).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DFBE653DFFDBFF84FF3DC165ADE1FD09" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="971B36B6FFDBFF84FF3DC165ADE1FD09" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50A44D35FFDBFF84FEC1C165AEF1FDB9" ID-CoL="9HZMF" box="[315,425,514,539]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Asymphyloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EFB37626FFDBFF84FEC1C165AEF1FDB9" box="[315,425,514,539]" name="Dominica" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively small (
|
||
<quantity id="505C9B53FFDBFF84FD69C165ADB4FDB9" box="[659,748,514,539]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" unit="km" value="754.0">754 km</quantity>
|
||
2), the island is primarily moist due to two mountain peaks reaching nearly
|
||
<quantity id="505C9B53FFDBFF84FEAAC141AEFFFD9D" box="[336,423,550,575]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F3354B47FFDBFF84FDBDC141ADA1FD9D" author="Robinson" box="[583,761,550,575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" refString="Robinson, H. (1975) The Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica. The family Dolichopodidae with some related Antillean and Panamanian species (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 185, 1 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.185" type="journal article" year="1975">Robinson 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are numerous streams and rivers and consequently ideal habitat for aquatic empidids. The Lesser Antilles are of recent volcanic origin, separated by deep ocean depths and the island biota is assumed to be the result of dispersal from northern and southern source regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F3354B47FFDBFF84FF64C1F5AE12FD09" author="Donnelly" box="[158,330,658,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" refString="Donnelly, T. W. (1988) Geologic constraints on Caribbean biogeography. In: Liebherr, J. K. (Ed.), Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 15 - 37." type="book chapter" year="1988">Donnelly 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F3354B47FFDBFF84FEACC1F5ADF5FD09" author="Ricklefs" box="[342,685,658,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" refString="Ricklefs, R. & Bermingham, E. (2008) The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 2393 - 2413. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2068" type="journal article" year="2008">Ricklefs & Bermingham 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |