671 lines
108 KiB
XML
671 lines
108 KiB
XML
<document id="22734646B33C3D2CF03E65AAEFF28882" ID-CLB-Dataset="121763" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab097" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e4804bc4-8183-435b-8397-3be4c5537bb9" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994456" ID-ZooBank="0BE2F196-846F-4AD2-8C4D-79639B7E409C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1660324114056" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Boudinot, Brendon E., Richter, Adrian, Katzke, Julian, Chaul, Júlio C. M., Keller, Roberto A., Economo, Evan P., Beutel, Rolf Georg & Yamamoto, Shûhei" docDate="2022" docId="038287F4FFEFAA3ED106FB00FCEA9156" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab097.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Gerontoformica gracilis" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1377" masterDocId="FFBBFF8CFFE1AA28D237FF96FF979022" masterDocTitle="Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of † Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1389" masterPageNumber="1355" pageNumber="1369" updateTime="1699366467079" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2F13B653830AB8C5FDD582609872103D">Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of † Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="604B8ECB9F78F58209CC11C8110F6DC7">Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7B6266546FD2E7C9E19A53CD9E929A1B">Richter, Adrian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8F3D364850FBA46677E26A98BA3CE752">Katzke, Julian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3331ACE77F080E86E3666A363BD95E46">Chaul, Júlio C. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5475B771259C45EDF610E55D5EE8BDF">Keller, Roberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="317CF95BEDA6A8DB24F1D4FE92F0BB54">Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62043C2A1D128A4A1D73FE4DD3731D7F">Beutel, Rolf Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="788CC4D0263F65FF6DE7F12D4D5C5D20">Yamamoto, Shûhei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="390B043221C92E428111C5DB036A8D1A">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CA39E57AB33DCDB70824B0AF71C0F60D">2022-02-05</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="802A21DB7124259EDBF721977A173846" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab097</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038287F4FFEFAA3ED106FB00FCEA9156" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994468" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199312767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994468" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038287F4FFEFAA3ED106FB00FCEA9156" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038287F4FFEFAA3ED106FB00FCEA9156" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1377" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
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<subSubSection id="C3316569FFEFAA26D106FB00FBEA94EC" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D106FB00FBEA94EC" blockId="14.[817,1416,1174,1230]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D109FB01FBEA94EC" authority="(BARDEN & GRIMALDI, 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D109FB01FB17948C" box="[830,1152,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">GERONTOFORMICA GRACILIS</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFEFAA26D6B8FB00FBE394EC" author="Barden P & Grimaldi D" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" pagination="93627" refId="ref22858" refString="Barden P, Grimaldi D. 2014. A diverse ant fauna from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 9: e 93627." type="journal article" year="2014">BARDEN & GRIMALDI, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3316569FFEFAA26D105FB4DFACC9531" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D105FB4DFACC9531" blockId="14.[818,1415,1243,1299]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D10DFB4DFC2194D6" box="[826,950,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[145,223,1030,1052]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,196,990]" captionTargetId="figure-370@2.[145,1425,195,990]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Overview of the Kachin amber piece and its syninclusions.A, the pupa of †G. gracilis (CASENT01741231). B, the adult of †G. gracilis (CASENT0741232). C, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. (CASENT0741233). D, the paratype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. (CASENT0741234). E, the entire amber piece (AMNH SY-23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994458/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">FIGS 1A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D1F4FB4DFB2894D6" box="[963,1215,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">2A, B, D, E, G, H, J, K</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D6FCFB4DFB4D94D6" box="[1227,1242,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="22.[145,225,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,730,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-238@22.[145,1425,730,1604]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 8. Photomicrographs of †G. gracilis showing setation and certain key features. Specimen CASENT0741232. A, body in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. B, body in dorsolateral posterior oblique view. C, detail of head and prothorax in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. D, detail of mid and hind legs in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. Abbreviations: AII–VII, abdominal segments II–VII; AVsp, spiracle of abdominal segment V; ar, arolium; ca, calcar; cav, velum of calcar; ce, compound eye; fc, frontal carina; mc, cranial condyle of mandible; md, mandible; mspfm, prefemur of mesothoracic leg; msptc, tooth of mesothoracic leg pretarsal claw; mstbspa, anterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mstbspp, posterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mtpfm, prefemur of metathoracic leg; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; pd, pedicel; pdcs, prodisticoxal suture; pl, labial palp; plo, plantar lobe; pm, maxillary palp; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; ppdsp, propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pr, prora; ptsp, spiracle of the petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994476/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D6D1FB4DFB6294D6" box="[1254,1269,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[191,1405,224,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-26@23.[183,1422,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 9. Exceptional soft tissue preservation. The adult specimen of †G. gracilis displays exceptional preservation of soft tissues, including identifiable neuropils (A), countable glomeruli of the antennal lobe (A’), the digestive tract, glands, and muscle (B), down to the scale of individual muscular cross-striations (B’)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994478/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">9</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D736FB4DFA8894D6" box="[1281,1311,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D71CFB4DFADF94D6" box="[1323,1352,1243,1268]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="27.[164,242,1506,1528]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,196,1467]" captionTargetId="figure-137@27.[163,1443,195,1467]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 11. Couplet 1: mesonotum with (1-1) or without (1’-1) transverse ridge; abdominal segment IV with (1-2) or without (1’-2) cinctus; prora large (1-3) or small (1’-3). (1-1) †G. ufv-05, ANTWEB103848 (J. Chaul, AntWeb), mesosoma in profile view. (1’-1, 1’-3) †G. indet., JWJ-Bu19 (V. Perrichot, AntWeb), mesosoma in profile view. (1-2) †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. paratype, UFV-LABECOL-009656, metasoma in ventrolateral view. (1’-2) †G. gracilis, CASENT0741232, metasoma in lateral view. (1-3) †G. pilosa holotype, JZC-Bu225 (P. Barden, AntWeb), anterior metasoma in profile view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994482/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">11</figureCitation>
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(1’-2), 12(7-1); SUPPORTING INFORMATION,
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<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D6C8FB6CFAC49531" box="[1279,1363,1274,1299]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[145,223,660,682]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,207,615]" captionTargetId="figure-429@6.[145,1425,195,621]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Summary of the evidence for eusocial evolution in stem groups. A, overview of the phylogenetic relationships of the total clade Formicidae, with key biological traits mapped. F+, winged females; f-, wingless females; D, developmental simplification of the mesosoma; and B*, brood care. Solid squares, trait confirmed as present; empty squares, trait confirmed as absent; half-filled squares, trait confirmed as variable; question marks, state uncertain; black square with asterisk, new evidence provided in the present study. B, exemplars of females with the full and complex complement of flight sclerites, namely the mesoscutum (green), mesoscutellum (blue), and metanotum (magenta). C, exemplars of wingless †Zigrasimeciinae demonstrating independent convergence on the extremely simplified mesosomal form of various crown Formicidae, illustrated in this case by Discothyrea (Proceratiinae). D, exemplars of theAntennoclypeata, showing a similar degree of sclerite reduction between †Brownimecia and crown Formicidae. Notes: The topology in 1A is summarized from Johnson et al. (2013), Barden & Grimaldi (2016)and Boudinot et al.(2020a). Images for rows 1B, C were downloaded from AntWeb(2021); taxon names, imagers and unique specimen identifiers are listed from left to right, top to bottom are as follows: †Zigrasimecia tonsora Barden & Grimaldi, 2013 (P. Barden, ANTWEB1008098); †Dhagnathos autokrator Perrichot et al., 2020 (V.Perrichot, FANTWEB00022); †Linguamyrmex rhinocerus Miao & Wang, 2019 (V. Perrichot, FANTWEB00016); †Protozigrasimecia chauli Cao et al., 2020c (H. Cao, FANTWEB00051); †Zigrasimecia ufv-01 (J. Chaul, ANTWEB10141055); Discothyrea bobi Chaul, 2020 (J. Chaul, UFV-LABECOL-000032); †Brachyponera croceicornis (Emery, 1900) (F. Esteves, CASENT0916594); Brachyponera croceicornis (Emery, 1900) (A. Nobile, CASENT0172432); †Brownimecia clavata Grimaldi et al., 1997 (V. Perrichot, AMNH-NJ667)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994464/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">FIG. S3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3316569FFEFAA26D11EFAB5FBE49591" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D11EFAB5FBEB9557" blockId="14.[809,1426,1315,1459]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D102FAB5FCC19574" authority="Barden & Grimaldi, 2014: 4 - 7" authorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" authorityPageNumber="4 - 7" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrmodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D102FAB5FBCB951A" box="[821,1116,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Sphecomyrmodes gracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFEFAA26D654FAB5FCC19574" author="Barden P & Grimaldi D" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" pagination="93627" refId="ref22858" refString="Barden P, Grimaldi D. 2014. A diverse ant fauna from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 9: e 93627." type="journal article" year="2014">Barden & Grimaldi, 2014: 4–7</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs 2, 10B, 11C, D (wingless female,
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<collectingRegion id="49EFF800FFEFAA26D70DFAD7FA079575" box="[1338,1424,1345,1367]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Kachin</collectingRegion>
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amber, JZC-Bu324A, AMNH).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D11EFAE9FBE49591" blockId="14.[809,1426,1315,1459]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
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Combination in †
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D1C7FAE9FCE79591" authority=": Barden & Grimaldi (2016)" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D1C7FAE9FB3595B6" box="[1008,1186,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
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:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFEFAA26D687FAE9FCE79591" author="Barden P & Grimaldi D" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref22888" refString="Barden P, Grimaldi D. 2016. Adaptive radiation in socially advanced stem-group ants from the Cretaceous. Current Biology 26: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2016">Barden & Grimaldi (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 518, suppl. info. p. 16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFEFAA39D11EFA7AFD0F93FB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1372" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D11EFA7AFBEB9621" blockId="14.[809,1148,1515,1539]" box="[809,1148,1515,1539]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D11EFA7AFBEB9621" box="[809,1148,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Diagnosis (wingless female)</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D11EF982FC2B9687" blockId="14.[809,1425,1556,1701]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
Similarly identifiable as †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D67BF982FA95960B" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[1100,1282,1556,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D67BF982FA95960B" box="[1100,1282,1556,1577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D101F9A5FC79966A" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[822,1006,1587,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D101F9A5FC79966A" box="[822,1006,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(I–III above), including absence of the anteromedian lobate clypeal process [Note 1]. For the diagnosis and redescription, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D6E4F9E6FAD596A7" box="[1235,1346,1648,1670]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D767F9E6FAC996A7" box="[1360,1374,1648,1669]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="22.[145,225,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,730,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-238@22.[145,1425,730,1604]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 8. Photomicrographs of †G. gracilis showing setation and certain key features. Specimen CASENT0741232. A, body in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. B, body in dorsolateral posterior oblique view. C, detail of head and prothorax in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. D, detail of mid and hind legs in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. Abbreviations: AII–VII, abdominal segments II–VII; AVsp, spiracle of abdominal segment V; ar, arolium; ca, calcar; cav, velum of calcar; ce, compound eye; fc, frontal carina; mc, cranial condyle of mandible; md, mandible; mspfm, prefemur of mesothoracic leg; msptc, tooth of mesothoracic leg pretarsal claw; mstbspa, anterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mstbspp, posterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mtpfm, prefemur of metathoracic leg; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; pd, pedicel; pdcs, prodisticoxal suture; pl, labial palp; plo, plantar lobe; pm, maxillary palp; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; ppdsp, propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pr, prora; ptsp, spiracle of the petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994476/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">8</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D11EF919FCD39686" box="[809,836,1679,1700]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">10</figureCitation>
|
||
primarily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D109F92BFB08970C" blockId="14.[819,1425,1725,1900]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D109F92BFBAF96D3" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
I. Among †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D1FDF92BFB0596F1" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[970,1170,1725,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D1FDF92BFB0596F1" bold="true" box="[970,1170,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the following unique character
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: (1) proximal labial palpomere with a distinct, apicomedially situated lobate process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFEFAA26D189F88FFBB9970D" box="[958,1070,1817,1839]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[164,241,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-119@19.[163,1443,195,1473]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Maxillary and labial palps of †G.gracilis and †G.sternorhabda sp. nov.. Small black stars indicate each palpomere on the right-hand side of the body.A, B, †G.gracilis adult, CASENT0741232, in anterior dorsolateral oblique view (A) and anterior view (B).C, D, †G.gracilis pupa, CASENT0741231, in anterior view (C) and anterior dorsolateral view (D).E, F, †G.sternorhabda sp. nov. holotype, CASENT0741233, and paratype, CASENT0741234, in anteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: pl, labial palp; plp, process of the proximal labial palpomere; pm, maxillary palp; pm?, possible maxillary palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994474/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) [Note 2];
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEFAA26D104F8AEFA06974E" blockId="14.[819,1425,1725,1900]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D104F8AEFACA974E" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">
|
||
II. Within †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D1F8F8AEFB00976C" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[975,1175,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D1F8F8AEFB00976C" bold="true" box="[975,1175,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, identifiable as a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEFAA26D603F8C0FB01974E" authorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2014" box="[1076,1174,1878,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrmodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEFAA26D603F8C0FB01974E" bold="true" box="[1076,1174,1878,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1369">gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: (2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF54666AFFEEAA27D294F91DFD339773" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994466/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370" startId="15.[163,242,1675,1697]" targetBox="[229,1376,196,1635]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFEEAA27D294F91DFD339773" blockId="15.[163,1444,1675,1873]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEEAA27D294F91DFE9B9682" bold="true" box="[163,268,1675,1697]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Photomicrographs of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFEEAA27D032F91DFD389683" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[517,687,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFEEAA27D032F91DFD389683" box="[517,687,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFEEAA27D081F91DFC949683" box="[694,771,1675,1697]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1370" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
showing setation and certain key features. A–D, G–I, paratype, CASENT0741234. E, F, J, holotype, CASENT0741233. A, body, ventrolateral oblique view. B, head, dorsolateral oblique view. C–F, body and left legs: D, dorsolateral oblique; (F) is slightly offset from (E), revealing the prora and subpetiolar process. G, protarsus, posterodorsal oblique view. H, mesotarsus, dorsal view. I, metatarsus, dorsal view. J, metatarsus, posterior view. Abbreviations: ad, antennomere distorted, i.e. visibly distorted antennomere associated with decay bubble; cn, cinctus; ms, metanotal spiracle; pr, prora; psf, anterior flange of propodeal spiracle; ptb, probasitarsal brush; spp, subpetiolar process; ss, standing setae; tnc, transverse mesonotal carina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54666AFFF1AA38D2A6F91DFA06974C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994470/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371" startId="16.[145,227,1675,1697]" targetBox="[223,1346,196,1628]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF1AA38D2A6F91DFA06974C" blockId="16.[145,1426,1675,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF1AA38D2A6F91DFE979682" bold="true" box="[145,256,1675,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Photomicrographic details of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF1AA38D054F91DFC829683" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[611,789,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF1AA38D054F91DFC829683" box="[611,789,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFF1AA38D129F91DFCE79683" box="[798,880,1675,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1371" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Paratype specimen (UFV-LABECOL-009656). A, head in approximate facial view. B, mouthparts in anterolateral oblique view. C, head and mesosoma in lateral view. D, proximal segments of metathoracic leg in approximate anterior view. E, metasoma in approximate lateral view. F, petiole in lateral view. G, prothoracic tarsus, oblique posterior view. H, metatibial apex and metabasitarsal base in posterior view. I, propretarsus in oblique distal view. J, metapretarsus in posteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: AI, propodeum; AII– AVII, second through seventh abdominal segments; ca, calcar; cav, velum (lamella) of calcar; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; cll, lateral lobe of clypeus; cns, cinctus of fourth abdominal sternum; cnt, cinctus of fourth abdominal tergum; fc, frontal carina; hetg, helcial tergite; msctl, mesoscutellar area (mesoscutellum); msctm, mesoscutal area (mesoscutum); msnttc, transverse
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D2E2FF50FE0B91B1" blockId="17.[163,780,197,986]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
mesoscutum without distinct, raised transverse carina separating mesoscutal and mesoscutellar regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF0AA39D309FE94FE33913A" box="[318,420,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) tergum of petiolar node anteroposteriorly longer than dorsoventrally tall (high); and (4) abdominal segment IV without cinctus dividing the tergum and sternum into pre- and postsclerites;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D294FE0AFD0F93FB" blockId="17.[163,780,197,986]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D294FE0AFE2C91F2" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
III. Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D351FE0DFE519193" authorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2014" box="[358,454,411,433]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrmodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D351FE0DFE519193" bold="true" box="[358,454,411,433]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, identified by the following
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: (5) petiole bun-like, with anteroposteriorly long node; vs. subsquamiform, with anteroposteriorly narrow node (†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D0BFFE6EFC9C922F" authorityName="Nel & Perrault" authorityYear="2004" box="[648,779,504,525]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D0BFFE6EFC9C922F" box="[648,779,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. cretacica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D32BFD81FE509209" box="[284,455,534,556]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D32BFD81FE509209" box="[284,455,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (6) meso- and metanota bulging, with their dorsal silhouette bihumped; vs. meso- and metanota not bulging, with their dorsal silhouette forming an almost straight line (†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D2DEFD07FECF9284" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[233,344,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D2DEFD07FECF9284" box="[233,344,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G.robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);(7)transverse dorsal sulci of mesosoma broad, separating the meso- and metanota and the metanotum and propodeum by at least one tarsomere width; vs. these sulci not as broad, with the meso- and metanota and the metanotum and propodeum separated by less than one tarsomeral width (†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D301FCDFFE39937C" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[310,430,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D301FCDFFE39937C" box="[310,430,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D3FBFCDFFDCC937C" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[460,603,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D3FBFCDFFDCC937C" box="[460,603,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. subcuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) [Note 1]; and (8) propodeal spiracle covered anteriorly by an anterior flange which is directed posterolaterally; vs. spiracle not flanged (†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D3C7FC33FDF59398" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[496,610,933,954]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D3C7FC33FDF59398" box="[496,610,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D04CFC33FC929398" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[635,773,933,954]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D04CFC33FC929398" box="[635,773,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. subcuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; state uncertain for †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D38FFC52FDBD93FB" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[440,554,964,985]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D38FFC52FDBD93FB" box="[440,554,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) [Note 3].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFF0AA39D294FBBBFB7F952E" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D294FBBBFE229467" blockId="17.[163,437,1069,1093]" box="[163,437,1069,1093]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<heading id="D0DC818EFFF0AA39D294FBBBFE229467" box="[163,437,1069,1093]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D294FBBBFE229467" box="[163,437,1069,1093]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Notes on the diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D294FBC0FB769115" blockId="17.[163,779,1109,1683]" lastBlockId="17.[827,1443,197,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D294FBC0FF6C9448" box="[163,251,1109,1131]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Note 1:</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D320FBC3FDA99448" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[279,574,1109,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D320FBC3FDA99448" box="[279,574,1109,1130]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Gerontoformica gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite similar overall to †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D314FBE2FE0E94AB" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[291,409,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D314FBE2FE0E94AB" box="[291,409,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D3E8FBE2FDFA94AB" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[479,621,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D3E8FBE2FDFA94AB" box="[479,621,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. subcuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The primary structural distinction is the width of the dorsal transverse sulci that divide the mesonotal and metanotal regions, and the metanotal region and the propodeum, as well as development of an anterior flange around the propodeal spiracles. The character used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFF0AA39D33BFABAFDC39563" author="Barden P & Grimaldi D" box="[268,596,1324,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" pagination="93627" refId="ref22858" refString="Barden P, Grimaldi D. 2014. A diverse ant fauna from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 9: e 93627." type="journal article" year="2014">Barden & Grimaldi (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to distinguish †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D298FADDFEB3957D" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[175,292,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D298FADDFEB3957D" box="[175,292,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D35DFADDFE49957D" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[362,478,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D35DFADDFE49957D" box="[362,478,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the distance between the pro- and mesocoxae (their couplet 9); this is certainly a matter of preservation, as the prothorax of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908840FFF0AA39D2E7FA30FEA4959E" box="[208,307,1446,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D354FA31FE4D9599" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[355,474,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D354FA31FE4D9599" box="[355,474,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is elevated relative to the mesothorax, and the coxae are promoted anteriorly. Such pronotal elevation is possible in ant species with a mobile promesonotal articulation. The defining feature of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D2FEF9B7FEC29614" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[201,341,1569,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D2FEF9B7FEC29614" box="[201,341,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. subcuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFF0AA39D3D4F9B7FC9D9614" author="Barden P & Grimaldi D" box="[483,778,1569,1591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" pagination="93627" refId="ref22858" refString="Barden P, Grimaldi D. 2014. A diverse ant fauna from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 9: e 93627." type="journal article" year="2014">Barden & Grimaldi (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the form of the subpetiolar process, which has an almost vertically oriented anterior margin in profile view. The process of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D3B8F9EBFD9696B0" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[399,513,1661,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D3B8F9EBFD9696B0" box="[399,513,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more evenly rounded from posterior to anterior, while that of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D725FF53FA1F90F8" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1298,1416,197,218]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D725FF53FA1F90F8" box="[1298,1416,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not visible. These distinctions should be re-evaluated in future study. See also Note 3 on the synopsis of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D170FEB7FC609114" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[839,1015,289,310]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D170FEB7FC609114" box="[839,1015,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
classification above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFEF6FB4292C4" blockId="17.[827,1444,352,742]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFEF6FC1F9157" box="[827,904,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Note 2:</emphasis>
|
||
We do not know the distribution of the process of the proximal labial palpomere across †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D6DAFEE8FA0A91B1" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[1261,1437,382,403]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D6DAFEE8FA0A91B1" box="[1261,1437,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception of its absence in †
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D6D4FE0BFA349190" box="[1251,1443,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D6D4FE0BFA379190" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[1251,1440,413,434]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda">G. sternorhabda</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Despite this, we note the development of these processes as they are unique to our knowledge of both extant and extinct species. Because of the difficulty of evaluating proximal palpomeres for ants in general, and especially for fossil ants, we strongly recommend the application of µ-CT methods to determine the phylogenetic extent of this obvious apomorphy. Note that it is possible that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908840FFF0AA39D66AFD04FB29928A" box="[1117,1214,658,680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
lacks this condition, as we discovered this character after our chance to directly examine the type specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFC99FC5493BC" blockId="17.[827,1444,782,926]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFC99FC1A9301" box="[827,909,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Note 3:</emphasis>
|
||
The anterior flange or hood of the propodeal spiracle is present in most †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D64FFCBBFABF9360" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[1144,1320,813,834]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D64FFCBBFABF9360" box="[1144,1320,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined, with the exception of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D67FFCDAFB569343" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1096,1217,844,865]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D67FFCDAFB569343" box="[1096,1217,844,865]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D73DFCDAFA0B9343" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1290,1436,844,865]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D73DFCDAFA0B9343" box="[1290,1436,844,865]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. subcuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The flange could not be evaluated for †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D727FCFDFA1593A2" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1296,1410,875,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D727FCFDFA1593A2" box="[1296,1410,875,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. magna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF0AA39D170FC1FFC2B93BC" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[839,956,905,926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D170FC1FFC2B93BC" box="[839,956,905,926]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">G. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFC4EFB1693CD" blockId="17.[827,1153,983,1007]" box="[827,1153,983,1007]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<heading id="D0DC818EFFF0AA39D10CFC4EFB1693CD" box="[827,1153,983,1007]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFC4EFB1693CD" box="[827,1153,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Measurements and indices</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFB96FBDC9453" blockId="17.[827,1444,1024,1137]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFB96FBD39437" box="[827,1092,1024,1045]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Adult, specimen C-32:</emphasis>
|
||
HWed = 0.71; HWev = 0.78; EWl = 0.17; HD = 0.62; ML = 1.49; PnLi = 0.59; PnWa = 0.18; MnL = 0.35; AIIILm = 0.52; AIIILl = 0.65; HPI = 0.99; HSI = 0.47; AIIILI = 0.80.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFB0DFB7F952E" blockId="17.[827,1442,1178,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFB0DFBD49492" box="[827,1091,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Pupa, specimen C-31:</emphasis>
|
||
HWed = 0.72; HWev = 0.71; EWl = 0.18; HD = 0.62; ML = 1.62; PnLi = 0.60; PnWa = 0.25; MnL = 0.34; AIIILm = 0.62; AIIILl = 0.73; HPI = 0.86; HSI = 0.44; AIIILI = 0.85.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFF0AA3DD10CFAD3FD069751" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="1376" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA39D10CFAD3FBA5957F" blockId="17.[827,1074,1349,1373]" box="[827,1074,1349,1373]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFAD3FBA5957F" box="[827,1074,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Redescription: adult</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF0AA3CD10CFAFBFE999698" blockId="17.[827,1443,1389,1687]" lastBlockId="20.[145,762,197,1722]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="1375" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D10CFAFBFC1695A0" box="[827,897,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D1F0FAFBFB9F95A0" bold="true" box="[967,1032,1389,1410]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">head</emphasis>
|
||
is narrow in facial view, i.e. it is lateromedially narrower than anteroposteriorly long as measured from the anterior clypeal margin to the apparent posterior head margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF0AA39D680FA5FFA9E95FC" box="[1207,1289,1481,1503]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
|
||
); in posterior and lateral view, the head is dorsoventrally broad, with the vertexal region dome-like; standing setae are most conspicuous on the clypeus. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF0AA39D72BF9B3FCE3967B" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1372">compound eyes</emphasis>
|
||
are situated in the posterior third of the head; they bulge laterally, breaking the silhouette of the lateral head margins in facial view; their height mesonotal carina; mspct, mesopectus; mtbt, metabasitarsus; mtcx, metacoxa; mtfm, metafemur; mtnt, metanotum; mtpfm, metaprefemur; mtplglvf, ventral flange of the metapleural gland; mtptc, metapretarsal claw; mttbsa, anterior spur of metatibia; mttbsp, posterior spur of metatibia; mttr, metatrochanter; pd, pedicel; pl, labial palp; pm, maxillary palp; pbt, probasitarsus; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; ppdsf, anterior flange of propodeal spiracle; pptc, propretarsal claw; pt, petiole; ptn, petiolar node; pts, petiolar sternum; ptsp, subpetiolar process; sc, scape; tgl, laterotergite; to, antennal torulus. above the surrounding surfaces of the cranium is comparatively high; their ommatidia count appears similar to that of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD347F962FDB5972A" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[368,546,1779,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD347F962FDB5972A" box="[368,546,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are apparently glabrous, i.e. lacking interstitial setation. The three
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD294F8A6FF7F9764" bold="true" box="[163,232,1840,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">ocelli</emphasis>
|
||
are completely developed. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD07CF8A6FC9D9764" bold="true" box="[587,778,1840,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">frontal carinae</emphasis>
|
||
diverge posterolaterally toward but not reaching the compound eyes; they are circular in form, i.e. curving evenly from their anterior termini to their posterior termini which are directed anterolaterally, rather than posterolaterally; their anterior termini are distant from the epistomal line; the minimum distance between the frontal carinae is about 0.26× maximum head width as measured in full face view. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD02AFF53FD6E90F8" bold="true" box="[541,761,197,218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">antennal scrobes</emphasis>
|
||
are anteroposteriorly short and encircled by the frontal carina. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD312FE95FE63913A" bold="true" box="[293,500,258,280]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">antennal toruli</emphasis>
|
||
are distant from the posterior clypeal margin; they are in the form of a low, more-or-less even ring. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD3F8FED6FDD09177" bold="true" box="[463,583,320,341]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">antennae</emphasis>
|
||
are 12-merous. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD2F3FEC9FE8E9156" bold="true" box="[196,281,351,372]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">scapes</emphasis>
|
||
are somewhat flattened and curved; they are about four times as long as their maximum width; their length is somewhat more than half the width of the head, and somewhat less than half the length of the head; they lack standing setae along their shafts. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD2A6FE6EFF6A922C" bold="true" box="[145,253,504,526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">pedicels</emphasis>
|
||
are slightly longer than twice their width; they are about one-third the length of the scapes, and about half the length of the third antennomere; they apparently lack standing setae. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD02DFDC2FD129248" bold="true" box="[538,645,596,618]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">flagellae</emphasis>
|
||
are longer than the mesosoma and are simple, i.e. not thickening distally; they bear a range of standing and appressed setae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD2E1FD39FE0792E7" bold="true" box="[214,400,687,709]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">flagellomeres I</emphasis>
|
||
are the longest, being somewhat more than four times as long as wide and about three fourths the length of the scape;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD034FD7BFD6E9320" bold="true" box="[515,761,749,771]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">flagellomeres II–IX</emphasis>
|
||
are all longer than the pedicel;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD036FC9DFD5C9303" bold="true" box="[513,715,779,801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">flagellomeres X</emphasis>
|
||
are longer than each pair of flagellomeres from II to IX. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD2A6FCDFFF63937C" bold="true" box="[145,244,841,862]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
is about three times as wide lateromedially as long anteroposteriorly, with the length measured from the midpoints of the anterior and posterior clypeal margins and the width measured between the lateralmost points of the clypeus. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD079FC52FF4093D5" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">lateroclypeal areas</emphasis>
|
||
are formed as lateral lobes. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD079FC74FF5D9434" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">medioclypeal area</emphasis>
|
||
is anteriorly convex; its length at the midline of the head is about 0.21× head length also at midline, as measured in full-face view; it bears an array of standing (rather than appressed) setae on its disc and is margined anteriorly by chaetae. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD07DFBEDFD5A94B3" bold="true" box="[586,717,1147,1169]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">mandibles</emphasis>
|
||
are simple and apically bidentate. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD039FB0CFD47948D" bold="true" box="[526,720,1178,1200]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">maxillary palps</emphasis>
|
||
are 6-merous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD331FB2FFEEE94EC" box="[262,377,1209,1231]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Figs 2B, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD3B3FB2FFE5394EC" box="[388,452,1209,1230]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[164,241,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-119@19.[163,1443,195,1473]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Maxillary and labial palps of †G.gracilis and †G.sternorhabda sp. nov.. Small black stars indicate each palpomere on the right-hand side of the body.A, B, †G.gracilis adult, CASENT0741232, in anterior dorsolateral oblique view (A) and anterior view (B).C, D, †G.gracilis pupa, CASENT0741231, in anterior view (C) and anterior dorsolateral view (D).E, F, †G.sternorhabda sp. nov. holotype, CASENT0741233, and paratype, CASENT0741234, in anteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: pl, labial palp; plp, process of the proximal labial palpomere; pm, maxillary palp; pm?, possible maxillary palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994474/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">7A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) [Note 1]; they are elongate, being almost as long as the head and longer than the scapes and mandibles; the proximal palpomeres are short compared to the others; the second palpomeres are dorsoventrally flattened and lobate apicomedially; the third through sixth palpomeres are long, thin, and cylindrical. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD374FAE7FE4195A4" bold="true" box="[323,470,1393,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">labial palps</emphasis>
|
||
are 4-merous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD049FAE7FD6495A4" box="[638,755,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Figs 2B, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD2A6FA06FF469587" box="[145,209,1424,1445]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[164,241,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-119@19.[163,1443,195,1473]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Maxillary and labial palps of †G.gracilis and †G.sternorhabda sp. nov.. Small black stars indicate each palpomere on the right-hand side of the body.A, B, †G.gracilis adult, CASENT0741232, in anterior dorsolateral oblique view (A) and anterior view (B).C, D, †G.gracilis pupa, CASENT0741231, in anterior view (C) and anterior dorsolateral view (D).E, F, †G.sternorhabda sp. nov. holotype, CASENT0741233, and paratype, CASENT0741234, in anteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: pl, labial palp; plp, process of the proximal labial palpomere; pm, maxillary palp; pm?, possible maxillary palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994474/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">7A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) [Note 1]; they are short, being less than half the length of the maxillary palps, and with their individual lengths shorter than each of the maxillary palpomeres with the exception of the proximal maxillary ones; the proximal labial palpomere is narrow proximally and bears a distinct lobate process medially at about its apical third, with this process being about as long as wide; the second and third palpomeres are thickened medially; the fourth palpomeres are relatively more cylindrical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF54666AFFF3AA3AD2A6F9E2FBB79718" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994472/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" startId="18.[145,223,1652,1674]" targetBox="[146,1425,197,1609]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF3AA3AD2A6F9E2FBB79718" blockId="18.[145,1425,1652,1850]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD2A6F9E2FF6196AB" bold="true" box="[145,246,1652,1674]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of the pronota and metapleural glands of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD0CFF9E2FC0D96A8" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[760,922,1652,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD0CFF9E2FC0D96A8" box="[760,922,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, B, fluorescent light microscopy; C–G, standard photomicroscopy. A, B, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD3B9F907FDAF9685" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[398,568,1681,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD3B9F907FDAF9685" box="[398,568,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFF3AA3AD008F907FD1B9685" box="[575,652,1681,1703]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype (UFV-LABECOL-009656). C, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD60EF907FB029685" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1081,1173,1681,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD60EF907FB029685" box="[1081,1173,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">G. pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1038931). D, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD2ABF939FED196E7" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[156,326,1711,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD2ABF939FED196E7" box="[156,326,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFF3AA3AD379F939FE0C96E7" box="[334,411,1711,1733]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
non-type (JWJ-BU21). E, F, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD0E1F939FCD596E7" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[726,834,1711,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD0E1F939FCD596E7" box="[726,834,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (JZC-Bu324A). G, †
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD640F939FB1896E7" box="[1143,1167,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">G.</emphasis>
|
||
near or conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF3AA3AD2A6F95AFF7696C3" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[145,225,1740,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF3AA3AD2A6F95AFF7696C3" box="[145,225,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1373">gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1032649). Abbreviations: msnttc, transverse carina of mesonotum; mtplglb, metapleural gland bulla; mtplgldf, metapleural gland dorsal flange; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; mtvlc, ventrolateral carina of metathorax; mtntsp, metanotal spiracle; mtnt, metanotum; pntl, pronotal lobe; pntfl, lateral pronotal flange; pntfm, medial pronotal flange; ppdsf, anterior flange of propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pt, petiole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54666AFFF2AA3BD293FA7FFB4B9656" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994474" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6994474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994474/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" startId="19.[164,241,1513,1535]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1470]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF2AA3BD293FA7FFB4B9656" blockId="19.[163,1443,1513,1652]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD293FA7FFE9F95DC" bold="true" box="[164,264,1513,1535]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Maxillary and labial palps of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD075FA7FFD3F95DD" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[578,680,1513,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD075FA7FFD3F95DD" box="[578,680,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD0D4FA7FFC1295DD" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[739,901,1513,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD0D4FA7FFC1295DD" box="[739,901,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFF2AA3BD1BDFA7FFC5895DD" box="[906,975,1513,1535]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.. Small black stars indicate each palpomere on the right-hand side of the body. A, B, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD028F990FD11963E" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[543,646,1542,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD028F990FD11963E" box="[543,646,1542,1564]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult, CASENT0741232, in anterior dorsolateral oblique view (A) and anterior view (B). C, D, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD30AF9B2FE349618" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[317,419,1572,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD30AF9B2FE349618" box="[317,419,1572,1594]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa, CASENT0741231, in anterior view (C) and anterior dorsolateral view (D). E, F, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF2AA3BD736F9B2FA349618" authority="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto, 2022" authorityName="Boudinot & Richter & Katzke & Chaul & Keller & Economo & Beutel & Yamamoto" authorityYear="2022" box="[1281,1443,1572,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternorhabda" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF2AA3BD736F9B2FA349618" box="[1281,1443,1572,1594]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374">G. sternorhabda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C578BFFF2AA3BD294F9D7FF799675" box="[163,238,1601,1623]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1374" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype, CASENT0741233, and paratype, CASENT0741234, in anteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: pl, labial palp; plp, process of the proximal labial palpomere; pm, maxillary palp; pm?, possible maxillary palpomere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF5AA3CD2A6F975FC379451" blockId="20.[145,761,1762,1907]" lastBlockId="20.[809,1426,197,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD2A6F975FE8796DA" box="[145,272,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Mesosoma:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD36DF974FE4A96D5" bold="true" box="[346,477,1762,1783]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
bears an anteromedian neck process, and lateral and posteromedian flanges; these flanges are not flared; the muscular node or ‘disc’ of the pronotum is hemispherical as observed in lateral view and almost elliptical in dorsal view, being distinctly longer than tall in lateral (profile) view, thus appearing narrow; setation was not observed on the pronotum [Note 2]. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD658FE94FABC9135" bold="true" box="[1135,1323,258,279]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">pronotal lobes</emphasis>
|
||
are well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD199FEB7FB949115" box="[942,1027,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="18.[145,223,1652,1674]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,197,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[145,1425,195,1612]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 6. Detailsof thepronota andmetapleural glandsof †Gerontoformica.A,B,fluorescent lightmicroscopy;C–G,standard photomicroscopy. A, B, †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. paratype (UFV-LABECOL-009656). C, †G. pilosa (ANTWEB1038931). D, †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. non-type (JWJ-BU21). E, F, †G. gracilis holotype (JZC-Bu324A). G, †G. near or conspecific with gracilis (ANTWEB1032649). Abbreviations: msnttc, transverse carina of mesonotum; mtplglb, metapleural gland bulla; mtplgldf, metapleural gland dorsal flange; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; mtvlc, ventrolateral carina of metathorax; mtntsp, metanotal spiracle; mtnt, metanotum; pntl, pronotal lobe; pntfl, lateral pronotal flange; pntfm, medial pronotal flange; ppdsf, anterior flange of propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pt, petiole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994472/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD678FEB7FB709114" bold="true" box="[1103,1255,289,310]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">mesonotum</emphasis>
|
||
is not divided into an anterior mesoscutal area and a posterior mesoscutellar area, i.e. the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD644FEC8FC1591B1" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">transverse mesonotal carina</emphasis>
|
||
is not developed; the notum is convex in lateral view and is almost flattened along most of its length. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD18EFE2CFBC391ED" bold="true" box="[953,1108,442,463]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">mesopectus</emphasis>
|
||
is not clearly divided into dorsal and ventral areas; its dorsoventral height is almost 1.5× that of its anteroposterior length. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD11EFD80FB369209" bold="true" box="[809,1185,534,555]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">transverse mesonotal sulcus</emphasis>
|
||
is anteroposteriorly long/broad. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD1E9FDA3FBE79268" bold="true" box="[990,1136,565,586]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">metanotum</emphasis>
|
||
is developed as a distinct and almost evenly convex bulge. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD6C8FDC2FB0392A5" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">transverse metanotopropodeal sulcus</emphasis>
|
||
is anteroposteriorly broad and continues ventrally toward the base of the mesocoxa, completely separating the lateral metapectal area from the lateral mesopectal area. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD157FD7BFB289321" bold="true" box="[864,1215,749,771]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">metapleural gland orifice</emphasis>
|
||
is small and not remarkably hairy (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD635FC9DFBC49303" box="[1026,1107,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="18.[145,223,1652,1674]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,197,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[145,1425,195,1612]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 6. Detailsof thepronota andmetapleural glandsof †Gerontoformica.A,B,fluorescent lightmicroscopy;C–G,standard photomicroscopy. A, B, †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. paratype (UFV-LABECOL-009656). C, †G. pilosa (ANTWEB1038931). D, †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. non-type (JWJ-BU21). E, F, †G. gracilis holotype (JZC-Bu324A). G, †G. near or conspecific with gracilis (ANTWEB1032649). Abbreviations: msnttc, transverse carina of mesonotum; mtplglb, metapleural gland bulla; mtplgldf, metapleural gland dorsal flange; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; mtvlc, ventrolateral carina of metathorax; mtntsp, metanotal spiracle; mtnt, metanotum; pntl, pronotal lobe; pntfl, lateral pronotal flange; pntfm, medial pronotal flange; ppdsf, anterior flange of propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pt, petiole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994472/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
); it does not have a distinct bulla; it is margined dorsally and ventrally by flanges, including the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD1E7FCDFFA1D937D" bold="true" box="[976,1418,841,863]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">ventral metapleural gland flange</emphasis>
|
||
. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD156FCFEFC6B935F" bold="true" box="[865,1020,872,893]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">propodeum</emphasis>
|
||
is rounded, with the dorsal and posterior margins curving broadly into one another in lateral view; its posterior surface is convex; it does not, apparently, bear standing setae. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD73AFC52FC0C93DA" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">propodeal spiracles</emphasis>
|
||
are situated distant from the metanotum and below the dorsal propodeal margin as seen in lateral view, but they are located in the anterodorsal fourth of the sclerite. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD1D0FBA8FB249471" bold="true" box="[999,1203,1086,1107]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">propodeal lobes</emphasis>
|
||
are apparently not developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF5AA3CD11EFB0AFAA19751" blockId="20.[809,1425,1179,1907]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD11EFB0AFCF09493" box="[809,871,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
The legs are developed as expected for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF5AA3CD11EFB2CFC3C94F2" authorityName="LATREILLE" authorityYear="1809" box="[809,939,1210,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some notable characters and states. With the exception of the tibial apex and tarsi, they appear almost entirely glabrous. The state of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD16DFA80FB22950E" bold="true" box="[858,1205,1302,1324]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">apical protibial foramina</emphasis>
|
||
is uncertain. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD11EFAA2FC689568" bold="true" box="[809,1023,1332,1354]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">mesoprefemora</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD674FAA2FA809568" bold="true" box="[1091,1303,1332,1354]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">metaprefemora</emphasis>
|
||
are welldeveloped and are broader ventrally than dorsally. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD11EFAE4FC0495AA" bold="true" box="[809,915,1394,1416]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">protibia</emphasis>
|
||
bears and anterior brush of dense suberect setae in their apical third, near the calcar. Each of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD11EFA39FC3195E7" bold="true" box="[809,934,1455,1477]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">mesotibia</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD1D7FA39FBCB95E7" bold="true" box="[992,1116,1455,1477]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">metatibia</emphasis>
|
||
bear a pair of apicoventral spurs; the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD19AFA58FB5295C1" bold="true" box="[941,1221,1486,1508]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">anterior tibial spurs</emphasis>
|
||
are barbirulate; the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD16FFA7AFBE29620" bold="true" box="[856,1141,1516,1538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">posterior tibial spurs</emphasis>
|
||
are simple. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD708FA7BFA069620" bold="true" box="[1343,1425,1517,1538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">calcar</emphasis>
|
||
is apparently bifid apically, with one point being the apex of the elongate
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD620F9BCFBF1961D" bold="true" box="[1047,1126,1578,1599]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">velum</emphasis>
|
||
and the other point being a small array of hairs; two stout setae are developed posterior to the calcar. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD656F9F1FA9C965E" bold="true" box="[1121,1291,1639,1660]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">plantar lobes</emphasis>
|
||
of the tarsi are well developed, the ventral setation is sparse, and the apical row of chaetae is thinner. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD709F932FC2996FA" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">fourth tarsomeres</emphasis>
|
||
are only weakly notched distally, thus appearing cylindrical in dorsal view. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD721F974FC259734" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">pretarsal claw teeth</emphasis>
|
||
are well developed and located just past the midlength of their respective claws. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF5AA3CD702F889FA069717" bold="true" box="[1333,1425,1823,1845]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">aroliae</emphasis>
|
||
are well developed and comparatively large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF5AA3CD719F8A8FA159771" box="[1326,1410,1854,1876]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="22.[145,225,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,730,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-238@22.[145,1425,730,1604]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 8. Photomicrographs of †G. gracilis showing setation and certain key features. Specimen CASENT0741232. A, body in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. B, body in dorsolateral posterior oblique view. C, detail of head and prothorax in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. D, detail of mid and hind legs in ventrolateral anterior oblique view. Abbreviations: AII–VII, abdominal segments II–VII; AVsp, spiracle of abdominal segment V; ar, arolium; ca, calcar; cav, velum of calcar; ce, compound eye; fc, frontal carina; mc, cranial condyle of mandible; md, mandible; mspfm, prefemur of mesothoracic leg; msptc, tooth of mesothoracic leg pretarsal claw; mstbspa, anterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mstbspp, posterior tibial spur of mesothoracic leg; mtpfm, prefemur of metathoracic leg; mtplglvf, metapleural gland ventral flange; pd, pedicel; pdcs, prodisticoxal suture; pl, labial palp; plo, plantar lobe; pm, maxillary palp; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; ppdsp, propodeal spiracle; ppl, propleuron; pr, prora; ptsp, spiracle of the petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994476/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1375">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
); they are nearly as long as the pretarsal claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD294FF50FE8F952E" blockId="21.[163,780,197,1292]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD294FF50FEBB90F9" box="[163,300,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Metasoma:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD34FFF53FE4C90F9" bold="true" box="[376,475,197,219]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">petiole</emphasis>
|
||
is nodiform and lacks tergosternal fusion between its postsclerites. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD294FE94FEED913A" bold="true" box="[163,378,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">petiolar tergum</emphasis>
|
||
is anteroposteriorly longer than dorsoventrally tall; it is asymmetrically convex, being somewhat longer anteriorly than posteriorly. The developmental state of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD3F9FEC8FDED9156" bold="true" box="[462,634,350,372]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">laterotergites</emphasis>
|
||
is uncertain. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD2EDFEEBFE5791B0" bold="true" box="[218,448,381,403]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">petiolar sternum</emphasis>
|
||
is anteriorly flat; its main portion is at least twice as long as tall; it is narrowly convex in cross-section at its midpoint; it is weakly produced anteroventrally as a low, lobate
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD04EFE4FFE90922F" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">subpetiolar process</emphasis>
|
||
, which is shorter dorsoventrally than wide anteroposteriorly; posteriorly, the sternum is not distinctly concave or notched. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD019FDA3FD019269" bold="true" box="[558,662,565,587]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">helcium</emphasis>
|
||
is narrow relative to the third abdominal postsclerites; the helcial tergite conceals the helcial sternite in lateral view. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD2EEFD07FDA79284" bold="true" box="[217,560,657,679]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">abdominal posttergite III</emphasis>
|
||
is not constricted posteriorly and is not fused with the third poststernite; it is not necked or shouldered anteriorly, as the tergum evenly curves from its anterior base to posterior margin in lateral view. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD348FC9DFF539362" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">abdominal tergosternal margin III</emphasis>
|
||
is weakly curved, without distinct ‘shouldering’ as observed in various Formicinae and Dolichoderinae. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD2EFFCF1FDA1935F" bold="true" box="[216,566,871,893]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">abdominal poststernite III</emphasis>
|
||
is not constricted posteriorly, but is weakly angled lateromedially, and bears the prora anteroventrally. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD07AFC33FD019398" bold="true" box="[589,662,933,954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">prora</emphasis>
|
||
is lip-like in lateral view, being anteroposteriorly short and moreor-less transverse in ventral view. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD04AFC74FEA89434" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">abdominal segments IV</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD37BFB97FEC89434" bold="true" box="[332,351,1025,1046]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">V</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD3A9FB97FE2B9434" bold="true" box="[414,444,1025,1046]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">VI</emphasis>
|
||
are not divided into pre- and postsclerites by a cinctus; they are homonomous in form, i.e. highly similar in shape, size and other qualities of appearance. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD3AFFBCBFC9C9450" bold="true" box="[408,779,1117,1139]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">seventh abdominal tergum</emphasis>
|
||
is somewhat dome-like. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD031FBEAFE82948D" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">seventh abdominal sternum</emphasis>
|
||
is lateromedially cupped and narrowed distally. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD372FB2FFE1E94ED" bold="true" box="[325,393,1209,1231]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">sting</emphasis>
|
||
is long and narrow. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD0F2FB2FFE8694CF" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">third valvulae</emphasis>
|
||
are digitate in form and highly exserted as preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD294FAA0FD069751" blockId="21.[163,779,1333,1907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD294FAA0FED19569" box="[163,326,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Preservation:</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen CASENT0741232 is exceptionally well preserved internally, particularly the head and mesosoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD3EEFAE4FD8995A5" box="[473,542,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[191,1405,224,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-26@23.[183,1422,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 9. Exceptional soft tissue preservation. The adult specimen of †G. gracilis displays exceptional preservation of soft tissues, including identifiable neuropils (A), countable glomeruli of the antennal lobe (A’), the digestive tract, glands, and muscle (B), down to the scale of individual muscular cross-striations (B’)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994478/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The metasoma is, however, less well preserved, and has some apparent fungal growth or decay bubbling emanating from between the third and fourth abdominal segments. There are several fractures around the specimen, including on the dorsal surface of the head, the ventral right side of the head, across the left side of the mesosoma, and across the petiole and the left side of the third and fourth abdominal segments. The right side of the face, opposite from where the scape is held, is indented, thus appearing to have a longitudinal scrobe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD2CFF952FED496FB" box="[248,323,1732,1754]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); this is definitely an artefact, as it is not symmetrically present on the left side of the face where the scape is preserved in a position that is distant from the head capsule. Similarly, the mesosoma is indented where the legs are in close proximity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD065F8A8FD099771" box="[594,670,1854,1876]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The left metatrochanter appears distorted in shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFF4AA3DD10CFF50FAAC9257" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFF50FBA490FF" blockId="21.[827,1075,197,221]" box="[827,1075,197,221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<heading id="D0DC818EFFF4AA3DD10CFF50FBA490FF" box="[827,1075,197,221]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CFF50FBA490FF" box="[827,1075,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Notes on description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFF78FAC591F8" blockId="21.[827,1444,237,474]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CFF78FC1B9120" box="[827,908,237,259]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Note 1:</emphasis>
|
||
The original description recognized 4-merous maxillary palps and did not state a labial palpomere count. A 6, 4 palp formula (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD69FFEBDFB7A9162" box="[1192,1261,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFF4AA3DD6CDFEBDFA0C9162" author="Bolton B" box="[1274,1435,299,321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" refId="ref23193" refString="Bolton B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 222." type="book" year="1994">Bolton, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFF4AA3DD10CFEDFFCE4917C" author="Bolton B" box="[827,883,329,350]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref23216" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was determined here based on direct examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908840FFF4AA3DD1B1FEFEFC7C915C" box="[902,1003,360,382]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and from our microphotographs and digital renders. As noted in the diagnosis, the process of the proximal labial palpomere is unique among †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF4AA3DD170FE52FC6091FB" authorityName=": Barden & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2016" box="[839,1015,452,473]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD170FE52FC6091FB" box="[839,1015,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Gerontoformica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, given our current knowledge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFD95FAAC9257" blockId="21.[827,1442,515,629]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CFD95FC02923A" box="[827,917,515,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Note 2:</emphasis>
|
||
We are not certain whether †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF4AA3DD728FD95FA35923A" baseAuthorityName="Barden & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1311,1442,515,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Gerontoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD728FD95FA35923A" box="[1311,1442,515,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">G. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely glabrous or whether it has appressed pubescence in various places. At the least we expect pubescence on inter-sclerite contact surfaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFF4AA3DD10CFD36FB84974C" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFD36FB849295" blockId="21.[827,1043,672,695]" box="[827,1043,672,695]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CFD36FB849295" box="[827,1043,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Description: pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFD5EFAD294EA" blockId="21.[827,1444,712,1225]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD183FD5EFBC892FF" box="[948,1119,712,734]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[178,1430,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-147@5.[163,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Volume renders of the pupa and two of the adult specimens. The black arrows indicate the subpetiolar process, while the white arrows indicate the prora. A–C, lateral view. D–F, dorsal view. G–I, ventral view. J–L, facial view. A, D, G, J. the pupa of †G. gracilis. B, E, H, K, the adult of †G. gracilis. C, F, I, L, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov.. Abbreviations: AIII–VII, third through seventh abdominal segments; AIIIas, anterior surface of third abdominal segment; AIIIps, posterior surface of third abdominal segment; ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; fc, frontal carina; lbr, labrum; md, mandible; msn, mesonotum; mspl, lower mesopectal region; mspu, upper mesopectal region; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocellus; pd, pedicel; pnt, pronotum; ppd, propodeum; pst, prosternum; pt, petiole; sc, scape." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994460/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Figs 2A, D, G, J</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD65CFD5EFBEE92FF" box="[1131,1145,712,733]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[164,241,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-119@19.[163,1443,195,1473]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Maxillary and labial palps of †G.gracilis and †G.sternorhabda sp. nov.. Small black stars indicate each palpomere on the right-hand side of the body.A, B, †G.gracilis adult, CASENT0741232, in anterior dorsolateral oblique view (A) and anterior view (B).C, D, †G.gracilis pupa, CASENT0741231, in anterior view (C) and anterior dorsolateral view (D).E, F, †G.sternorhabda sp. nov. holotype, CASENT0741233, and paratype, CASENT0741234, in anteroventral oblique view. Abbreviations: pl, labial palp; plp, process of the proximal labial palpomere; pm, maxillary palp; pm?, possible maxillary palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994474/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD6B2FD5EFB3792FF" box="[1157,1184,712,733]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="24.[145,226,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[152,1397,206,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-386@24.[145,1425,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 10. Features hidden by appendages, including artefacts caused by close proximity of limbs. †Gerontoformica gracilis: A, B, D, adult, CASENT0741232; C, pupa (CASENT0741231). A, C, mesosoma in lateral view with the legs distal to the coxae digitally removed, with the exception of the fore leg of (C), which is not cropped from the render. B, D, head in facial view with the scapes digitally rendered (B) and removed (D). Abbreviations: mspa, mesopectal artefact; sca, scapal artefact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994480/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) is encased in a cocoon with a black meconium at the caudal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A67FFF4AA3DD709FD71FA0392DE" box="[1342,1428,743,765]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[145,223,1030,1052]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,196,990]" captionTargetId="figure-370@2.[145,1425,195,990]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Overview of the Kachin amber piece and its syninclusions.A, the pupa of †G. gracilis (CASENT01741231). B, the adult of †G. gracilis (CASENT0741232). C, the holotype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. (CASENT0741233). D, the paratype of †G. sternorhabda sp. nov. (CASENT0741234). E, the entire amber piece (AMNH SY-23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6994458/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most structures of species-level identificatory value are incompletely developed, including the frontal carinae, perioral sclerites, mesosomal dorsum and anterior metasoma. The preservation of the specimen is fine externally but is poor internally, with the body cavity filled with a single, solid mass, despite apparent distinctions as seen from light microscopy. In overall appearance, the specimen is relatively bubbly or puffy looking, and has the propodeum crushed and incompletely differentiated from the petiole. Those metasomal segments which are posterior to the petiole are bulging, thus they appear slightly constricted as with a cinctus, but cincti are apparently absent. The metanotal and propodeal spiracles are visible externally, but those of the metasoma are not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CFB64FAC09618" blockId="21.[827,1443,1265,1594]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CFB64FA9C9524" box="[827,1291,1265,1287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">Features of note include the following:</emphasis>
|
||
The head is longer anteroposteriorly than broad lateromedially; the mandibles are contacting one another apically; the maxillolabial complex is exserted, with the palps and glossa clearly visible in ventral view; the maxillary palps are 6-merous; the labial palps are 4-merous; the antennae are directed caudally and reach the posterior margin of the third abdominal segment; the pronotum is longer than tall in lateral view; and the mesonotum lacks a transverse ridge, thus is not divided into anterior mesoscutal and posterior mesoscutellar regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF4AA3DD10CF9F4FB84974C" blockId="21.[827,1442,1634,1902]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF4AA3DD10CF9F4FB8A96B4" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1376">The pupa differs from the synincluded adults of both species as follows:</emphasis>
|
||
The antennae appear wideset; the clypeus is anteroposteriorly longer, apparently with an additional band of cuticle along the anterior m a r g i n; t h e m a n d i b l e s a r e o b l i q u e l y o r i e n t e d relative to head length, converging anterad (vs. perpendicular to the long axis of the head at closure); and the labrum is apically notched and with distinct paramedian lobes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3316569FFF7AA3ED2A6FF53FCEA9156" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF7AA3ED2A6FF53FE0290FF" blockId="22.[145,405,197,221]" box="[145,405,197,221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF7AA3ED2A6FF53FE0290FF" box="[145,405,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377">Remarks on the pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436E2FFF7AA3ED2A6FF78FCEA9156" blockId="22.[145,762,237,658]" lastBlockId="22.[809,1426,197,372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377">
|
||
Because little comparative work on pupal morphology has been done in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D61FFF7AA3ED36BFE9AFE489100" authorityName="LATREILLE" authorityYear="1809" box="[348,479,268,290]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is basically unknown what the polarity of the ‘general features of note’ is within the family. Further, because there are no developmental series of anatomy available for pupal transformation, we cannot be certain of the stage that this specimen was preserved. The conditions listed above which differ between the pupa and adults are especially interesting, as they suggest that there are intermediate stages in the structural rearrangement of the body. For example, the wideset toruli and exceptionally long clypeus are hard to explain without an atlas of developmental transformation. We note the apically bilobate labrum, in particular, as the labra of the adults are apically rounded. At present we are unable to explain the labral difference, as there are no works that model the developmental transformation from immature to imago in ants; such studies are much needed (for further detail, see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B13FFF7AA3ED6E9FED6FCF99156" author="Boudinot BE & Moosdorf OTD & Beutel RG & Richter A" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377" pagination="1616 - 1658" refId="ref23521" refString="Boudinot BE, Moosdorf OTD, Beutel RG, Richter A. 2021 b. Anatomy and evolution of the head of Dorylus helvolus (Formicidae: Dorylinae): patterns of sex- and castelimited traits in the sausagefly and the driver ant. Journal of Morphology 282: 1616 - 1658. Doi: 10.1002 / jmor. 21410." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Boudinot
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAF0FFF7AA3ED767FED6FA1C9177" box="[1360,1419,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1377">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |