282 lines
32 KiB
XML
282 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="0F16BBCF39FE313F2F59A7B3A4C28CCD" ID-CLB-Dataset="7631" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e886aea-b59a-45a6-aeaa-2427d584a894" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613008" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615995240537" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2018" docId="03B187A8FFBCFFC3FCB53C047B18FEEC" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2018.423.1-97.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (423)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Ironomyiidae McAlpine & Martin 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="97" masterDocId="FF88FFD0FF86FFFEFFAA39537F49FFF7" masterDocTitle="Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698933720305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7CC1DED26BC83D835FFC0B8FBF792C31">Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5510D447791B7AE653E300618A8799A6">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6E34935519A84AB458ED6D6A1A44838B">Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AE885EEC81BF9850DC977C9BA60B1555">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="474BD7AB5310183E82C322D2CD5B4AC0">
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<mods:date id="26B3CB829A00CACFBE1036638CDE228A">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="43881EBC2074B4234EE1A6F211D6DBFB">2018-10-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B63361B1D1ADB7E33216AAA17B313E56">423</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E1437A2219381A84BF3344685C090387" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B187A8FFBCFFC3FCB53C047B18FEEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4631151" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180670776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4631151" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B187A8FFBCFFC3FCB53C047B18FEEC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187A8FFBCFFC3FCB53C047B18FEEC" lastPageId="61" pageId="58">
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFBCFFC4FCB53C047B05FA98" box="[799,1100,1367,1391]" pageId="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBCFFC4FCB53C047B05FA98" blockId="58.[799,1100,1367,1391]" box="[799,1100,1367,1391]" pageId="58">
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<heading id="D0EF81D2FFBCFFC4FCB53C047B05FA98" box="[799,1100,1367,1391]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="58" reason="4">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBCFFC4FC2F3C047B05FA98" ID-CoL="BFQ" ID-ENA="43825" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[901,1100,1367,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">IRONOMYIIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFBCFFC5FD663CDB7D7CFAAB" lastPageId="59" pageId="58" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBCFFC5FD663CDB7D7CFAAB" blockId="58.[684,1214,1416,1738]" lastBlockId="59.[108,637,1150,1736]" lastPageId="59" pageId="58">
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DIAGNOSIS: Relatively stout-bodied flies; male frons very narrow to partially holoptic, no differentiation of facets; eyes bare. Flagellomere
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<quantity id="4CE09B5BFFBCFFC4FB393C997BF5FA15" box="[1171,1212,1482,1506]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="58" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
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some species cordate to reniform, basal margin deeply emarginate; in some Cretaceous species with deep basal seam. Arista apical to preapical, micropubescent to bare, 3-articled (with 2 small, ringlike basal articles); palp 1-segmented; vibrissa absent. Prescutellum present, lenticular; scutellum with 8 marginal setae (median ones longest), dorsal surface with or without small setae. Wing membrane glassy, entirely or largely without microtrichia; faint stigma between apices of Sc and R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FEBF3DBE7E57FB09" attach="left" box="[277,286,1261,1278]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">1</subScript>
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; Sc free at base and apex, fused with R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FF1F3C5D7FF7FAE8" attach="left" box="[181,190,1294,1311]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">1</subScript>
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for most of its length. Sc long, ca. 0.50– 0.65× length of wing; R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FED13C7C7EDFFAB7" attach="left" box="[379,406,1327,1344]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">4+5</subScript>
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ends at wing tip; C ends at tip of R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FEBE3C037E79FA96" attach="left" box="[276,304,1360,1377]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">4+5</subScript>
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; A present, incomplete.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF676636FFBDFFC5FFC53D707B61FBA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613098" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613098/files/figure.png" pageId="59" startId="59.[111,152,1059,1080]" targetBox="[116,1204,230,1024]" targetPageId="59">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBDFFC5FFC53D707B61FBA1" blockId="59.[111,1214,1056,1110]" pageId="59">
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FIG. 36.
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FF6E3D727E0AFBCE" box="[196,323,1057,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Platypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platypezidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., male in Early Cretaceous amber from Lebanon, AMNH JG 79/76.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FB8F3D737B77FBCF" bold="true" box="[1061,1086,1056,1080]" pageId="59">A.</emphasis>
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Entire body, as preserved, showing exposed internal structure of head.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FD683D6D7D91FBA1" bold="true" box="[706,728,1086,1110]" pageId="59">B.</emphasis>
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Detached antenna, as preserved.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFBDFFC2FF263C367D88FBCA" lastPageId="60" pageId="59" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBDFFC5FF263C367B58FAAB" blockId="59.[108,637,1150,1736]" lastBlockId="59.[684,1215,1150,1736]" pageId="59">
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COMMENTS: This diagnosis was made more inclusive in order to accommodate the Cretaceous fossils, the family definition previously applying just to the Recent
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<typeStatus id="54A3881CFFBDFFC5FE983C9A7E29FA16" box="[306,352,1481,1505]" pageId="59">type</typeStatus>
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genus. There is one living genus of the family,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FEE33CB97D49F9F5" authority="White" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1917" box="[329,512,1514,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Ironomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FEE33CB97EFCF9F6" box="[329,437,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="59">Ironomyia</emphasis>
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White
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</taxonomicName>
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(in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F30F762EFFBDFFC5FFC63F587F86F9D4" box="[108,207,1547,1571]" name="Australia" pageId="59">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, below), and five fossil genera, all from the Cretaceous (Early [Berriasian] to Late [Santonian]):
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FF693F1E7FE5F971" authority="J. F. McAlpine (McAlpine, 1973)" authorityName="J. F. McAlpine (McAlpine" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Cretonomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FF693F1E7E07F993" box="[195,334,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="59">Cretonomyia</emphasis>
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J.F. McAlpine (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBDFFC5FDAD3F1E7FEDF971" author="McAlpine, J. F." pageId="59" pagination="105 - 111" refId="ref40043" refString="McAlpine, J. F. 1973. A fossil ironomyiid fly from Canadian amber (Diptera: Ironomyiidae). Canadian Entomologist 105: 105 - 111." type="journal article" year="1973">McAlpine, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FF113F3D7EEFF971" authority="Mostovski" authorityName="Mostovski" authorityYear="1995" box="[187,422,1646,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Eridomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FF113F3D7E62F971" box="[187,299,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="59">Eridomyia</emphasis>
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Mostovski
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FE4F3F3C7EE1F950" authority="Mostovski (Mostovski, 1995)" authorityName="Mostovski (Mostovski" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Hermaeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FE4F3F3C7D35F971" box="[485,636,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="59">Hermaeomyia</emphasis>
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Mostovski (Mostovski, 1995)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FE1F3FDC7D34F950" authority="Zhang" authorityName="Zhang" authorityYear="1987" box="[437,637,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Palaeopetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FE1F3FDC7D67F950" box="[437,558,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="59">Palaeopetia</emphasis>
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Zhang
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</taxonomicName>
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(Mostovski, 1995, herein) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FE153FE27D6AF93F" authorityName="Grimaldi" authorityYear="2018" box="[447,547,1713,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Proironia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FE153FE27D6AF93F" box="[447,547,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="59">Proironia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Bur- mese amber (herein). With the exception of
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FB3A3D2D7C5BFB40" authorityName="J. F. McAlpine (McAlpine" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Cretonomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FB3A3D2D7C5BFB40" italics="true" pageId="59">Cretonomyia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, all the fossils are from central and eastern Asia. Interestingly, there is no fossil ironomyiid known from the Cenozoic, despite the wealth of insect fossils from this period. Perhaps by this time the occurrence of ironomyiids had already contracted into
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<collectingCountry id="F30F762EFFBDFFC5FC003C177B44FAAB" box="[938,1037,1348,1372]" name="Australia" pageId="59">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBDFFC5FD663C367BF2F93F" blockId="59.[684,1215,1150,1736]" pageId="59">
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The compression fossils seem to be well placed in this family, based on the unique condition whereby Sc and R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FC0A3CE07CE0FA33" attach="left" box="[928,937,1459,1476]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">1</subScript>
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are fused for all but their base and apices, although in all of them veins M
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FB193C877BF5FA12" attach="left" box="[1203,1212,1492,1509]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">1</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBDFFC5FD593CA67DB5F9F1" attach="left" box="[755,764,1525,1542]" fontSize="7" pageId="59">2</subScript>
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are plesiomorphically forked, with a stem attached to the apex of cell d (instead of each directly attached to d). Other plesiomorphic features of
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FCA13F1E7CCEF992" authorityName="Zhang" authorityYear="1987" box="[779,903,1613,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Palaeopetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FCA13F1E7CCEF992" box="[779,903,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="59">Palaeopetia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are discussed below, based on my new observations of specimens in Burmese amber.
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBDFFC5FCEA3FDC7B6CF950" authorityName="McAlpine" authorityYear="1973" box="[832,1061,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Cretonomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pristina">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBDFFC5FCEA3FDC7B6CF950" box="[832,1061,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="59">Cretonomyia pristina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in Late Cretaceous amber from western
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<collectingCountry id="F30F762EFFBDFFC5FBB53FE37B31F93F" box="[1055,1144,1712,1736]" name="Canada" pageId="59">Canada</collectingCountry>
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, is a
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF676636FFBAFFC2FFC63A257E02FC5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613101" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613101/files/figure.png" pageId="60" startId="60.[108,150,886,907]" targetBox="[277,1043,227,855]" targetPageId="60">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63A257E02FC5D" blockId="60.[108,1214,884,938]" pageId="60">
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FIG. 37. Cladogram of amber fossil and Recent
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBAFFC2FDF63A277DA1FC7B" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[604,744,884,908]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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. Numbers on cladogram refer to synapomorphies given in table 3.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FDC23D7B7D88FBCA" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[616,705,1064,1085]" pageId="60">TABLE 3</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFBAFFC3FE2A3D167B18FEEC" lastPageId="61" pageId="60" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FE2A3D167CE1FBAC" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[384,936,1093,1115]" pageId="60">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBAFFC2FE2A3D167CE1FBAC" bold="true" box="[384,936,1093,1115]" pageId="60">
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Characters in the cladogram for
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBAFFC2FD603D167C1AFBAC" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[714,851,1093,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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(fig. 37)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63D227DA6FB73" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,751,1137,1160]" pageId="60">
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1. Vein Sc joined to R
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<quantity id="4CE09B5BFFBAFFC2FE8D3D2F7E0CFB73" box="[295,325,1137,1160]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="60" unit="in" value="1.0">
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FE8D3D2F7E67FB7F" attach="left" box="[295,302,1148,1160]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">1</subScript>
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in
|
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</quantity>
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middle, with both veins free basally and apically.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63DDF7DEEFB68" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,679,1164,1183]" pageId="60">2. Labellum small, width barely greater than width of prementum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63DF47B2EFB4D" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,1127,1191,1210]" pageId="60">3. Legs (especially tibiae) with large, long, stout setae that are nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of leg segment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63D927D95FB23" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,732,1217,1237]" pageId="60">4. Basal flagellomere with groovelike seam on lateral and mesal surfaces.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63D8F7DAEFB18" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,743,1244,1263]" pageId="60">5. Wing membrane entirely devoid of microtrichia, even at wing margins.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63DA47B00FAFD" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,1097,1271,1290]" pageId="60">6. Antennal pedicel with fingerlike lobes extended into basal flagellomere, one on mesal and one on lateral surface.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C417C62FAD3" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,811,1297,1317]" pageId="60">7. Cell d apically acute (position of crossvein dm-cu is acute to veins it connects).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C7F7D2BFAC8" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,610,1324,1346]" pageId="60">
|
||
8. Veins M
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FF633C657F99FAB5" attach="left" box="[201,208,1334,1346]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">1</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FEA63C657E5AFAB5" attach="left" box="[268,275,1334,1346]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">2</subScript>
|
||
connected directly to cell d (no stem).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C147DACFAAD" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,741,1351,1373]" pageId="60">
|
||
9. Fusion of veins Sc and R
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FEFF3C027E15FAAA" attach="left" box="[341,348,1361,1373]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">1</subScript>
|
||
short, less than 0.4× vein lengths (vs.>0.6×).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C327D61FA83" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,552,1377,1397]" pageId="60">10. Eyes not holoptic or dorsally touching in males.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C2F7D5EFA78" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,535,1404,1426]" pageId="60">
|
||
11. Veins R
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FF673CD57FAAFA65" attach="left" box="[205,227,1414,1426]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">2+3</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBAFFC2FEB63CD57E78FA65" attach="left" box="[284,305,1414,1426]" fontSize="5" pageId="60">4+5</subScript>
|
||
very close, nearly parallel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63CC47D51FA5D" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,536,1431,1450]" pageId="60">12. Anal lobe of wing well developed, protruding.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63CE27C29FA33" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,864,1457,1477]" pageId="60">13. Acrostichal setae on mesoscutum reduced to two rows (vs. abundant and scattered).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63C9F7EFDFA28" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,436,1484,1503]" pageId="60">14. Dorsocentral setae small, reduced.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63CB47DB6FA0D" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,767,1511,1530]" pageId="60">15. Proboscis slender, rigid, extended well beyond oral margin; labrum long.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBAFFC2FFC63F527B74F9E3" blockId="60.[108,1127,1064,1556]" box="[108,1085,1537,1556]" pageId="60">16. Thorax and abdomen with dark, bold, sexually dimorphic markings of velvety black and silvery pruinescence.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBBFFC3FFC639B17D69FDB3" blockId="61.[107,638,226,1738]" pageId="61">
|
||
definitive ironomyiid, its pedicel even with the fingerlike lobe extending into flagellomere one (on medial and lateral surfaces), and a short cup cell, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF7F38157E0DFEAA" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1917" box="[213,324,326,349]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Ironomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FF7F38157E0DFEAA" box="[213,324,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ironomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FE4738157D15FEAA" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1917" box="[493,604,326,349]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Ironomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FE4738157D15FEAA" box="[493,604,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ironomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following, mostly plesiomorphic features: Proboscis shorter, labellum broader; postvertical setae more strongly developed; 3 (vs. 2) notopleural setae; fore- and midtibiae with preapical dorsal seta; wing with Sc fused with R
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBBFFC3FDBE38A57D54FDF0" attach="left" box="[532,541,502,519]" fontSize="7" pageId="61">1</subScript>
|
||
for only a short segment, cell dm apparently stout (though not well preserved in the unique fossil).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBBFFC3FF263B1E7D42FC05" blockId="61.[107,638,226,1738]" pageId="61">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FF263B1E7E0BFD92" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[140,322,589,613]" pageId="61" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref39971" refString="McAlpine, D. K. 2008. New extant species of ironic flies (Diptera: Ironomyiidae) with notes on ironomyiid morphology and relationships. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 129: 17 - 38." type="journal article" year="2008">McAlpine (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
disputed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FE4A3B1E7EEFFD71" authority="Grimaldi and Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi and Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Lebambromyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acrai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FE4A3B1E7FD6FD71" italics="true" pageId="61">Lebambromyia acrai</emphasis>
|
||
Grimaldi and Cumming
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in Early Cretaceous amber from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30F762EFFBBFFC3FF593BDC7E18FD50" box="[243,337,655,679]" name="Lebanon" pageId="61">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was an ironomyiid. Indeed, it has many plesiomorphic features: Sc parallel and very close to but not fused with R
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBBFFC3FE663B8E7E9CFD19" attach="left" box="[460,469,733,750]" fontSize="7" pageId="61">1</subScript>
|
||
(though sclerotized between them), vein dm-cu not oblique; cell cup relatively large; wing membrane with microtrichia; M
|
||
<subScript id="179C34FBFFBBFFC3FF723A137FBDFCA6" attach="left" box="[216,244,832,849]" fontSize="7" pageId="61">1+2</subScript>
|
||
unforked; flagellomere 1 with deep emargination, but cordate, and without fingerlike lobe of pedicel. Upcoming phylogenetic work will determine whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FE913ACB7E9CFC47" authorityName="Grimaldi & Cumming" authorityYear="1999" box="[315,469,920,944]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Lebambromyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FE913ACB7E9CFC47" box="[315,469,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="61">Lebambromyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very primitive stem group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FE863AEA7EF2FC26" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[300,443,953,977]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as previously suggested (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FF113A897D49FC05" author="Grimaldi, D. A. & J. M. Cumming" box="[187,512,986,1010]" pageId="61" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref39017" refString="Grimaldi, D. A., and J. M. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBBFFC3FF273AA87D68F9B1" blockId="61.[107,638,226,1738]" pageId="61">
|
||
Relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FEFF3AAF7E8CFBE4" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1917" box="[341,453,1020,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Ironomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FEFF3AAF7E8CFBE4" box="[341,453,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ironomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to other basal Cyclorrhapha have been extensively discussed, the consensus being that it is a close relative to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FFC63D0D7F86FB81" box="[108,207,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu lato (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FE703D0D7D3CFB81" baseAuthorityName="Schmitz" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[474,629,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sciadocerinae">Sciadocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FFD93D2C7E46FB6F" author="Griffiths, G. C." box="[115,271,1151,1176]" pageId="61" refId="ref38925" refString="Griffiths, G. C. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Series Entomologica, 8. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk, N. V." type="journal volume" year="1972">Griffiths, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FEB33D2C7EABFB6F" author="Sinclair, B. J. & J. M. Cumming & S. E. Brooks" box="[281,482,1151,1176]" pageId="61" pagination="373 - 415" refId="ref40950" refString="Sinclair, B. J., J. M. Cumming, and S. E. Brooks. 2013. Male terminalia of Diptera (Insecta): a review of evolutionary trends, homology and phylogenetic implications. Insect Systematics and Evolution 44: 373 - 415." type="journal article" year="2013">Sinclair et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FE463D2C7F80FB4E" author="Wiegmann, B. M." pageId="61" pagination="5690 - 5695" refId="ref41523" refString="Wiegmann, B. M., et al. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (14): 5690 - 5695." type="journal article" year="2011">Wiegmann et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FEE93DF27D5AFB4F" author="Brown, B. V. & D. de Souza Amorim & G. A. Kung" box="[323,531,1184,1208]" pageId="61" pagination="424 - 485" refId="ref38431" refString="Brown, B. V., D. de Souza Amorim, and G. A. Kung. 2015. New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173: 424 - 485." type="journal article" year="2015">Brown et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesized an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF6D3D917E1EFB2D" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[199,343,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FED03D917D6DFB2D" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[378,548,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FD953D917FD5FB0C" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) relationship, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFBBFFC3FE2B3DB07D0CFB0C" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[385,581,1251,1275]" pageId="61" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref39971" refString="McAlpine, D. K. 2008. New extant species of ironic flies (Diptera: Ironomyiidae) with notes on ironomyiid morphology and relationships. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 129: 17 - 38." type="journal article" year="2008">McAlpine (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was equivocal but seemed to favor a close relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF213C767E54FACA" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[139,285,1317,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with Eumuscomorpha (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FD803C767FD8FAA9" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF183C157E76FAA9" box="[178,319,1350,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Schizophora). An ongoing study of mine will further explore the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF6E3CDB7E1DFA57" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[196,340,1416,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to other families. Given the extralimital fossils of ironomyiids in the northern hemisphere, the phylogenetically basal position of the family among Cyclorrhapha, and the very restricted distribution of the three Recent species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FFC63F7D7F91F9B2" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1917" box="[108,216,1582,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" genus="Ironomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFBBFFC3FFC63F7D7F91F9B2" box="[108,216,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ironomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly a highly relict genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFBBFFC3FF263F1C7B18FEEC" blockId="61.[107,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="61.[684,1211,226,283]" pageId="61">
|
||
A cladogram of relationships of the three genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFBBFFC3FF053F3C7E08F970" authorityName="McAlpine & Martin" authorityYear="1966" box="[175,321,1647,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Ironomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ironomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
preserved in amber (all from the Cretaceous), plus the living genus, is presented in figure 37. It is based on 16 morphologi- cal characters, listed in table 3. Results are discussed under the respective genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |