177 lines
19 KiB
XML
177 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="44F45C47B9955425B3825FCCC9C6ED28" ID-CLB-Dataset="7631" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e886aea-b59a-45a6-aeaa-2427d584a894" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613008" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615995240537" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2018" docId="03B187A8FF99FFE1FF3D39B17C06FB81" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2018.423.1-97.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (423)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Lonchopteroidea Curtis 1839" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="97" masterDocId="FF88FFD0FF86FFFEFFAA39537F49FFF7" masterDocTitle="Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698933720305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
|
<mods:mods id="04BDE9CD417279EEAF618B220271837E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="ECB824E46619434323672A0AC46AE13B">
|
|
<mods:title id="3A513AEF6911AA44817928C349C914D3">Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="BEC6EEC056A091618CD33CE09ED3FF60" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="E9690A29C5CF380293BA2D84388EC23D">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="A6A2F9FB252B3E89DCC3382DA2B80235">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="C22CE1298EDD493D14E5A8DC0F5936F6">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
|
<mods:affiliation id="0269862817F6F1E946ACF6CCDF6CA1C8">Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York</mods:affiliation>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="61CD1BAD700C204DC64AF90DF16732A4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="A2A70C6F6F7911A2896410AC9F7B9734" type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="F8DE9F93E3DF4FD794CB7848DCEDEB5A">
|
|
<mods:title id="AC6081D083C5994B8584433CCEE30742">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="6653FD92736E4217BDD6F8B192743320">
|
|
<mods:date id="5250F28C2E35E8456A38214C9EE31D18">2018</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail id="5C386B93F9216C746555904D585249FC" type="pubDate">
|
|
<mods:number id="9A5D07AF3C6E00CDFD8BAB47F456DDDB">2018-10-24</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:detail id="632049AF433CC84FC18E75D0C733857F" type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number id="A43B47C2E9B4F0CDC51EB0D26DAD7E66">2018</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:detail id="D14722D0B33E6A2241F5EF500CB736D5" type="issue">
|
|
<mods:number id="264B239F9B9D5D7F14591CD40D6FC3FB">423</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent id="0A6059F9B7194FD755FB93DA5123785F" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="15A520665F046AC4450F8CDFD65D38FB">1</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="9D24F52D3938BF6EB8C660F42D2ACBC7">97</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location id="AE5CAF9FE267774D9F94D4FCE61C3E9E">
|
|
<mods:url id="138A3701645DCEDB66E764F25CC0B1A4">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification id="50F48675EA86667BB74850DBDB7A44BA">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="8ABBF7CC5853EE35A2FCFF421C0FA395" type="CLB-Dataset">7631</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="EA0C851C7E62710F409A236A9549B07F" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="67B0EF7CAC718D1FAE49F78CDB7719E9" type="GBIF-Dataset">2e886aea-b59a-45a6-aeaa-2427d584a894</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="D9407F57478AB597A576C5CE96C53B43" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="BD946114DCF234781A49ECC5379F85CC" type="Zenodo-Dep">4613008</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="03B187A8FF99FFE1FF3D39B17C06FB81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180670765" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B187A8FF99FFE1FF3D39B17C06FB81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187A8FF99FFE1FF3D39B17C06FB81" pageId="31">
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3026535FF99FFE1FF3D39B17D1BFF0D" box="[151,594,226,250]" pageId="31" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF3D39B17D1BFF0D" blockId="31.[151,594,226,250]" box="[151,594,226,250]" pageId="31">
|
|
<heading id="D0EF81D2FF99FFE1FF3D39B17D1BFF0D" box="[151,594,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="31" reason="4">
|
|
SUPERFAMILY
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FEE739B17D1BFF0D" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1839" box="[333,594,226,250]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Lonchopteroidea">LONCHOPTEROIDEA</taxonomicName>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3026535FF99FFE1FF2638407C06FB81" pageId="31" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF2638407E05FBF5" blockId="31.[108,637,275,1027]" pageId="31">
|
|
This is a group comprised of the monogeneric Recent family
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FEAC38677EF9FEBB" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[262,432,308,332]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE1538677FDCFE9A" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FE1538677D0BFEBB" box="[447,578,308,332]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
Meigen
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) plus four stem-group Cretaceous fossils in three extinct genera, discussed below and in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FFC638C47E9BFE47" author="Grimaldi, D. A. & J. M. Cumming" box="[108,466,407,432]" pageId="31" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref39017" refString="Grimaldi, D. A., and J. M. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE7538C47EC5FE27" authority="Grimaldi and Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi and Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopterites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FE7538C47D35FE58" box="[479,636,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchopterites</emphasis>
|
|
Grimaldi and Cumming
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE3438EB7ECAFE05" authority="Grimaldi and Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi and Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FE3438EB7D35FE27" box="[414,636,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchopteromorpha</emphasis>
|
|
Grimaldi and Cumming
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE6F38897D1CFE05" authority="The" authorityName="Grimaldi" authorityYear="2018" box="[453,597,474,498]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Alonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FE6F38897D1CFE05" box="[453,597,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="31">Alonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F57D7FF99FFE1FDCD38897FD3FDE4" pageId="31" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
The approximately 55 described species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FFC63B4F7FA6FDC3" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[108,239,540,564]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FFC63B4F7FA6FDC3" box="[108,239,540,564]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are gracile, yellowish to grayish, pollinose flies of moderate size. Interestingly, there are no definitive Tertiary fossils of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE473B0D7E1BFD60" authority="(Evenhuis, 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
|
Lonchopteridae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FF0A3B2C7E03FD60" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[160,330,639,663]" pageId="31" refId="ref38862" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. 1994. Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Leiden: Backhuys Publishers." type="book" year="1994">Evenhuis, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, even from the prolific Baltic amber and Florissant and Green River shale deposits, which would be immediately recognizable based on wings. The only fossils are four species from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber, all of which are minute flies slightly longer than one millimeter, substantially smaller than living species. A suite of features, many of them concerning the wing, indicates the close relationship of these Cretaceous genera to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FE373A997D00FC15" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[413,585,970,994]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(fig. 24, table 1), such as:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263D4F7D04FB81" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">(1) long setae on head, including a pair of large interfrontal reclinate setae positioned very close to anterior margin of frons;</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263D2C7D69FB4F" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">(2) base of arista generally slightly dorsal to the apex of the basal flagellomere;</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263D927D74FAEC" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">(3) pair of large vibrissae present, although none of the fossils have the row of large, protruding setae on the oral margin;</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263C777EB4FA37" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">
|
|
(4) males are dichoptic, although this is known for the fossils with certainty only in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FF063C357EF5FA89" authority="Grimaldi, 2018" authorityName="Grimaldi" authorityYear="2018" box="[172,444,1382,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopterites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FF063C357EF5FA89" box="[172,444,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchopterites burmensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F57D7FF99FFE1FE603C347D4CFA89" box="[458,517,1383,1406]" pageId="31" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
(the sex is uncertain for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FEFB3CD47EB8FA37" authority="Grimaldi and Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi and Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asetocella">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FEFB3CD47F92FA37" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchopteromorpha asetocella</emphasis>
|
|
Grimaldi and Cumming
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
);
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<footnote id="E8032AB0FF99FFE1FF263C9A7E36FA15" box="[140,383,1481,1510]" pageId="31">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263C9A7E36FA15" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" box="[140,383,1481,1510]" pageId="31">
|
|
(5) vein R
|
|
<subScript id="179C34FBFF99FFE1FF503C867E4AFA11" attach="left" box="[250,259,1493,1510]" fontSize="7" pageId="31">1</subScript>
|
|
very short;
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<footnote id="E8032AB0FF99FFE1FF263CB87EF7F9B2" pageId="31">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263CB87EF7F9B2" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">
|
|
(6) loss of crossvein dm-cu; crossvein br-m is either very small (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FED03F5F7D1BF9D3" box="[378,594,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FED03F5F7D1BF9D3" box="[378,594,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchopteromorpha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) or absent (all other genera);
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<footnote id="E8032AB0FF99FFE1FF263F1D7FA5F970" pageId="31">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263F1D7FA5F970" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">(7) basal wing cells bm and cup are very small;</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<footnote id="E8032AB0FF99FFE1FF263FC37D16F93E" pageId="31">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FF263FC37D16F93E" blockId="31.[140,636,1052,1737]" pageId="31">
|
|
(8) veins M
|
|
<subScript id="179C34FBFF99FFE1FEB53FCF7E61F95A" attach="left" box="[287,296,1692,1709]" fontSize="7" pageId="31">1</subScript>
|
|
and M
|
|
<subScript id="179C34FBFF99FFE1FE203FCF7EDAF95A" attach="left" box="[394,403,1692,1709]" fontSize="7" pageId="31">2</subScript>
|
|
form a long fork, branches of which diverge only slightly;
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FD6639B17C73FECB" blockId="31.[684,1213,226,1142]" pageId="31">(9) vein C has long spinules, although most of the fossils lack the row of lateral setae on vein C.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FD6638167BFAFCDB" blockId="31.[684,1213,226,1142]" pageId="31">
|
|
Some of these apomorphic features, and those in table 1, are shared with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FC5738357B2BFE89" box="[1021,1122,358,382]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and/or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FD0638D47C50FE68" box="[684,793,391,415]" class="Insecta" family="Opetiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opetiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FCFD38D47CACFE68" box="[855,997,391,415]" class="Insecta" family="Platypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platypezidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, such as the interfrontals, dichoptic male eyes and several of the vein features. Whether these characters are synapomorphic for these families will require a comprehensive phylogenetic study (see below). The fossil lonchopteroids lack some of the synapomorphies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FCF63B1E7CA9FD92" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[860,992,589,613]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FCF63B1E7CA9FD92" box="[860,992,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(e.g., setulose R and M veins; pointed wing tip), thus indicating their stem-group nature. Rather than redefining the concept of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FC983BE37CF0FD3F" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[818,953,688,712]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFF99FFE1FC983BE37CF0FD3F" box="[818,953,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="31">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FC403BE37BD3FD3F" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1002,1178,688,712]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
as more inclusive and less specific, I feel it is best to leave the three fossil genera as incertae sedis within a superfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FC3C3A477B06FCDB" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1839" box="[918,1103,788,812]" pageId="31" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Lonchopteroidea">Lonchopteroidea</taxonomicName>
|
|
(fig. 24).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA736BEFF99FFE1FD673A667C06FB81" blockId="31.[684,1213,226,1142]" pageId="31">
|
|
The family
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFF99FFE1FCE43A667CB6FCBA" baseAuthorityName="Evenhuis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[846,1023,821,845]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
has traditionally been accorded an isolated but uncertain position at or near the base of the Cyclorrhapha, as either near the Phoroidea (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FC5D3ACB7BF1FC47" author="McAlpine, J. F." box="[1015,1208,920,944]" pageId="31" pagination="1397 - 1518" refId="ref40125" refString="McAlpine, J. F. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In J. F. McAlpine and D. M. Wood (editors), Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3: 1397 - 1518. Research Branch Agriculture Canada monograph 32. Ottawa: NRC Research Press." type="journal article" year="1989">McAlpine, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FD063AEA7CD4FC26" author="Woodley, N. E. & A. Borkent & T. A. Wheeler" box="[684,925,953,977]" pageId="31" pagination="74 - 94" refId="ref41626" refString="Woodley, N. E., A. Borkent, and T. A. Wheeler 2009. Phylogeny of the Diptera. In B. V. Brown et al. (editors), Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 1: 74 - 94. NRC Research Press, Ottawa." type="journal article" year="2009">Woodley et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), or closer to the base of the entire Cyclorrhapha (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FC613A897B3CFC05" author="Griffiths, G. C." box="[971,1141,986,1010]" pageId="31" refId="ref38925" refString="Griffiths, G. C. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Series Entomologica, 8. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk, N. V." type="journal volume" year="1972">Griffiths, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFF99FFE1FB283A887C51FBE4" author="Hennig, W." pageId="31" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref39358" refString="Hennig, W. 1976. Das Hypopygium von Lonchoptera lutea Panzer und die phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde 283: 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1976">Hennig, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Wiegmann et al., 2010). Early Cretaceous lonchopteroids indicate that the lineage clearly diverged early in the history of Cyclorrhapha.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |