988 lines
100 KiB
XML
988 lines
100 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1126/science.154.3754.1333" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1681825128534" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Jepsen, Glenn L." docDate="1966" docId="03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6" docLanguage="en" docName="Science.154.3754.1333-1339.pdf" docOrigin="Science (New York, N. Y.) 154 (3754)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3754.1333" docTitle="Icaronycteris index Jepsen 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1338" masterDocId="FF88FFF9FFE8633A9858CE19F6174547" masterDocTitle="Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming" masterLastPageNumber="1339" masterPageNumber="1333" pageNumber="1334" updateTime="1681825129601" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jepsen, Glenn L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Geology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Science</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1966</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>New York, N. Y.</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1966-12-09</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>154</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3754</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1333</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1339</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3754.1333</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1126/science.154.3754.1333</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1338" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[120,808,2525,3114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[120,431,2635,2671]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
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<emphasis box="[120,323,2635,2671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Icaronycteris</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[349,431,2635,2671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">index</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(4), new genus and species;
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[120,808,2525,3114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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<figureCitation box="[314,540,2673,2706]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Figs. 1 and 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation box="[570,748,2673,2706]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStart-3="Table 4" captionStartId-0="3.[166,247,1681,1712]" captionStartId-1="3.[1576,1656,1429,1457]" captionStartId-2="4.[1565,1644,742,770]" captionStartId-3="5.[107,188,190,222]" captionTargetBox-0="[125,769,1755,3026]" captionTargetBox-1="[1594,2242,1566,2867]" captionTargetBox-2="[1583,2249,883,2999]" captionTargetBox-3="[120,776,297,568]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionText-0="Table 1. Skeletal dimensions of the bat." captionText-1="Table 2. Dental dimensions of the bat; measurements are of elements of the right side, except where indicated by (L)." captionText-2="Table 3. Dimensions of elements of limbs of the bat; unless indicated by (L), they are of elements of the right side." captionText-3="Table 4. Ratios of various dimensions (lengths) of the bat. R, right; L, left" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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Tables 1-
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<specimenCount pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" type="generic">4 Type</specimenCount>
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</tableCitation>
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: Princeton University Museum of Natural History No. 18150; skeleton lacking right fibula and several toe bones.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[120,808,2525,3114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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Known distribution:
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<materialsCitation country="Afghanistan" county="Lincoln County" elevation="21" latitude="41.804165" location="Green River Formation of ancient Fossil Lake" longitude="110.39" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">
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Early Eocene;
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6:8EC7604CFFE9633B9821C53FF6DB4E29" country="Afghanistan" county="Lincoln County" latitude="41.804165" name="Green River Formation of ancient Fossil Lake" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" stateProvince="Wyoming">Green River Formation of ancient Fossil Lake</location>
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; about
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<quantity box="[366,466,2891,2926]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" unit="m" value="21.0">
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<elevation box="[366,466,2891,2926]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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above
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6:8EC7604CFFE9633B9A2AC552F78A4ED3" country="Afghanistan" county="Lincoln County" latitude="41.804165" name="Wasatchian Knight Formation" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" stateProvince="Wyoming">Wasatchian Knight Formation</location>
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; northwest quarter section 13,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6:8EC7604CFFE9633B9957C58FF7BE4EFD" box="[271,425,2966,3002]" country="Afghanistan" county="Lincoln County" latitude="41.804165" name="Township" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" stateProvince="Wyoming">Township</location>
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21 North,
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<locationDeviation pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Range 117 West</locationDeviation>
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,
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<quantity box="[227,310,3003,3038]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" unit="km" value="8.0">
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<locationDeviation box="[227,310,3003,3038]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</locationDeviation>
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</quantity>
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west of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18781FFE9633F9820C452FE944DD6:8EC7604CFFE9633B9997C5A2F4624E99" box="[463,629,3003,3038]" country="Afghanistan" county="Lincoln County" latitude="41.804165" name="Kemmerer" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" stateProvince="Wyoming">Kemmerer</location>
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, southwest
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<collectingCounty box="[121,380,3040,3076]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Lincoln County</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[413,569,3040,3076]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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.
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<geoCoordinate box="[610,798,3040,3076]" degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" precision="15" seconds="15" value="41.804165">41° 48'15"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[125,279,3080,3114]" degrees="110" direction="west" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" value="110.39">110039'W</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1338" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[845,1527,197,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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Previously illustrated:
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<emphasis box="[1260,1338,197,232]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Time</emphasis>
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37(
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<bibRefCitation author="C. Cushman & Rangley & Colo." box="[1426,1442,197,232]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" refId="ref6407" refString="1. By C. Cushman, Rangley, Colo., and presented to Princeton Univ. in 1941." title="presented to Princeton Univ." type="book" year="1941">1</bibRefCitation>
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), 44 (
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<date box="[863,1064,236,270]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" value="1941-01-06">6 Jan. 1941</date>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[845,1527,197,418]" lastBlockId="1.[1579,2264,196,416]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">
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Anatomy: Many of the vertebrate anatomists who have examined PU 18150, perhaps the smallest complete Tertiary mammalian skeleton, have remarked upon similarities in size and general structure to members of
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1799,1847,234,269]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">the</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[1870,1979,234,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1870,1979,234,269]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Myotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, probably because this genus of microbat is so well known and because it has a wider distribution than any other vertebrate genus except
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1695,1793,384,416]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1695,1793,384,416]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1334">Homo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[89,780,178,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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If the skull is counted as a single element,
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<emphasis box="[246,265,225,263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">L</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[287,379,225,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
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<emphasis box="[287,379,225,263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">index</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had at least 254 bones and 38 teeth in its solid skeleton; all except a few of the 44 sesamoids in the wings and feet have been studied on one side or the other (or both) of PU 18150.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[89,780,178,772]" lastBlockId="2.[1573,2270,177,3116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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From head to tail and from limb girdles to limb ends
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<emphasis box="[483,502,552,588]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">L</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[533,623,552,588]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
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<emphasis box="[533,623,552,588]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">index</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has the following distinctive combination of qualities, with the few that are especially characteristic of Megachiroptera indicated by
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<emphasis box="[315,352,736,772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">M</emphasis>
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: long narrow head; pre-maxillaries not united at midline (
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<emphasis box="[1449,1496,177,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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<collectionCode box="[1449,1496,177,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">M</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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); dental formula, (2.1.3.3.)/(3.1.3.3.) = 38; diastema between upper incisors; one root on P2 and p2, two on p3 and p4, three on P3 and P4; W-shaped labial wall of upper molars; metaconid and long, deep talonid basin ("postfossid") on p4; long nasal bones (
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<emphasis box="[1451,1498,502,540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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<collectionCode box="[1451,1498,502,540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">M</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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); shallow eye orbits; no postorbital processes on frontals or jugals; zygomatic arch, slender, long, and complete; very small sagittal and occipital ridges; palate projected rearward beyond posterior molars; stylohyals, long, slender, and articulating with bullae; dentary body, long, low, and slender; mental foramina below
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<date box="[1802,1830,317,355]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">i 3</date>
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and p2; ascending process of dentary, broad anteroposteriorly, with high, rounded superior border (
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<emphasis box="[1684,1731,457,493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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<collectionCode box="[1684,1731,457,493]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">M</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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); condyle of dentary, well above line of tops of molar cusps; angle of dentary, hook-shaped and pointed; vertebral formula,
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<date box="[2070,2265,594,630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" value="2013-07-07" valueMax="2013-12-03" valueMin="2013-07-07">7- 12-7-3-13</date>
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or 14; no vertebral fusion except in sacrum; no coalesced ribs; segments of sternum (
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<bibRefCitation author="T. T. Struhsaker" box="[1756,1782,733,768]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" pagination="152" part="42" refId="ref6924" refString="5. T. T. Struhsaker, J. Mammal. 42, 152 (1961)." type="journal article" year="1961">5</bibRefCitation>
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), not fused; mesosternum, not keeled; pubic bones, loosely united at symphysis; pubic spine, short and robust; long and free tail; 5th to 7th caudal vertebrae, larger than others; tail tapers abruptly near tip; large supraglenoid tuberosity on scapula; coracoid process of scapula, long and slendernot bifid; clavicle, heavy and not expanded at ends; trochiter of humerus, large and articulates with scapula; high flange-like deltoid crest on straight, slender humerus; relatively short radius; no trace of sesamoid at end of ulna; large scapholunar; very flexible metacarpophalangeal joint; claw on thumb, not hooded; claw on
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[2103,2194,1470,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
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finger (
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<emphasis box="[1684,1731,1516,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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<collectionCode box="[1684,1731,1516,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">M</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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); digital formula, 2-3-3 -3 -3 (wing) and 2-3-3 -3 -3 (foot); all claws of wings and feet, compressed laterally; decreasing order of finger length, 3-4- 5-2-1; femur comparatively robust; femur has a distinct, very short neck between head and shaft; femur head and neck, at angle to shaft; fibula, slender and well developed; fibula, slightly longer than tibia; tibia, shorter than femur; metatarsal I, shorter and heavier than others; big toe, shorter than other toes; no calcar; decreasing order of toe length, 4-3-2-5-1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[86,779,873,3109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right).
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" startId="2.[90,152,873,904]" subCaptionStartIDs="2.[558,604,873,904] 2.[262,307,1173,1206] 2.[92,149,1243,1273] 2.[163,210,1410,1440] 2.[657,703,1477,1507] 2.[299,345,1538,1576] 2.[478,524,1577,1608] 2.[487,533,1610,1641] 2.[246,292,1644,1675] 2.[661,710,1678,1708] 2.[238,288,1772,1810] 2.[378,424,1845,1876] 2.[241,289,2046,2077] 2.[597,646,2175,2212] 2.[833,879,2314,2340] 2.[833,882,2341,2380] 2.[948,995,2409,2447] 2.[1126,1176,2448,2480] 2.[1108,1158,2482,2508] 2.[1124,1173,2509,2547] 2.[894,945,2548,2580] 2.[1132,1182,2582,2613] 2.[655,705,2613,2644] 2.[982,1033,2615,2646] 2.[1252,1302,2648,2679] 2.[446,496,2679,2704] 2.[257,308,2705,2744] 2.[1465,1515,2747,2778] 2.[1398,1448,2846,2878] 2.[1465,1515,2908,2940] 2.[1267,1316,2941,2978] 2.[1059,1109,2979,3011] 2.[1408,1458,3079,3111]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Figs. 1 a & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. m & Fig. 1 & Fig. p & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1" targetBox="[862,2271,521,3102]" targetPageId="1">
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Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of
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<emphasis box="[244,319,907,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">Icaro</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[325,432,907,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">iycteris</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[451,528,907,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">inidex</emphasis>
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(Princeton Museum of Natural History No. 18150; about 8:5 true size). Sketched at lower left is the skeleton of a greater horsehoe bat [redrawn from Hooper (
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<bibRefCitation author="J. H. D. Hooper" box="[341,381,1041,1072]" journalOrPublisher="Animals of Britain" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" refId="ref7720" refString="22. J. H. D. Hooper, Animals of Britain No. 2 (1962) (courtesy Sunday Times, London)." type="book" year="1962">22</bibRefCitation>
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)] to indicate numbering sequence: 1, axial bones of skeleton, anterior to posterior; 11, wing bones, proximal to distal;
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<emphasis box="[199,239,1142,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">III</emphasis>
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, leg and foot bones, proximal to distal.
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</caption>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[86,779,873,3109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" startId="2.[90,152,873,904]" subCaptionStartIDs="2.[558,604,873,904] 2.[262,307,1173,1206] 2.[92,149,1243,1273] 2.[163,210,1410,1440] 2.[657,703,1477,1507] 2.[299,345,1538,1576] 2.[478,524,1577,1608] 2.[487,533,1610,1641] 2.[246,292,1644,1675] 2.[661,710,1678,1708] 2.[238,288,1772,1810] 2.[378,424,1845,1876] 2.[241,289,2046,2077] 2.[597,646,2175,2212] 2.[833,879,2314,2340] 2.[833,882,2341,2380] 2.[948,995,2409,2447] 2.[1126,1176,2448,2480] 2.[1108,1158,2482,2508] 2.[1124,1173,2509,2547] 2.[894,945,2548,2580] 2.[1132,1182,2582,2613] 2.[655,705,2613,2644] 2.[982,1033,2615,2646] 2.[1252,1302,2648,2679] 2.[446,496,2679,2704] 2.[257,308,2705,2744] 2.[1465,1515,2747,2778] 2.[1398,1448,2846,2878] 2.[1465,1515,2908,2940] 2.[1267,1316,2941,2978] 2.[1059,1109,2979,3011] 2.[1408,1458,3079,3111]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Figs. 1 a & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. m & Fig. 1 & Fig. p & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1" targetBox="[834,1521,873,2208]" targetPageId="2">
|
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Fig. 2. Ventral aspect of
|
|
<emphasis box="[653,666,1173,1206]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[693,775,1173,1206]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">inidex</emphasis>
|
|
; about 5: 4 true size.
|
|
</caption>
|
|
Bones and features, Figs. 1 and 2:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" startId="2.[126,137,1276,1306]" subCaptionStartIDs="2.[163,210,1410,1440] 2.[657,703,1477,1507] 2.[299,345,1538,1576] 2.[478,524,1577,1608] 2.[487,533,1610,1641] 2.[246,292,1644,1675] 2.[661,710,1678,1708] 2.[238,288,1772,1810] 2.[378,424,1845,1876] 2.[241,289,2046,2077] 2.[597,646,2175,2212] 2.[833,879,2314,2340] 2.[833,882,2341,2380] 2.[948,995,2409,2447] 2.[1126,1176,2448,2480] 2.[1108,1158,2482,2508] 2.[1124,1173,2509,2547] 2.[894,945,2548,2580] 2.[1132,1182,2582,2613] 2.[655,705,2613,2644] 2.[982,1033,2615,2646] 2.[1252,1302,2648,2679] 2.[446,496,2679,2704] 2.[257,308,2705,2744] 2.[1465,1515,2747,2778] 2.[1398,1448,2846,2878] 2.[1465,1515,2908,2940] 2.[1267,1316,2941,2978] 2.[1059,1109,2979,3011] 2.[1408,1458,3079,3111]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 & Fig. 2 & Fig. m & Fig. 1 & Fig. p & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1 & Fig. 1" targetBox="[834,1521,873,2208]" targetPageId="2">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="2.[86,779,873,3109]" lastBlockId="2.[830,1521,2248,3111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
|
|
1, right upper and lower incisors; 2, right upper canine; 3, right orbit; 4, right zygomatic arch; 5, ascending ramus of left dentary; 6, right lateral process of atlas; 7, axis (No. 78, Fig. 2); 8, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 79, Fig. 2); 9, second segment of mesosternum (anterior part of No. 82, Fig. 2); 10, fourth right rib; 11, first lumbar vertebra (No. 85, Fig. 2); 12, costal cartilage; 13, twelfth left rib (No. 84, Fig. 2); 14, seventh lumbar vertebra (No. 86, Fig. 2); 15, sacrum (No. 87, Fig. 2); 16, first caudal vertebra; 17, fourth caudal vertebra (No. 89, Fig. 2); 18, thirteenth caudal vertebra; 19, right scapula; 20, suprascapular notch; 21, left clavicle (No. 90, Fig. 2); 22, supraglenoid tuberosity of left scapula; 23, acromion process of left scapula (No. 91, Fig. 2); 24, head of left humerus; 25, trochiter (greater tuberosity) of right humerus; 26, pectoral ridge of right humerus; 27, shaft of right humerus; 28, right ulna; 29, shaft of right radius; 30, sesamoid of right wrist; 31, right and left scapholunars (No. 95, Fig. 2); 32, left magnum; 33, left trapezoid; 34, left cuneiform; 35, left unciform; 36, left trapezium; 37, left pisiform; 38, metacarpal of left digit 1; 39, first phalange of right digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[409,422,2175,2212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">I</emphasis>
|
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(No. 99, Fig. 2); 40, second phalange (claw) of right digit 1; 41, left metacarpal IV; 42, right metacarpal postglenoid foramen; 76, left stylohyal; 77,
|
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<emphasis box="[89,115,2280,2311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">II</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,229,2280,2311]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
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finger); 43, first phalange of right left lateral process of atlas; 78, axis (No. 7, digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[173,199,2313,2345]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">II</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[238,315,2313,2345]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
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finger); 44, second phalange Fig. 1); 79, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 8, of right digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[296,323,2346,2374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">II</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[356,432,2346,2374]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
finger); 45, third phaFig. 1); 80, second left rib; 81, manubrium lange (claw) of right digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[513,539,2375,2412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">II</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[574,651,2375,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
finger); (episternum); 82, mesosternal segments (see 46, sesamoids; 47, metacarpophalangeal joint No. 9, Fig. 1); 83, xiphisternum; 84, twelfth of left digit V; 48, first phalange of left digit left rib (No. 13, Fig. 1); 85, first lumbar V; 49, second phalange of left digit V; 50, vertebra (No. 11, Fig. 1); 86, seventh lumbar third phalange of left digit V; 51, third phavertebra (No. 14, Fig. 1); 87, sacrum (No. lange of left digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[382,421,2547,2578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">IV</emphasis>
|
|
; 52, third phalange of 15, Fig. 1); 88, baculum; 89, fourth caudal left digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[246,286,2580,2611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">III</emphasis>
|
|
; 53, left iliac crest of pelvis; vertebra (No. 17, Fig. 1); 90, left clavicle 54, head of left femur (No. 102, Fig. 2); (No. 21, Fig. 1); 91, end of acromion pro-55, shaft of left femur; 56, left patella; cess, left scapula (No. 23, Fig. 1); 92, cora-57, left tibia (No. 104, Fig. 2); 58, left fibula coid process of left scapula; 93, pectoral (No. 103, Fig. 2); 59, right calcaneum; 60, ridge of left humerus; 94, distal end of right right astragalus; 61, left cuboid; 62, right radius; 95, right scapholunar (No. 31, Fig. metatarsals; 63, claws; A, fish scale;
|
|
<emphasis box="[673,695,2774,2810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">B</emphasis>
|
|
, dia-1); 96, right metacarpal
|
|
<emphasis box="[1229,1256,2780,2812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">II</emphasis>
|
|
; 97, right metaphragm?; C, remnants of wing membranes?; carpal 111; 98, right metacarpal V; 99, first
|
|
<emphasis box="[86,115,2844,2876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">D</emphasis>
|
|
, coprolite;
|
|
<emphasis box="[317,340,2844,2876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">E</emphasis>
|
|
, flower;
|
|
<emphasis box="[485,508,2844,2876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">F</emphasis>
|
|
, varves; 0, bone phalange of right digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[1207,1221,2846,2878]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">I</emphasis>
|
|
(No. 39, Fig. 1); missing; 64, left lower incisors; 65, left lower 100, rim of left acetabulum; 101, right pubic canine; 66, left upper canine; 67, left lower spine; 102, head of left femur (No. 54, Fig. premolars; 68, left lower molars; 69, shattered 1); 103, left fibula (No. 58, Fig. 1); 104, left symphysis of right dentary; 70, right upper tibia (No. 57, Fig. 1); 105, right ankle; 106, canine; 71, right upper premolars; 72, right first phalange of digit
|
|
<emphasis box="[1189,1203,3012,3044]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">I</emphasis>
|
|
, left foot; 107, secupper molars; 73, ventral border of right ond phalange (claw) of digit 1, left foot; dentary; 74, angle of left dentary; 75, right 108, metatarsals of right foot (No. 62, Fig. 1).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="2.[1573,2270,177,3116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">
|
|
Characteristics of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[1937,2072,2162,2198]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1937,1953,2162,2198]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[1980,2072,2162,2198]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
that might be called "primitive" or "generalized," or lacking specialization among bats, are the (i) large number of teeth, (ii) shapes of teeth, (iii) uncoalesced ribs, vertebrae, and sternal segments, (iv) lack of prominent keel on the mesosternum, (v) long tail, (vi) shape of scapula, (vii) relatively short ra.- dius, (viii)
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[1794,1886,2576,2612]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
claw, (ix) complete phalangeal formula, (x) head and neck of the femur being at an angle to the shaft, (xi) big toe being shorter than the others, (xii) absence of calcar, and (xiii) low aspect ratio of the wings (see 5).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="2.[1573,2270,177,3116]" lastBlockId="3.[100,791,154,1571]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="1336" pageId="2" pageNumber="1335">Attempts to reconstruct the taphonomic (death-to-discovery) history of PU 18150 draw- upon several areas of geobiotic information and upon experiments based on the assumption that bat behavior, in life and death, and the physical and biotic conditions in nature were about the same in early Tertiary time as they are now.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[100,791,154,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">The following individual characteristics of PU 18150 are pertinent to its preservation:</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[100,791,154,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
Age. All permanent teeth of the bat are fully erupted and worn to a degree normal in some 2- to 3-year-old microchiropts (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="L. C. Stegeman" box="[273,300,614,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" pagination="58" part="37" refId="ref6943" refString="6. L. C. Stegeman, ibid. 37, 58 (1956)." type="journal article" year="1956">6</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The lingual slope of each molar parastyle shows comparatively heavy wear and many surficial fractures, perhaps the result of specific but unknown feeding habits. Epiphyses of the long bones are solidly welded to the shafts, and most of the cranial sutures seem to be obliterated.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[100,791,154,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[145,209,983,1019]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Sex</emphasis>
|
|
. A small bone is in the appropriate position at the rear of the pelvis (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[124,235,1075,1114]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
, No. 88) to be an os penis; it has the tapered-club shape characteristic of the bacula of some small bats (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="P. H. Krutzsch & T. A. Vaughan" box="[210,236,1214,1252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" pagination="96" part="36" refId="ref6960" refString="7. P. H. Krutzsch and T. A. Vaughan, ibid. 36, 96 (1955)." type="journal article" year="1955">7</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[100,791,154,1571]" lastBlockId="3.[837,1536,150,3116]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[147,376,1258,1296]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Skeletal pose</emphasis>
|
|
. Experiments indicate that the bone positions (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[578,686,1304,1342]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
) are normal for a dead bat in water-with the wings folded and the femora at angles to the vertebral column. In a bat having a well-developed uropatagium, however, the tail must be curved forward under the body when the femora are at the angle (about 450 to the body axis) of this specimen; this fact and the apparent absence of calcars are evidence that the bat was free-tailed. The anatomy of dead bats causes them to sink through water back first, with the wings trailing upward, and to rest, on the bottom, belly-side up. PU 18150 was probably buried in the calcitic ooze in this position, although no field records of its attitude were made at the time of its discovery. All
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1910" box="[1336,1437,701,741]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
|
|
displacements of the bones (except those of the left wrist) are readily explained by the collapse of the carcass as the muscles and ligaments and other tissues disintegrated, and as the weight of muds accumulating on the lake bottom pressed downward upon its ventral side.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[837,1536,150,3116]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[883,1187,1114,1154]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Ingested material</emphasis>
|
|
. Within the area of the rib cage, a single scale (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1407,1508,1160,1200]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectionCode box="[842,868,1205,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">A</collectionCode>
|
|
) of a small fish has evoked speculation that it may have been in the intestinal tract of the bat. This inference (supported by the provenience of the skeleton) is more reasonable than the possibility that the scale drifted into this position after the bat's death. Several kinds of bats eat fish (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="P. Bloedel & J. Shortt & W. G. Reeder & K. S. Norris" box="[1385,1410,1526,1568]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Zool. Soc. London" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" part="390" refId="ref6983" refString="8. P. Bloedel, ibid., p. 390; J. Shortt, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1863, 438 (1863); W. G. Reeder and K. S. Norris, J. Mammal. 35, 81 (1954)." type="journal volume" year="1863">8</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and some such forms, like
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[1298,1433,1572,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pizonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1298,1433,1572,1612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Pizonyx</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[845,1155,1618,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leporinus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[845,1155,1618,1658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Noctilio leporinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, use their exceptionally large feet to gaff fish at the surface of the water. The feet of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[1320,1455,1710,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1320,1335,1710,1749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[1365,1455,1710,1749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are no larger than the feet of many living microbats; nor are special aptitudes for fishing or swimming otherwise indicated.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" startId="3.[1576,1656,1429,1457]" targetBox="[1594,2242,1566,2867]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1576,2259,1425,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Table 2. Dental dimensions of the bat; measurements are of elements of the right side, except where indicated by (L).</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<table box="[1594,2242,1566,2867]" gridcols="2" gridrows="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,1566,1628]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<th box="[1594,1994,1566,1628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Item</th>
|
|
<th box="[2070,2242,1566,1628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Dimensions (mm)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,1676,1705]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,2242,1676,1705]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1883,1963,1676,1705]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Upper</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,1732,1893]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,1732,1893]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">12-rear M3 M1-3 (midline) Ant.-post. diam.: I2 I3 C</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,1732,1893]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">9.3 3.7 0.5 0.6 1.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,1896,1960]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,1896,1960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Midline length: P2 P3</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,1896,1960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">0.5 0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,1962,2059]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,1962,2059]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">P4 Midline: Ml M2</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,1962,2059]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.3 1.1 1.1 *</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2061,2158]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2061,2158]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">M3 External border length: Ml M2</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,2061,2158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.0 1.3 1.4 t</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2160,2290]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2160,2290]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">M3 Width: Ml M2 M3</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,2160,2290]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.3 2.1 2.4 t 2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2319,2349]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2319,2349]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1882,1968,2319,2349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Lower</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2374,2505]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2374,2505]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">il-Rear m3 il-Rear of condyle il-Tip of angle c-m3</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,2374,2505]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">9.3 (L) 15.3 (L) 15.3 (L) 8.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2506,2537]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2506,2537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Ant.-post. length</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1594,2242,2538,2867]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[1594,1994,2538,2867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">c p2 p3 p4 ml m2 m3 p2-p4 ml-m3 p2-m3</td>
|
|
<td box="[2070,2242,2538,2867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.3 § 4.5 J 7.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption box="[166,730,1681,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" startId="3.[166,247,1681,1712]" targetBox="[125,769,1755,3026]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[166,730,1681,1712]" box="[166,730,1681,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Table 1. Skeletal dimensions of the bat.</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<table box="[125,769,1755,3026]" gridcols="2" gridrows="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,1755,1825]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<th box="[125,573,1755,1825]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Item Item</th>
|
|
<th box="[603,769,1755,1825]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Dimensions ~~(mm)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,1864,1895]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,769,1864,1895]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[417,489,1864,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Skull</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,1907,1937]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,1907,1937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Ant. border 12 to post.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,1938,1970]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,1938,1970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">occipital condyle</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,1938,1970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">20.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,1973,2003]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,1973,2003]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Ant. border premax. to post.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2004,2036]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2004,2036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">border supraoccipital</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2004,2036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">21.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2039,2069]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2039,2069]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Ant. border of premax. to</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2070,2104]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2070,2104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">ant. border of orbit</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2070,2104]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">-6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2130,2160]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,769,2130,2160]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[426,479,2130,2160]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Jaw</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2170,2202]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2170,2202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Depth below p2</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2170,2202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2203,2235]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2203,2235]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Depth below ml</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2203,2235]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2236,2268]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2236,2268]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Depth below m3</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2236,2268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2269,2302]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2269,2302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Thickness below p3</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2269,2302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2303,2335]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2303,2335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Thickness below m3</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2303,2335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">0.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2336,2367]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2336,2367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Rear border m3 to rear of</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2368,2400]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2368,2400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">condyle</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2368,2400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">6.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2401,2433]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2401,2433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">il To tip of angle</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2401,2433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">15.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2457,2491]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2457,2491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[353,423,2457,2491]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Body</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis box="[444,542,2457,2491]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">midline</emphasis>
|
|
*
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2500,2532]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2500,2532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Overall length</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2500,2532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">125.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2533,2566]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2533,2566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Vertebrae:</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2567,2597]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2567,2597]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">7 Cervicals: dorsal, neural</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2598,2629]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2598,2629]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">arches</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2598,2629]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">9.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2631,2663]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2631,2663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">ventral, centra</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2631,2663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2665,2695]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2665,2695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">12 Thoracics: dorsal, neural</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2696,2727]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2696,2727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">arches</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2696,2727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">17.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2729,2760]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2729,2760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">ventral, centra</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2729,2760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">18.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2763,2793]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2763,2793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">7 Lumbars: dorsal, neural</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2794,2827]" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2794,2827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">arches</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2794,2827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">16.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2828,2860]" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2828,2860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">ventral, centra</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2828,2860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">16.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2863,2892]" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2863,2892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Sacrum: dorsal, neural</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2893,2926]" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2893,2926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">arches</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2893,2926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">6.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2927,2958]" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2927,2958]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">ventral, centra</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2927,2958]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">5.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2959,2991]" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2959,2991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">13 Caudals</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2959,2991]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">52.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[125,769,2992,3026]" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<td box="[125,573,2992,3026]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Baculum</td>
|
|
<td box="[603,769,2992,3026]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">0.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[837,1536,150,3116]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
Constituents of the very small mass of fecal material (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1178,1279,1984,2027]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis box="[1313,1342,1984,2027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<collectionCode box="[1313,1342,1984,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">D</collectionCode>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
) near the posterior border of the pelvis have not been fully identified; it may include bits of insect chitin and fragments of bacteria, algae, pollen, spores, and arthropods.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[837,1536,150,3116]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[892,1074,2259,2301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Cause and</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis box="[1094,1347,2259,2301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">place of death</emphasis>
|
|
. No sign of disease, functional (respiratory, neural, or circulatory) failure, or injury is clearly manifest in the skeleton, although the slight displacement of bones in the lumbar, left carpal, and sternal areas may have resulted from attack by bird or fish; either of these predators, however, would probably have consumed the bat. Perhaps, but improbably, it was killed by lightning or hail.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[837,1536,150,3116]" lastBlockId="3.[1571,2259,147,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Neither can one determine where the bat died: on land (with subsequent transportation into the lake), above the water, or in it. Bats frequently drink water to compensate the great evaporation from their wings; some scoop up water with their mouths from streams and lakes during crepuscular and nocturnal flight.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1571,2259,147,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Sediments enclosing PU 18150 were deposited in quiet water, with little or no current at the bottom, but the body may have been carried to its site from shore (perhaps a few kilometers to the east) by surficial currents. The longer it drifted on the surface or in the water of the epilimnion, the more remarkable became the fact that it was not destroyed by fish or other predators before it sank into the near-sterile hypolimnion.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1571,2259,147,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1616,1738,789,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Flower</emphasis>
|
|
. Near the midpoint of the bat's tail is a small, delicate, unidentified flower (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1718,1820,882,921]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis box="[1855,1882,882,921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<collectionCode box="[1855,1882,882,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">E</collectionCode>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
) having six petaloid structures and a stem; it presumably reached the lake floor about 1 year later than the bat, because it is enclosed in the tan carbonate layer of the varve that was originally the next one above that enveloping the skeleton.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1571,2259,147,1331]" lastBlockId="4.[77,772,142,3119]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="1337" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
All flying mammals are formally classified in the ordinal taxon
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1779" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Chiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has no nonvolant members. It is usually divided into two suborders: (i) Megachiroptera, large Old World tropical fruit bats (all in the family
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[265,459,281,319]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pteropidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), having a clawed ungual phalanx on the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[485,578,328,364]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
finger and teeth of simple crown pattern, and (ii)
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[79,356,420,456]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
, almost worldwide in distribution and in many families, that lack an
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[221,313,511,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
claw and have diversified tooth forms that correlate with feeding habits. Upper molars of most of the insect-eating bats have a W-shaped external wall. (These statements grossly oversimplify the complexity of bat structure, but retain a classic, nearly true, and useful simplicity.)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[1587,2272,2903,3106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<tableNote pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" targetBox="[1594,2242,1566,2867]" targetPageId="3">* Total less than the midline length of Ml-3 together, because the teeth are wasp-waisted. t Total of external labial border lengths is greater than midline length of M1I-3 because labial styles overlap. t Parastyle to innermost (lingual) base of cingulum, a diagonal dimension. § Total is greater than p2-m3 because of overlap.</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[116,802,3063,3122]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1336">
|
|
<tableNote pageId="3" pageNumber="1336" targetBox="[125,769,1755,3026]" targetPageId="3">* Dorsal dimensions less than when measured around the curve of the original body.</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" startId="4.[1565,1644,742,770]" targetBox="[1583,2249,883,2999]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[1564,2263,742,841]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Table 3. Dimensions of elements of limbs of the bat; unless indicated by (L), they are of elements of the right side.</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[77,772,142,3119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[121,461,878,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
|
<emphasis box="[121,344,878,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Icaronycteris</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis box="[370,461,878,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from all other known bats by combining the megabat characteristic of clawed
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[676,768,969,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
finger with the typical insectivorous microchiropteran structure of W-shaped labial crests on the upper molars. Allocation of this new form to either the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[81,359,1199,1237]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
or Megachiroptera therefore makes it an exception to the long-serviceable generality that in bats an
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[138,231,1336,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">index</taxonomicName>
|
|
claw is associated with simple teeth and that lack of that claw usually accompanies W-form molars. One could retain this old quality-pair criterion by continuing to ignore the few
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1910" box="[81,184,1566,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
|
|
and inconvenient exceptions to it and to create a third suborder, Mesochiroptera, for the reception of the family
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[209,473,1704,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Icaronycteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Icaronycteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and subordinate taxa in a taxonomic hierarchy for the species 1.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[259,355,1796,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
|
<emphasis box="[259,355,1796,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<table box="[1583,2249,883,2999]" gridcols="3" gridrows="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,883,916]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,883,916]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Item</th>
|
|
<th box="[1981,2249,883,916]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Dimensions (mm)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,958,991]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,2249,958,991]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Wing</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1008,1071]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1008,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Spread Length:</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,2249,1008,1071]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">-310.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1075,1104]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1075,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Humerus</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1075,1104]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">34.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1108,1138]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1108,1138]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Radius</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1108,1138]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">48.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1141,1172]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1141,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Ulna</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1141,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">28.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1174,1205]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1174,1205]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Metacarpal I</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1174,1205]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1208,1236]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1208,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">28.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1240,1269]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1240,1269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1240,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">40.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1273,1337]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1273,1337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1797,1826,1284,1322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Iv</emphasis>
|
|
IV
|
|
<emphasis box="[1797,1820,1310,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1273,1337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">39.0 38.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1365,1397]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1365,1397]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Phalanx: 1, digit: i I</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1365,1397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">5.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1399,1429]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1399,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1399,1429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1399,1429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">4.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1432,1460]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1432,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">I</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1432,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1432,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">10.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1465,1594]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1465,1594]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1 2 2 2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1465,1594]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
IV
|
|
<emphasis box="[1873,1895,1500,1527]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
I II
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1465,1594]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">11.5 10 1 (L) 2.7 (claw) 4.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1598,1697]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1598,1697]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2 2 2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1598,1697]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
III IV
|
|
<emphasis box="[1873,1895,1667,1694]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1598,1697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">18.8 (L) 16.1 (L) 12.2 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1698,1730]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1698,1730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1698,1730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1698,1730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1.5 (claw)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1731,1797]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,1731,1797]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3 3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,1731,1797]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
III
|
|
<emphasis box="[1873,1895,1766,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1731,1797]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">0.4 (clawlet?) (L).3 (clawlet?) (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1823,1854]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,2249,1823,1854]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1846,1918,1823,1851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Hind</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis box="[1929,1988,1824,1854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">limb</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1873,1904]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1873,1904]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Total length of pelvis</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1873,1904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1906,1936]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-2="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1906,1936]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Iliac crest to center of</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1941,1970]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1941,1970]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">acetabulum</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,1941,1970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,1973,2003]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-2="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,1973,2003]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Center of acetabulum to</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2007,2036]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2007,2036]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">rear border of ischium</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2007,2036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">4.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2040,2070]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2040,2070]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Length:</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2073,2102]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2073,2102]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Femur</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2073,2102]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">19.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2106,2203]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2106,2203]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Tibia Fibula Calcaneum to tip of</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2106,2203]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">18.3 (L) 18.4 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2206,2236]" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-2="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2206,2236]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">claw on digit IV</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2239,2270]" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-2="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2239,2270]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">(length of composite</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2273,2302]" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2273,2302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">foot)</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2273,2302]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">14.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2306,2335]" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2306,2335]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
Metatarsal:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1788,1803,2306,2333]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2306,2335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2340,2367]" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2340,2367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2340,2367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2373,2401]" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2373,2401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2373,2401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2407,2435]" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2407,2435]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">IV</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2407,2435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.4 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2441,2469]" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2441,2469]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1794,1816,2441,2468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2441,2469]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2473,2502]" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2473,2502]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Calcaneum (L)</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2473,2502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2506,2535]" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2506,2535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Cuboid (L)</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2506,2535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2539,2568]" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1939,2539,2568]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Phalanx: 1, digit: I</th>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2539,2568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2573,2602]" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2573,2602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2573,2602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2573,2602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2606,2634]" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2606,2634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2606,2634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2606,2634]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2639,2667]" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2639,2667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2639,2667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">IV</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2639,2667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2672,2700]" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2672,2700]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">1</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2672,2700]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1874,1896,2672,2699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2672,2700]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.6 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2704,2733]" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2704,2733]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2704,2733]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">I</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2704,2733]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.5 (claw)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2738,2766]" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2738,2766]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2738,2766]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2738,2766]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2770,2799]" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2770,2799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2770,2799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2770,2799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2803,2832]" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2803,2832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2803,2832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">IV</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2803,2832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2835,2864]" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2835,2864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2835,2864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1873,1895,2836,2863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2835,2864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2869,2898]" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2869,2898]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2869,2898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">II</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2869,2898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.3 (claw)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2903,2931]" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2903,2931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2903,2931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">III</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2903,2931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.3 (claw)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2936,2965]" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2936,2965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2936,2965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">IV</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2936,2965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.1 (est.)*</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[1583,2249,2970,2999]" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<th box="[1583,1775,2970,2999]" gridcol="0" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">3</th>
|
|
<td box="[1795,1939,2970,2999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1872,1895,2971,2998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">V</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1981,2249,2970,2999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">2.1 (est.)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[77,772,142,3119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
Clearly, however, this species is more similar, and hence presumably more closely allied phylogenetically, to living microchiropterans (in teeth, "advanced"
|
|
<typeStatus box="[245,317,2026,2064]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">type</typeStatus>
|
|
of shoulder articulation of humerus and scapula, long tail, and many other anatomical features) than it is to megachiropts; therefore I tentatively classify it within the suborder
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[83,361,2255,2294]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It has not been possible to compare PU 18150 with the bones of all other Tertiary bats, but all described fossil bats are apparently more recent (mid-Eocene to Recent), and none has this combination of skeletal structures (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="G. M. Allen & C. Dechaseaux & P. P. Grass & C. 0. Handley & F. Heller & P. Revilliod & P. Robinson" bookContentInfo="Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass." box="[356,383,2531,2567]" editor="J. Piveteau & M. C. McKenna & P. Robinson & D. W. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" pagination="368" part="36" refId="ref7037" refString="9. Remains of Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene bats are extremely rare because of their habitat, erosion, and chance; Eocene types are even rarer. Regarding Eocene bats, see: G. M. Allen, Bats (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1939), 368 pp.; C. Dechaseaux, in Traite de Paldontologie, J. Piveteau, Ed. (Masson, Paris, 1958), tome 6, vol. 2, pp. 919 - 944; P. P. Grass 6, Traits de Zoologie (Masson, Paris, 1955), pp. 1729 - 1853; C. 0. Handley, J. Mammal. 36, 128 (1955); F. Heller, Nova Acta Leopoldina No. 2 (1935); P. Revilliod, Abhandl. Grossherz. Hess. Geol. Landesamtes 7, 157 (1917); Compt. Rend. Soc. Hist. Nat. GenAve 36, 93 (1919); M, m. Soc. Paleontol. Suisse 45, 131 (1922); P. Robinson, in M. C. McKenna, P. Robinson, D. W. Taylor, Amer. Museum Novitates No. 2102 (1962), p. 1 - 33." title="Bats" type="book chapter" year="1939">9</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[77,772,142,3119]" lastBlockId="4.[820,1516,142,3123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
Recently I have examined a partial skeleton (axial elements, limb girdles, and proximal segments of the limbs) of a bat (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="P. McGrew" bookContentInfo="Univ. of Wyoming No. 2244" box="[252,292,2712,2751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" refId="ref7281" refString="10. Univ. of Wyoming No. 2244, found in the Green River shales of Gosiute Lake; available by courtesy of P. McGrew." type="book" year="1939">10</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) from a level of rock (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="C. J. Hesse" box="[709,746,2712,2751]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Monthly" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" part="48" refId="ref7309" refString="11. C. J. Hesse, Sci. Monthly 48, 147 (1939)." type="journal article" year="1939">11</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) apparently higher and less ancient (mid-Eocene, Bridgerian) than the level (early Eocene, Wasatchian) yielding PU 18150. A dense, hard matrix covers most of the soft bone of this specimen but study of the exposed parts, and of x-ray photos of the whole, shows that it is smaller than PU 18150 and different in many proportions (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="C. J. Hesse" box="[941,990,188,227]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" refId="ref7327" refString="12. Six more undescribed mid-Eocene (Bridgerian age) chiropteran fragments merit future attention although they reveal little or nothing of the ancestry or primordial structures of bats: Carnegie Museum No. 13711 - 14, each a tooth or part of one; Amer. Museum Nat. Hist. No. 55696, a dentary with the second molar; and Yale Peabody Museum No. 16222, part of a dentary, with two incomplete teeth (collected in 1875 but only recently recognized as chiropteran)." title="Six more undescribed mid-Eocene (Bridgerian age) chiropteran fragments merit future attention although they reveal little or nothing of the ancestry or primordial structures of bats" type="book" year="1939">12</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1516,142,3123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
A few other American specimens of early Tertiary age (Paleocene and Eocene), once believed to represent taxa of bat ancestors, have been lost physically or by reallocation to nonbat orders (
|
|
<emphasis box="[955,1368,466,502]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[955,1138,466,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vesperugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vesperugo</taxonomicName>
|
|
anemophilus
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1917" class="Mammalia" family="Picrodontidae" genus="Zanycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zanycteris</taxonomicName>
|
|
paleocena
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[1136,1363,512,548]" class="Mammalia" family="Nyctitheriidae" genus="Nyctitherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1136,1363,512,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Nyctitherium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Douglass" authorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Picrodontidae" genus="Picrodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Picrodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Search in American pre-Eocene rocks has not found fossil bones that certainly pertain to bats. Thousands of man-hours of work on the eroded Paleocene rocks in the Bigborn Basin of Wyoming have discovered many thousands of fossil vertebrate specimens (many of them as small as analogous parts of most bats) but not a single fragment that is clearly related to bats. Paleocene sediments in other western states have been explored with similar results. Traces of early bats may have been sought in the wrong places; filled ancient crevices and fissures may be more favorable sites.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1516,142,3123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
Tilly Edinger (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="T. Edinger" box="[1129,1168,1293,1331]" journalOrPublisher="Anat. Record" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" part="138" refId="ref7420" refString="13. T. Edinger, Anat. Record 138, 345 (1960); World Neurol. 2, 938 (1961); Amer. Zoologist 4, 5 (1964)." type="journal volume" year="1960">13</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) recently discussed a fossil, Princeton University No. 16494, from the late-Paleocene Silver Coulee beds in the Polecat Bench Formation of northwest Wyoming. This specimen, the cracked and incomplete rear part of a head and about
|
|
<quantity box="[1387,1512,1569,1607]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
|
long, lacks the front half of the skull and all teeth, the conventional basis for most paleomammal classifications. Edinger believes that the development of the large midbrain acoustic colliculi (posterior corpora quadrigemina), clearly preserved in the flattened clay endocast, indicate that the animal was a chiropteran.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1516,142,3123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Regretfully (as discoverer of the specimen) I cannot confirm Edinger's conclusion; the bones of the skull show that it was not the cranium of a flying animal: They are heavv, unlike the gracile and delicate analogous regions in heads of bats. Detailed osteologic analysis of the skull is here out of place, but all its observable structures closely resemble those of some larger contemporary miacid carnivores from the same quarry.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1516,142,3123]" lastBlockId="5.[107,797,694,3116]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1338" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
One such specimen (Princeton University No. 16495), *with a midbrain endocast sufficiently well preserved to reveal the colliculi also, shows that the posterior ones are bigger than the anterior pair. The teeth of this specimen place it in or near the miacid genus
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1937" box="[826,969,2900,2938]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverravidae" genus="Protictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[826,969,2900,2938]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Protictis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and many details of its posterior cranial structures ally it closely with PU 16494: in both crania the position of the fossa subarcuata is similar, and the mastoid process is similar in position and shape-as is the stylohyoid fossa, the fenestra ovale, the foramen lacerum medium, the glenoid pedicle, and many another feature.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2183,2256,280,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">Several</emphasis>
|
|
lower jaws almost certainly represent the species to which cranium PU 16495 pertains, and one dentary (
|
|
<collectionCode box="[2194,2256,421,457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">PU</collectionCode>
|
|
16523), with the diagnostic first lower molar in place, is of proper size and structure to be part of the same individual as PU 16494. Unfortunately, no other known cranial parts are assignable to the specific taxon of this jaw.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[1568,2261,3036,3124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1337">
|
|
<tableNote pageId="4" pageNumber="1337" targetBox="[1583,2249,883,2999]" targetPageId="4">* Taken from deepest part of concavity of proximal articular surface lo tip, for calculating length of foot.</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" startId="5.[107,188,190,222]" targetBox="[120,776,297,568]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[107,796,190,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Table 4. Ratios of various dimensions (lengths) of the bat. R, right; L, left</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[107,796,190,255]" box="[627,631,223,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<table box="[120,776,297,568]" gridcols="2" gridrows="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,297,329]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<th box="[120,411,297,329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Item</th>
|
|
<th box="[527,776,297,329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Ratio (X 100)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,372,403]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,372,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
p2-p4: p
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[244,261,372,403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">2</emphasis>
|
|
-m
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[302,318,372,403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">3</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,372,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">42.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,405,436]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,405,436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">ml-m3:p2-m3</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,405,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">58.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,438,470]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,438,470]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Humerus: radius</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,438,470]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">71.5 (R), 72.8 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,471,503]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,471,503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Femur: humerus</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,471,503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">57.7 (R), 53.2 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,504,536]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,504,536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Foot: tibia</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,504,536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">72.9 (R), 76.5 (L)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[120,776,537,568]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<td box="[120,411,537,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Aspect ratio of wing</td>
|
|
<td box="[527,776,537,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">-2.75 to 2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[107,797,694,3116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
Thus at least two Paleocene carnivores possessed comparatively large acoustical colliculi that may possibly indicate advanced ability to echolocate or some other auditory specialization. Land-living animals known to be capable of echolocation (or audioresponse) include some subterranean shrews, some terrestrial and arboreal members of the family
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[392,579,1245,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tenrecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="E. Gould" box="[631,679,1245,1281]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Am. Phil. Soc." pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" pagination="352 - 360" part="109" refId="ref7456" refString="14. E. Gould, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 109, 352 - 360 (1965)." type="journal article" year="1965">14</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and some cave-frequenting
|
|
<emphasis box="[109,344,1336,1374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">birds-Steatornis caripensis</emphasis>
|
|
(oilbird) and
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[626,793,1336,1374]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Callocalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Callocalia</taxonomicName>
|
|
brevirostris
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(cave swiftlet).j A few other living mammals (certain marsupials, carnivores, and insectivores) apparently have relatively large posterior colliculi but, like most fruit bats, are not known to practice echolocation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[107,797,694,3116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
Although remains of most classes of vertebrates are extremely rare in the
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[108,213,1750,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Green</emphasis>
|
|
River Formation, it is the source of many thousands of fish skeletons. Sediments of this formation were deposited in the waters of several separate lakes that formed in basins of accumulation in the Wyoming-Colorado-Utah region in early Tertiary time (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Anon." bookContentInfo="U. S. Nat. Park Serv., Midwest Region, Omaha, Neb." box="[227,275,2072,2110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref7479" refString="15. Anon., Proposed Fossil Butte National Monument (U. S. Nat. Park Serv., Midwest Region, Omaha, Neb., 1964), pp. 1 - 30 (geology by S. S. Oriel and J. I. Tracey)." title="Proposed Fossil Butte National Monument" type="book" year="1964">15</bibRefCitation>
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). Indirect evidences indicate that these lakes were not wholly contemporaneous-that their geologic cycles neither began nor ended at the same time (see 18, 19).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[107,797,694,3116]" lastBlockId="5.[845,1531,185,3111]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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Rocks of this formation west of Kemmerer, including those at the source of PU 18150, began as sediments on the floor of relatively small Fossil Lake, in a long, narrow depression north of Lake Uinta (Utah) and west of Gosiute Lake, both of which lakes were much larger than Fossil Lake at maximum development in their discrete hydrographic basins. At present the irregular and discontinuous outcrop pattern of the Fossil Lake sediments extends about
|
|
<quantity box="[525,651,2849,2889]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
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|
in the
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,271,2895,2935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">east-west</emphasis>
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|
direction and about
|
|
<quantity box="[677,796,2895,2935]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="km" value="48.0">48 km</quantity>
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|
north-south. The bat skeleton was found in these sediments, a kilometer or two
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[262,337,3032,3071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">west</emphasis>
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|
of their
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|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,649,3032,3071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">eastern</emphasis>
|
|
border, about
|
|
<quantity box="[223,328,3077,3116]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="km" value="19.0">19 km</quantity>
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|
west of the closest mapped sediments of Gosiute Lake. Part of the terrane between the fluctuating borders of these two Eocene lakes was probably as rugged as nearby eroded rock outcrops are today, with small fissures and caves that many bats favor.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[845,1531,185,3111]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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Various members and tongues of the Green River Formation in its several basins are interdigitated marginally with fluviatile mudstones that contain Wasatchian (early Eocene) and Bridgerian (mid-Eocene) mammals. Paleontologic evidence, based on fossil mammals collected (
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<bibRefCitation bookContentInfo="U. S. National Museum and Princeton Univ" box="[1217,1257,784,820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" refId="ref7529" refString="16. By the U. S. National Museum and Princeton Univ" type="book">16</bibRefCitation>
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) within a few kilometers of the source of the bat, indicates (
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|
<bibRefCitation author="C. L. Gazin" box="[1027,1066,876,912]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Inst. Misc. Collections" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" pagination="1" part="144" refId="ref7546" refString="17. C. L. Gazin, Smithsonian Inst. Misc. Collections 144, 1 (1962)." type="journal article" year="1962">17</bibRefCitation>
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) that the local red-banded fluviatile rocks immediately below the Green River Formation of Fossil Lake are of Lysite age, representing the time span between the earlier (Gray Bull) and later (Lost Cabin) intervals of tripartite Wasatchian time-all of early-Eocene date (Sparnacian and Ypresian equivalents). About
|
|
<quantity box="[1227,1337,1243,1281]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="m" value="107.0">107 m</quantity>
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below the Green River Formation in this area, the gray fluviatile beds underlying the red-banded (Knight) sediments yield late-Paleocene mammals of Tiffanian provincial age.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[845,1531,185,3111]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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Evernden
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<emphasis box="[1069,1148,1518,1554]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">et al</emphasis>
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. (
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|
<bibRefCitation author="J. F. Evernden & D. E. Savage & G. H. Curtis & G. T. James" box="[1197,1239,1518,1554]" journalOrPublisher="Amer. J. Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" pagination="145" part="262" refId="ref7660" refString="20. J. F. Evernden, D. E. Savage, G. H. Curtis, G. T. James, Amer. J. Sci. 262, 145 (1965)." type="journal article" year="1965">20</bibRefCitation>
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) list potassiumargon ages of 49.2 X 106 years for a late Wasatchian "Wind River Formation" locality and 49.0 X 106 years for a late Wasatchian-early Bridgerian site in central Wyoming. These tests, coupled with the evidence from fossils, indicate that the lowest sediments of Fossil Lake are a little older than 49 million years. The entire mass of Fossil Lake sediments has been charted as of early Eocene age (
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<bibRefCitation author="B. Schaeffer & M. Mangus" box="[1229,1279,2024,2062]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Hist." pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" pagination="10" part="74" refId="ref7699" refString="21. B. Schaeffer and M. Mangus, Nat. Hist. 74, 10 (1965)." type="journal article" year="1965">21</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[845,1531,185,3111]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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Now at an altitude of about
|
|
<quantity box="[1397,1528,2069,2107]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
|
above sea level, the bat stratum has been elevated tectonically from its original position, which was "... probably less than
|
|
<quantity box="[1037,1205,2252,2290]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="ft" value="1000.0">1000 feet</quantity>
|
|
above sea level" (
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|
<bibRefCitation author="W. H. Bradley" box="[868,915,2298,2336]" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Papers" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" part="158 - E" refId="ref7567" refString="18. W. H. Bradley, U. S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Papers 158 - E, 87 (1929)." type="journal volume" year="1929">18</bibRefCitation>
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), in early and mid-Eocene time. Analyses of the paleobiotas of the Green River Formation indicate that they developed in a humid subtropical climate like that of Alabama today. From analogies with the Ziirichsee and other central-European lakes, Bradley concludes that *the water of Fossil Lake was at least 30 and possibly more than
|
|
<quantity box="[939,1042,2710,2746]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
|
deep.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph blockId="5.[845,1531,185,3111]" lastBlockId="5.[1580,2265,188,2329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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|
The marlstone matrix around, and fortunately slightly softer than, the bat's brittle bones is composed of varves or annually deposited pairs of layers of sediment; each year is represented by-two laminae of fine-grained clastic material, one being a thin darkbrown layer; the other, thicker, more granular, and light-buff in color. Bradley (letter,
|
|
<date box="[1781,2050,234,272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" value="1965-03-22">22 March 1965</date>
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|
) states that "Such varves form only in lakes that have a permanent, stagnant hypolimnion and that have enough Ca in the surface waters so that it precipitates each summer as calcite particles by reason of the photosynthesis of the phytoplankton and by warming of the surface waters." The thinner brown layers, richer in organic material, reached the floor of the lake between the periods of carbonate deposition.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1580,2265,188,2329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
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|
At present a 1 -cm-thick section of bat-quarry rock contains about 100 alternating light and dark layers, or about 50 varves (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1912,2020,920,956]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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|
,
|
|
<emphasis box="[2054,2087,920,956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">
|
|
<collectionCode box="[2054,2087,920,956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">F</collectionCode>
|
|
</emphasis>
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|
), but the original thickness of each uncompacted varve, when it was deposited at the bottom of the lake, was of course much greater than
|
|
<quantity box="[1813,1954,1103,1139]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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|
. Irregularities in the sediments and inequalities of compacting pressures have caused each layer to be undulating in configuration; thus, when the matrix around the bat was flatly planed, the surface transected both light and dark layers of varves and was mottled (cover;
|
|
<figureCitation box="[2008,2239,1422,1458]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[90,152,873,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right)." pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Figs. 1 and 2</figureCitation>
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).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[1622,1971,1468,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1622,1971,1468,1504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">Icaronycteris index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
, -highly precocious contemporary of eohippus, prompts much speculation- about the natural history of flying mammals. When, from what, where, and how did bats originate? What were their relative rates of evolution? Did they evolve through a glider stage? Was 1.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jepsen" authorityYear="1966" box="[2173,2264,1789,1825]" class="Mammalia" family="Archaeonycteridae" genus="Icaronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="index">
|
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<emphasis box="[2173,2264,1789,1825]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1338">index</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ancestral to any, all, or none of the living microbats and megabats? What ecologic-anatomic-temporal comparisons of pterosaurs and birds and bats are significant? Did volitation by mammals originate only once? When and how did bats acquire their highly developed auditory-response system?
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |