522 lines
64 KiB
XML
522 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="9E2845A210CB9A9CD347087A07524EAE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5487.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13210771" ID-ZooBank="50AC1672-FC20-4502-8D8A-4BCAE95F719B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1722789583779" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz & Mathis, Wayne N." docDate="2024" docId="03D187B73A567B54FF4EFB4E5342FD53" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5487.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5487 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5487.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Scatellini Wirth and Stone" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFE8FFCF3A537B53FFD9FFE4576AFFFA" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Shore-Fly Genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae)" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1722972029697" updateUser="valdenar">
|
||
<mods:mods id="24D4D1FA3C676E96A3BE84010AA930DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="20995C89F09E211F013BCA5110EA828B">
|
||
<mods:title id="0795AEAC5A76243BAE562AB0782182B1">Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Shore-Fly Genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9DD3A21A651B932998E2F27E9B0DA226" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4E2E04B08CB6636EAAFE580D3046604E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="98E926F31338DE34B4D67007039EBD2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4AE3E4B5234B98783CE6495FF61124F5">Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F862BA8A0FBCB5C911090323B6BE6299" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2163-0143</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="C6E265F088143E82C6BF0EAAB5ACB7A7">Institute of Biology, Opole University, ul. Oleska 22, 45 - 052 Opole, Poland zatwar @ uni. opole. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2163 - 0143</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E95AA1634D2FB7C9F558D7FC6762B19A" type="email">zatwar@uni.opole.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="52EAC8AFAAFAF8C3D8F8BD6A0E85B589" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0BE79546BEC06DC139AB96ABE71684A6">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="45AEAD695B9F974AE5F80B08BCFC2D12">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C1C074643109985ECC9A9D5CADE3F3FE">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6102653AB176144CC569A3F714BDC70F" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2163-0143</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="B82D446E19AE71EA658D59AE6352AC7D">Institute of Biology, Opole University, ul. Oleska 22, 45 - 052 Opole, Poland zatwar @ uni. opole. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2163 - 0143 & Department of Entomology, PO BOX 37012, MRC 169, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA mathisw @ si. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5012 - 1762 & Institute of Biology, Opole University, ul. Oleska 22, 45 - 052 Opole, Poland zatwar @ uni. opole. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2163 - 0143</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="56C7A0D8E33AD71ACF7AD495FCB77A7A" type="email">zatwar@uni.opole.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="06326EA4DEF3D4E54B67F648F99CD7B7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="A6A102F92EC9C99A992C58AF1DBD282D" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="780B59D7582173AE58B9D19D2BF89275">
|
||
<mods:title id="8D6B5B31B26B0D5D9AA366C834C5BB5D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="E0DDC75B87E08E3FA66B72E771122E7A">
|
||
<mods:date id="FF708E3D58725D4848784C07B9CFABF0">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8BB797F5D16BD2FF85F7F254B29EBCA8" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="E67070CC364468CC69102DE74C71FFAA">2024-07-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="24D3DDB429AC57ADB42309695B199C6C" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="1C5A19AFFFCBB5BCAEFCC68B97032723">5487</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B4165FC6053AD751ED3A409B8AA80D8A" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="DBDB708C7040D5AAE15030D59972539D">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="81E0F53B043DA2544BD3EF1684180138" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="9FA1FDF7C967FBE31B1119268CB422A7">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="FF105BBE9D35ED971B1301BBA30DA788">100</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="A96F420ACA2340FBEA93E7DACFE7BC95">
|
||
<mods:url id="095C6F4347A66DB10578BE546C487630">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5487.1.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="A9ED166ABD7820EA59ECBA709008C2CF">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="24E1E7ABE7A36B37C924F7FC8919A59D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5487.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4240E0C282E400C3295E406D1B5CAAEF" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="83FC01547B48BD17DAB469B5BEF56161" type="Zenodo-Dep">13210771</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="58619AB2B12EC8F9C4CFD0F3117163B9" type="ZooBank">50AC1672-FC20-4502-8D8A-4BCAE95F719B</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03D187B73A567B54FF4EFB4E5342FD53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D187B73A567B54FF4EFB4E5342FD53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187B73A567B54FF4EFB4E5342FD53" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C362652A3A567B56FF4EFB4E5547FB3E" box="[151,557,1194,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A567B56FF4EFB4E5547FB3E" blockId="5.[151,557,1194,1221]" box="[151,557,1194,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading id="D08F81CD3A567B56FF4EFB4E5547FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,557,1194,1221]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FF4EFB4E5547FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,557,1194,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FF3BFB4E5547FB3E" authority="Wirth and Stone" authorityName="Wirth and Stone" box="[226,557,1194,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scatellini">Scatellini Wirth and Stone</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A567B56FF4EFB0B5378FADC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1263,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C362652A3A567B56FF4EFB0B554BFAFD" box="[151,545,1263,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB68118F3A567B56FF4EFB0B554BFAFD" box="[151,545,1263,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD910B03A567B56FF4EFB0B5577FAFD" author="Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A." box="[151,541,1263,1287]" page="466" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1956">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FF4EFB0B5577FAFD" authority="Wirth and Stone 1956: 466" authorityName="Wirth and Stone" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,541,1263,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scatellini">
|
||
Scatellini
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A567B56FF26FB0B5577FAFD" author="Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A." box="[255,541,1263,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="372 - 482" refId="ref71198" refString="Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A. (1956) Aquatic Diptera. In: Usinger, R. L. (Ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 372 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / 9780520320390 - 017" type="book chapter" year="1956">Wirth and Stone 1956: 466</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C362652A3A567B56FDF1FB145378FADC" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C388033A567B56FDF1FB145530FAF2" box="[552,602,1264,1288]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FD77FB0B536DFAFD" ID-CoL="643C5" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[686,1031,1263,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FD77FB0B546AFAFD" box="[686,768,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scatella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A567B56FCD1FB0B536DFAFD" author="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B." box="[776,1031,1263,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref70517" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires Presentes par divers Savans a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, et Imprimes par son Ordre Sciences Mathematiques et Physiques. Vol. 2. Imprime par autorisation du Roi a l'Imprimerie Royal, Paris, 813 pp." type="book" year="1830">Robineau-Desvoidy1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD910B03A567B56FBFDFB0B5260FAFD" author="Olafsson, E." box="[1060,1290,1263,1287]" page="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A567B56FBFDFB0B5260FAFD" author="Olafsson, E." box="[1060,1290,1263,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref70343" refString="Olafsson, E. (1991) Taxonomic revision of western Palaearctic species of the genera Scatella R. - D. and Lamproscatella Hendel, and studies on their phylogenetic positions within the subfamily Ephydrinae (Diptera, Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 37 (Supplement), 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1991">Olafsson 1991: 55–68</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[relationships among Palearctic genera].—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD910B03A567B56FE3FFAEA5402FADC" author="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T." box="[486,872,1294,1318]" page="254" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A567B56FE3FFAEA5402FADC" author="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T." box="[486,872,1294,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref70301" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). International Memoirs on Entomology, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 254–288</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[world catalog].
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C362652A3A567B54FF4EFAB05342FD53" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A567B56FF4EFAB057B0FA4C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1364,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Diagnosis.—Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FE11FAB05558FA94" box="[456,562,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scatellini">Scatellini</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FC72FAB05346FA94" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1837" box="[939,1068,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of character states: Body length 0.80–5.00 mm; generally dark brown to cinereous (rarely yellow), microtomentose to shiny.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A567B56FF1EFA245613F8B8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1364,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FF1EFA245667FA20" box="[199,269,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Mesofrons subquadrate, slightly wider posteriorly, ranging from dull and densely microtomentose, to shiny with metallic luster; lacking interfrontal setae; usually 2 lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae (most genera) or 1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FF02F9EC56BAF9D8" box="[219,464,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FF02F9EC5623F9D8" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[219,329,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Limnellia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FE81F9EC56BAF9D8" box="[344,464,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scatophila</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Antenna relatively short; arista essentially bare, macropubescent (most genera) or bearing long dorsal rays (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FE18F9C85556F9BC" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[449,572,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FE18F9C85556F9BC" box="[449,572,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); pedicel with a row of setae along anterior margin, setae longer ventrally plus 1 proclinate and 1 vertical seta dorsally. Face protuberant, setulose to moderately densely pilose, marginal setae usually larger; dorsum of interfoveal hump usually similar to rest of face, dark colored in a few species, not shiny; eye bare, usually as long as high, nearly round to obliquely oval, generally oriented obliquely to plane of epistoma; gena short to high, usually bearing a genal seta (most genera) or lacking (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FB90F95856D1F900" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FB90F95853B1F92C" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[1097,1243,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Haloscatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FB3FF95852F2F92C" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[1254,1432,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproscatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FF4EF904567FF900" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,277,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philotelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FEFAF90456D1F900" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[291,443,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Thinoscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thinoscatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); oral opening moderately large, gaping, usually concealing clypeus; maxillary palpus long and slender; mediproboscis with small sclerite laterally (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FC9DF8E054F4F8E4" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[836,926,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FC9DF8E054F4F8E4" box="[836,926,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A567B56FC75F8E0532EF8E4" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[940,1092,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Thinoscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FC75F8E0532EF8E4" box="[940,1092,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thinoscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); labellum not overlapping the mentum posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A567B55FF1EF8A8538DFE73" blockId="5.[151,1437,1364,2039]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FF1EF8A8564BF89C" box="[199,289,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsocentral setae 2–3 (0+2, 1+2), some setae sometimes weakly developed, the posteriormost seta displaced laterally from alignment of others; postpronotum sometimes with 1 long setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FB7CF894525EF870" box="[1189,1332,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parascatella</emphasis>
|
||
); row of small intra-alar setae present; intrapostalar seta small, weakly developed; presutural supra-alar seta present, variable, subequal or larger than anterior notopleural seta; postsutural supra-alar seta smaller than postalar seta or subequal in length (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A567B56FED2F83856F0F80C" box="[267,410,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parascatella</emphasis>
|
||
); 2 notopleural setae, placement of posterior seta variable, usually at same level as anterior seta; proepisternum lacking setae but often with a few setulae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FCB8FF73549AFF4B" box="[865,1008,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parascatella</emphasis>
|
||
); prosternum bare of setae or setulae; anepisternum bearing 1 large seta just dorsad of midheight along posterior margin, several smaller setulae may also be present; anepimeron, meron, and metapleuron bare of setae. Wing hyaline to conspicuously infuscate with or without white spots; costal vein extended to vein M
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FD06FEF1558DFED9" attach="left" box="[735,743,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</subScript>
|
||
(most genera) or to vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FBC1FEF15358FED9" attach="left" box="[1048,1074,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4+5</subScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB9BFEE753D0FEE7" box="[1090,1210,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB9BFEE753D0FEE7" box="[1090,1210,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); crossvein r-m just posteriorly to distinctly distal to subcostal break (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD19FEC35425FEBB" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[704,847,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD19FEC35425FEBB" box="[704,847,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FC2DFEC353FAFEBB" box="[1012,1168,295,321]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
],
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB78FEC352FFFEBB" box="[1185,1429,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB78FEC35275FEBB" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[1185,1311,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philotelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FAF3FEC352FFFEBB" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1322,1429,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Limnellia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFEAF5665FE9F" box="[151,271,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF4EFEAF5665FE9F" box="[151,271,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FEB2FEB956EEFE91" attach="left" box="[363,388,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2+3</subScript>
|
||
usually long, terminating at approximately same distance from vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FB7AFEB953D7FE91" attach="left" box="[1187,1213,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4+5</subScript>
|
||
as tip of M
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FA98FEB95223FE91" attach="left" box="[1345,1353,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</subScript>
|
||
vein is from vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A557B55FEC7FE655652FE75" attach="left" box="[286,312,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4+5</subScript>
|
||
. Hindcoxal strap not setose; pulvilli normally developed; tarsal claws short, curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A557B55FF1EFE775684FB5B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF1EFE775650FE57" box="[199,314,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Male with 5 visible abdominal tergites; tergite 5 distinctly trapezoidal or triangular; sternites 5–6 well developed, very small or absent; female with 7 visible tergites; tergite 5 subtrapezoidal, not triangular. Male terminalia: surstylus usually fused with ventral margin of epandrium and not evident (most genera) or evident as lobes, perhaps secondarily developed; aedeagus usually a sclerotized structure, shoe-shaped (apparently the basiphallus) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FEECFDC7557FFDC7" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[309,533,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Amalopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FEECFDC756AEFDC7" box="[309,452,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amalopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
Eaton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FDFFFDC755DFFDC7" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[550,693,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FDFFFDC755DFFDC7" box="[550,693,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[other than
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FC89FDC75486FDC7" box="[848,1004,547,573]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species],
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FBBEFDC7527CFDC7" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[1127,1302,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FBBEFDC7527CFDC7" box="[1127,1302,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lamproscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FAF3FDC752FFFDC7" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1322,1429,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FAF3FDC752FFFDC7" box="[1322,1429,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFDA3579BFD9B" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,241,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF4EFDA3579BFD9B" box="[151,241,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FED9FDA35612FD9B" box="[256,376,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FED9FDA35612FD9B" box="[256,376,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FE5FFDA35574FD9B" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[390,542,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Thinoscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE5FFDA35574FD9B" box="[390,542,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thinoscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or with a sclerotized basiphallus and a membranous distiphallus invested with short, sharp scales or scale-like thorns (some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD79FD8F5445FD7F" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[672,815,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD79FD8F5445FD7F" box="[672,815,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FC03FD8F5312FD7F" box="[986,1144,619,645]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
],
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB52FD8F526CFD7F" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[1163,1286,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB52FD8F526CFD7F" box="[1163,1286,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); ejaculatory apodeme lacking (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FEB2FD6B5690FD53" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[363,506,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Amalopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FEB2FD6B5690FD53" box="[363,506,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amalopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FDD2FD6B55F0FD53" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[523,666,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FDD2FD6B55F0FD53" box="[523,666,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD72FD6B5430FD53" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[683,858,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD72FD6B5430FD53" box="[683,858,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lamproscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FCB3FD6B54BFFD53" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[874,981,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FCB3FD6B54BFFD53" box="[874,981,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC3FFD6B530BFD53" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[998,1121,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC3FFD6B530BFD53" box="[998,1121,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FBABFD6B5380FD53" box="[1138,1258,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FBABFD6B5380FD53" box="[1138,1258,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB23FD6B52F8FD53" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[1274,1426,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Thinoscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB23FD6B52F8FD53" box="[1274,1426,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thinoscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or present (as an L-shaped, dorsoventrally flattened structure or a crescent shaped, laterally flattened structure) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF78FD335679FD0B" box="[161,275,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
Malloch,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE5DFD335579FD0B" box="[388,531,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parascatella</emphasis>
|
||
Cresson,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD58FD3354A9FD0B" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[641,963,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD58FD3355B1FD0B" box="[641,731,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatella</emphasis>
|
||
Robineau-Desvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC14FD33532AFD0B" box="[973,1088,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synhoplos</emphasis>
|
||
Lamb,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB4FFD335273FD0B" box="[1174,1305,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Teichomyza</emphasis>
|
||
Macquart); phallapodeme rudimentary, as a laterally flattened bow (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FCFAFD1F5318FCEF" box="[803,1138,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FCFAFD1F54BFFCEF" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[803,981,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproscatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC3AFD1F5318FCEF" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[995,1138,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Haloscatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[other than
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FADAFD1F52F6FCEF" box="[1283,1436,763,789]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species]) or rod-like, lacking a keel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD90FCFB55B2FCC3" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[585,728,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Amalopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD90FCFB55B2FCC3" box="[585,728,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amalopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD33FCFB5413FCC3" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[746,889,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD33FCFB5413FCC3" box="[746,889,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FC53FCFB534CFCC3" box="[906,1062,799,825]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species],
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB44FCFB5262FCC3" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1181,1288,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB44FCFB5262FCC3" box="[1181,1288,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FAC3FCFB52FFFCC3" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[1306,1429,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FAC3FCFB52FFFCC3" box="[1306,1429,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFCA75665FCA7" box="[151,271,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF4EFCA75665FCA7" box="[151,271,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or greatly reduced or lacking (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FDA1FCA75580FCA7" box="[632,746,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD21FCA7549AFCA7" box="[760,1008,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Parascatella,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC4FFCA7549AFCA7" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[918,1008,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC26FCA75318FCA7" box="[1023,1138,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synhoplos</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB58FCA7526EFCA7" box="[1153,1284,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Teichomyza</emphasis>
|
||
); postgonites and hypandrium fused forming a single structure (“gonal arch”) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC7BFC83535BFC7B" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[930,1073,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Amalopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC7BFC83535BFC7B" box="[930,1073,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amalopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB9DFC8353B9FC7B" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[1092,1235,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB9DFC8353B9FC7B" box="[1092,1235,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB3FFC8352FFFC7B" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[1254,1429,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB3FFC8352FFFC7B" box="[1254,1429,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lamproscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFC6F5645FC5F" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,303,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Thinoscatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF4EFC6F5645FC5F" box="[151,303,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thinoscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE99FC6F56D8FC5F" box="[320,434,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE1BFC6F55D1FC5F" box="[450,699,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Parascatella,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FDB8FC6F55D1FC5F" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[609,699,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD12FC6F5454FC5F" box="[715,830,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synhoplos</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC97FC6F54BBFC5F" box="[846,977,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Teichomyza</emphasis>
|
||
, ground plan of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FB4DFC6F5395FC5F" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1172,1279,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FB4DFC6F5395FC5F" box="[1172,1279,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or separated into medial sclerite “hypandrium” and lateral structures representing postgonites (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FBB6FC4B5380FC33" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[1135,1258,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FBB6FC4B5380FC33" box="[1135,1258,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F76313A557B55FB26FC4B52F6FC33" box="[1279,1436,943,969]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFC37564CFC17" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,294,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Haloscatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF4EFC37564CFC17" box="[151,294,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haloscatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FEADFC375686FC17" box="[372,492,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FEADFC375686FC17" box="[372,492,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or separated medioventrally into 2 lateral structures “gonites” (most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FAD1FC375219FC17" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1288,1395,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FAD1FC375219FC17" box="[1288,1395,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (2 separate postgonites are present also in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD7FFC135474FBEB" box="[678,798,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD7FFC135474FBEB" box="[678,798,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FCE8FC135405FBEB" box="[817,879,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">avida</emphasis>
|
||
group), in which the “hypandrium” is reduced). Female Terminalia: sternite 7 as one rectangular sclerite or 2 lateral, small, circular to partially quadrate sclerites; sternite 8 divided into 2 sclerites; cerci bearing one prominent seta, strong or weak, inserted posteroventrally or without prominent setae; sternite 9/subanal plate without strong setae; operculum present or absent, when present Helmet-like or tubular shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A557B55FF1EFB4F54C7F947" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Discussion.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FEBCFB4F56B7FB3F" box="[357,477,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FEBCFB4F56B7FB3F" box="[357,477,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD49FB4F5461FB3F" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[656,779,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD49FB4F5461FB3F" box="[656,779,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group of genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FC03FB4F525BFB3F" author="Zatwarnicki, T. & Mathis, W. N." box="[986,1329,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="351 - 370" refId="ref71480" refString="Zatwarnicki, T. & Mathis, W. N. (1994) Phylogeny and classification of the genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 29 (4), 351 - 370. [1993] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21686351.1993.12277698" type="journal article" year="1994">Zatwarnicki and Mathis 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF3DFB2B5635FB13" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[228,351,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF3DFB2B5635FB13" box="[228,351,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (genera
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FDC9FB2B54F7FB13" box="[528,925,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FDC9FB2B55E4FB13" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[528,654,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philotelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD42FB2B5477FB12" authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="1979" box="[667,797,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Tauromima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tauromima</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FCF2FB2B54F3FB13" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[811,921,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Limnellia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC00FB2B533BFB13" box="[985,1105,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC00FB2B533BFB13" box="[985,1105,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are very tiny to moderately small shore flies (body length
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B443A557B55FE28FB1655F3FAF7" box="[497,665,1266,1293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.8">0.80–2.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
), males have a broken ventral gonal arch and the anterior portion of the epandrium is fused, forming a complete cavity around the cerci. The ventral gonal processes are all that remains of the hypandrium, which is fused anterodorsally to the postgonites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A243A557B55FC6EFADF537DFAAF" box="[951,1047,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="17.[151,264,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,189,893]" captionTargetId="figure-27@17.[151,1435,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Male terminalia of Scatophila exilis Cresson. 18. Epandrium and cerci, posterior view. 19. Internal male terminalia (gonite, phallapodeme, aedeagus, neohypandrium), ventral view. 20. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210783/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A243A557B55FBFFFADF532EFAAF" box="[1062,1092,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,189,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-27@21.[151,1435,181,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Male terminalia of Scatophila angusta sp. nov. 27. Epandrium and cerci, posterior view. 28. Internal male terminalia (gonite, phallapodeme, aedeagus, neohypandrium), ventral view. 29. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210789/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">28</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A243A557B55FB8AFADE531BFAAF" box="[1107,1137,1338,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–55" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1268,1292]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,605,1237]" captionTargetId="figure-214@33.[151,1435,597,1245]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 53–55. Male terminalia of Scatophila hesperia Sturtevant & Wheeler. 53. Epandrium and cerci, posterior view. 54. Internal male terminalia (gonite, phallapodeme, aedeagus, neohypandrium), ventral view. 55. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210809/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">54</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A243A557B55FB59FADF53C6FAAF" box="[1152,1196,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 122–124" captionStartId="57.[151,264,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,968,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-59@57.[151,1435,960,1774]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURES 122–124. Male terminalia of Scatophila unicornis Czerny. 122. Epandrium and cerci, posterior view. 123. Internal male terminalia (gonite, phallapodeme, aedeagus, neohypandrium), ventral view. 124. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210859/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">123</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A243A557B55FB62FADF5383FAAF" box="[1211,1257,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 172–174" captionStartId="75.[151,264,1078,1102]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,189,1047]" captionTargetId="figure-27@75.[151,1435,181,1055]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURES 172–174. Male terminalia of Scatophila conifera Sturtevant & Wheeler. 172. Epandrium and cerci, posterior view. 173. Internal male terminalia (gonite, phallapodeme, aedeagus, neohypandrium), ventral view. 174. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210903/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">173</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fusion of postgonites and hypandrium was first described in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC8BFABB5390FA83" authority="Cresson (Steyskal 1970)" authorityName="Cresson (Steyskal" authorityYear="1970" box="[850,1274,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC8BFABB54B3FA82" box="[850,985,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dimecoenia</emphasis>
|
||
Cresson (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FB94FABB5398FA83" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[1101,1266,1375,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="462 - 465" refId="ref70700" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1970) The species of the genus Dimecoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae) in America north of Panama, with the description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (2), 462 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.2.462" type="journal article" year="1970">Steyskal 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FAE0FABB5788FA67" author="Olafsson, E." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref70343" refString="Olafsson, E. (1991) Taxonomic revision of western Palaearctic species of the genera Scatella R. - D. and Lamproscatella Hendel, and studies on their phylogenetic positions within the subfamily Ephydrinae (Diptera, Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 37 (Supplement), 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1991">Olafsson (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assumed this condition to be characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD29FA67541FFA67" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1837" box="[752,885,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ephydrinae">Ephydrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FBC3FA67539CFA67" author="Zatwarnicki, T." box="[1050,1270,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="659 - 682" refId="ref71343" refString="Zatwarnicki, T. (2023) Major lineages of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) and resulting subfamilial classification. Annales Zoologici, 73 (4), 659 - 682. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2023.73.4.008" type="journal article" year="2023">Zatwarnicki (2023)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF4EFA435672FA3B" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,280,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ephydrinae">Ephydrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be expanded to include the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD01FA435421FA3B" box="[728,843,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hyadinini">Hyadinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and as such, all included tribes within this subfamily have postgonites that are associated with the hypandrium. Three tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC3DFA2F530FFA1F" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1837" box="[996,1125,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ephydrinae">Ephydrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the central portion of the hypandrial arch narrowed and band-like. The medial portion of the hypandrium has been separated, and for this separated structure, we proposed the term neohypandrium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FCE3F9F753E5F9D7" author="Zatwarnicki, T. & Mathis, W. N." box="[826,1167,1555,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="351 - 370" refId="ref71480" refString="Zatwarnicki, T. & Mathis, W. N. (1994) Phylogeny and classification of the genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 29 (4), 351 - 370. [1993] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21686351.1993.12277698" type="journal article" year="1994">Zatwarnicki and Mathis 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B503A557B55FB7AF9F75788F9AB" author="Zatwarnicki, T. & Baez, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref71427" refString="Zatwarnicki, T. & Baez, M. (1991) Notes on Philotelma (Diptera, Ephydridae) with description of a new species from the Canary Islands. Aquatic Insects, 13 (4), 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650429109361447" type="journal article" year="1991">Zatwarnicki and Baéz (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were not entirely accurate in calling this structure the hypandrium, as it is only a portion of the latter. The division of the gonal arch and presence of a neohypandrium are synapomorphies that link the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FAFDF9BF52F6F98F" box="[1316,1436,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FAFDF9BF52F6F98F" box="[1316,1436,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF1FF99B5623F963" box="[198,329,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF1FF99B562EF963" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[198,324,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philotelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The lack of these structures in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD7AF99B5464F963" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[675,782,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD7AF99B5464F963" box="[675,782,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FC5FF99B5494F963" box="[902,1022,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FC5FF99B5494F963" box="[902,1022,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have occurred secondarily, as is perhaps manifested by the medially separated gonal arch in these taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A557B55FF1EF9235625F86F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FE90F92356AEF91B" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[329,452,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE90F92356AEF91B" box="[329,452,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FD4CF923547AF91B" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1896" box="[661,784,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philotelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FD4CF923547AF91B" box="[661,784,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philotelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has many autapomorphies: 1. postgonite without ventral process, 2. aedeagal sack present, 3. crossvein dm-m infuscate, 4. genal seta lacking, but the presence of dorsal aristal hairs distinguish this genus from the remaining genera, all of which have reduced aristal hairs or rays. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF39F8D75635F8B6" authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="1979" box="[224,351,1843,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Tauromima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF39F8D75635F8B6" box="[224,351,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tauromima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has reduced wings and halteres and only one dorsocentral and subscutellar seta. The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FF6DF8B35675F88B" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[180,287,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FF6DF8B35675F88B" box="[180,287,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FE8DF8B356A6F88B" box="[340,460,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE8DF8B356A6F88B" box="[340,460,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed by the (1) multicolored mesonotum and (2) modified, band-like or reduced neohypandrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A557B54FF1EF87B52E5FE9F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FE1DF87B5556F843" box="[452,572,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FE1DF87B5556F843" box="[452,572,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A557B55FDAAF87B55B4F843" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[627,734,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FDAAF87B55B4F843" box="[627,734,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a single fronto-orbital seta, and for that reason these two genera were treated as sister groups. We have discovered a Neotropical species group, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A557B55FBA7F82753BDF827" box="[1150,1239,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">prainha</emphasis>
|
||
group that have a shortened costa but have two fronto-orbital setae. Three explanations may account for this condition: (1) the loss of one fronto-orbital seta occurred independently in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FD62FF5F5459FF2F" box="[699,819,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FD62FF5F5459FF2F" box="[699,819,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FCBEFF5F54B8FF2F" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[871,978,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FCBEFF5F54B8FF2F" box="[871,978,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FBDFFF5F531BFF2F" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1030,1137,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FBDFFF5F531BFF2F" box="[1030,1137,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a specialized sublineage within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FF3EFF3B5635FF03" box="[231,351,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FF3EFF3B5635FF03" box="[231,351,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (3) the occurrence of two setae in a few South American species is a secondary development. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FF0DFEE75655FEE7" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[212,319,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FF0DFEE75655FEE7" box="[212,319,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FEACFEE75687FEE7" box="[373,493,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FEACFEE75687FEE7" box="[373,493,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by synapomorphies that suggest their monophyly and independent evolution, i.e., one genus is not a sublineage of the other (alternative 2). Synapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FB0AFEC35254FEBB" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[1235,1342,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Limnellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FB0AFEC35254FEBB" box="[1235,1342,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Limnellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are: (1) presence of epandrial processes (surstyli, which are not homologous to dististyli) and (2) dark spots on the wings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A547B54FF1EFE8B56A5FE0F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Our study of the South American species with two fronto-orbital setae has revealed other characters that are likely to represent generalized or primitive states. Assuming these primitive conditions are correlated with the presence of two setae, we suspect that alternative three is likewise untenable, leaving, thus, the first alternative as the most likely explanation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736A13A547B54FF1EFE1B5342FD53" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Synapomorphies that characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FD82FE1B55B9FDE3" box="[603,723,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FD82FE1B55B9FDE3" box="[603,723,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scatophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(short costa, extended only to vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17FC34E43A547B54FB47FDF553D2FDE5" attach="left" box="[1182,1208,529,543]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4+5</subScript>
|
||
, and narrow band-like neohypandrium) may not be universal to all congeners. Brachyptery in two species, for example, precluded confirmation of a short costa (character 8). Synapomorphies of the male genitalia are also not common to all species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAB33A547B54FF6CFD8F5659FD7F" box="[181,307,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D223A547B54FF6CFD8F565AFD7F" box="[181,304,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Scatophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scatophila</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with some species having the band-like neohypandrium reduced. The monophyly of the genus is thus confirmed by a suite of complex characters that are complementary to each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |