298 lines
39 KiB
XML
298 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="9BDF30834CBC612CC6AF5B9831BABCD2" ID-DOI="10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630347764536" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Voss, Robert S. & Fleck, David W." docDate="2017" docId="03E587ECFFE1FFEA7490FC388228F916" docLanguage="en" docName="B417.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (417)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Mazama americana" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" masterDocId="FFDCFF94FFB4FFB37439FFE2806FFFDC" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699239402727" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="FC2FD2D63A95723D1C5A0B6B472AE9FE">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0C967E437D69F341DA76122DCFF8FD6F">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5842160D9E48192D6DA57122F965AF15">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CA6FD57290586D1802944B9242A36E5C">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C30D5CF433BA7D02C6A66E36CB2672FE">
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<mods:date id="C7CC5BA1416AC0425C924860080AB8A6">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="463FB669F35028C68753620C246D1761" type="DOI">10.1206/00030090-417.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFE1FFE67490FC3881D7FB5A" pageId="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE67490FC388250FC2E" blockId="85.[169,575,986,1010]" box="[169,575,986,1010]" pageId="85">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FFE1FFE67490FC388250FC2E" box="[169,575,986,1010]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="85" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE67490FC388250FC2E" ID-CoL="3YJ7P" authority="(Erxleben, 1777)" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[169,575,986,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE67490FC3881EEFC2D" box="[169,385,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="85">Mazama americana</emphasis>
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(Erxleben, 1777)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE674B5FBE981D7FB5A" blockId="85.[108,638,1035,1720]" pageId="85">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (TOTAL = 6): Boca Río Yaquerana (FMNH 88806–88808), Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFE1FFE6766DFBCE80F1FBB9" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="85">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(MUSM 11185), Orosa (AMNH 74117), Santa Cecelia (FMNH 86900).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFE1FFEA74B5FB728235FBAA" lastPageId="89" pageId="85" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE674B5FB72817EFAF0" blockId="85.[108,638,1035,1720]" pageId="85">
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OTHER INTERFLUVIAL RECORDS: Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE6744DFB53814FFB14" author="Amanzo, J." box="[116,288,1200,1225]" pageId="85" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí (Salovaara et al., 2003), Río Yavarí-Mirím (Salovaara et al., 2003),
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFE1FFE67454FB11808DFAD7" box="[109,226,1267,1291]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="85">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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(Valqui, 1999), Tapiche (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE67635FB11816AFAF0" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" pageId="85" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref64390" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp, T. S. Schulenberg, W. S. Alverson, D. K. Moskovits, and J. - I. Rojas-Moscoso (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE674B5FAD78213F964" blockId="85.[108,638,1035,1720]" pageId="85">
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IDENTIFICATION: Several of our voucher specimens of red brockets (FMNH 86900, 88807, 88808) are immature individuals that retain their milk premolars (dP2–dP4), but only one of these (FMNH 88807) has the immature markings of a fawn. Of our
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<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FFE1FFE674C6FA38811AFA2E" box="[255,373,1498,1522]" pageId="85" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
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specimens, two are antlerless females (AMNH 74117, MUSM 11185) and the third (FMNH 88806) is a very young male with tiny antlers that measure less than
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<quantity id="4CB49B1FFFE1FFE6765BF9DF80F4F9AA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="85" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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(not including the bony pedicel). In pelage characters (the FMNH specimens are accompanied by well-preserved skins) and adult cranial
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE67695FC388455FB88" blockId="85.[684,1212,986,1737]" pageId="85">
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measurements (
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<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FFE1FFE67759FC3883AEFC2E" box="[864,961,986,1010]" captionStart="TABLE 19" captionStartId="85.[603,683,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[120,1187,353,924]" captionText="TABLE 19 Measurements (mm) and Weights (kg) of Adult Specimens of Mazama americana and M. nemorivaga from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFE1FFE67662FF00832FFE98" pageId="85" tableUuid="DF336672FFE1FFE67662FF00832FFE98">table 19</tableCitation>
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), this material agrees closely with
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE67779FC19839BFBCF" author="Husson, A. M." box="[832,1012,1019,1043]" pageId="85" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref64194" refString="Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 2: i - xxxiv, 1 - 569, 151 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Husson’s (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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descriptions and measurements of almost-topotypical (Surinamese) material of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE67767FBDC845BFB89" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[862,1076,1086,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE67767FBDC845BFB89" box="[862,1076,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="85">Mazama americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE1FFE576F5FBBC81E8FB2A" blockId="85.[684,1212,986,1737]" lastBlockId="86.[108,637,1016,1633]" lastPageId="86" pageId="85">
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Although the identification of our material does not seem problematic based on morphological criteria, karyological and molecular studies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE676D3FB2083AFFB05" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[746,960,1218,1241]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE676D3FB2083AFFB05" box="[746,960,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="85">Mazama americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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suggest that specimens sharing the red brocket phenotype are genetically heterogeneous. In fact, phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome-
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE6770EFAC6832BFAE0" box="[823,836,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="85">b</emphasis>
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sequence data do not support the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE6776CFAA4845BFA81" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[853,1076,1350,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE6776CFAA4845BFA81" box="[853,1076,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="85">Mazama americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which was recovered as two weakly supported haplogroups in an unresolved polytomy with
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE6707AFA65837CFA1C" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE6707AFA65837CFA1C" italics="true" pageId="85">Odocoileus hemionus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE6771BFA4B83D4FA1C" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[802,955,1449,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virginianus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE6771BFA4B83D4FA1C" box="[802,955,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="85">O. virginianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and two other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE676FEFA288349FA3D" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1817" box="[711,806,1482,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE676FEFA288349FA3D" box="[711,806,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="85">Mazama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE67775FA28844FFA3E" author="Duarte, J. M. B. & S. Gonzalez & J. E. Maldonado" box="[844,1056,1482,1506]" pageId="85" pagination="17 - 22" refId="ref62104" refString="Duarte, J. M. B., S. Gonzalez, and J. E. Maldonado. 2008. The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 17 - 22." type="journal article" year="2008">Duarte et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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. Subsequently,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE67695FA098301F9DF" author="Abril, V. V. & E. A. G. Carnelossi & S. Gonzalez & J. M. B. Duarte" box="[684,878,1515,1539]" pageId="85" pagination="177 - 187" refId="ref60511" refString="Abril, V. V., E. A. G. Carnelossi, S. Gonzalez, and J. M. B. Duarte. 2010. Elucidating the evolution of the red brocket deer Mazama americana complex (Artiodactyla; Cervidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research 128: 177 - 187." type="journal article" year="2010">Abril et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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recovered two haplogroups of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE1FFE67694F9EE832CF9FF" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[685,835,1548,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE1FFE67694F9EE832CF9FF" box="[685,835,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="85">M. americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with stronger support by sequencing the mitochondrial control region and by omitting sequences from some of the other odocoileine taxa included in Duarte et al.’s (2008) analysis.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE1FFE67734F97283A3F974" author="Abril, V. V. & E. A. G. Carnelossi & S. Gonzalez & J. M. B. Duarte" box="[781,972,1680,1704]" pageId="85" pagination="177 - 187" refId="ref60511" refString="Abril, V. V., E. A. G. Carnelossi, S. Gonzalez, and J. M. B. Duarte. 2010. Elucidating the evolution of the red brocket deer Mazama americana complex (Artiodactyla; Cervidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research 128: 177 - 187." type="journal article" year="2010">Abril et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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referred to these haplogroups as morphologically cryptic “species,” but this conclusion is not supported by their karyological data.
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE2FFE57502FBF78122FBFA" attach="left" box="[315,333,1045,1062]" fontSize="7" pageId="86">17</superScript>
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In effect, the taxonomic interpretation of the cytogenetic and molecular data at hand is not straightforward, nor is it known which (if either) of the two haplogroups recovered in published analyses of mtDNA sequence data occurs in
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFE2FFE5754DFB5F827AFB09" box="[372,533,1213,1237]" name="French Guiana" pageId="86">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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(the
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<typeStatus id="54F78858FFE2FFE57674FB5F8213FB09" box="[589,636,1213,1237]" pageId="86">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE2FFE574D8FB3D8118FB2A" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[225,375,1247,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE2FFE574D8FB3D8118FB2A" box="[225,375,1247,1270]" italics="true" pageId="86">M. americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF336672FFE2FFE57452FC5E83F3FC0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407813" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407813" box="[107,924,954,979]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407813/files/figure.png" pageId="86" startId="86.[107,149,956,977]" targetBox="[133,1189,227,928]" targetPageId="86">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE57452FC5E83F3FC0E" blockId="86.[107,924,954,979]" box="[107,924,954,979]" pageId="86">FIG. 21. Matses boy with pet red brocket fawn (photo by D.W.F.; Estirón, 2016).</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE574B5FB1D8213F99C" blockId="86.[108,637,1016,1633]" pageId="86">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE2FFE574B5FB1D814DFACB" author="Grubb, P." box="[140,290,1279,1303]" pageId="86" pagination="637 - 722" refId="ref63409" refString="Grubb, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (editors), Mammal species of the world (3 rd ed.): 637 - 722. Batimore: Johns Hopkins University Press." type="book chapter" year="2005">Grubb (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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||
recognized numerous allegedly valid subspecies of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE2FFE57503FAC38261FAE4" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[314,526,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE2FFE57503FAC38261FAE4" box="[314,526,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="86">Mazama americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
for which (as usual) he cited no supporting revisionary study. According to
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE2FFE57573FA80819EFAA6" author="Cabrera, A." box="[330,497,1378,1402]" pageId="86" pagination="309 - 732" refId="ref61421" refString="Cabrera, A. 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur [part 2]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4 (2): xix - xxii, 309 - 732." type="journal article" year="1961">Cabrera (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, the western Amazonian form is
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||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE2FFE5756BFA668184FA47" box="[338,491,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="86">M. a. zamora</emphasis>
|
||
Allen, 1915, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFE2FFE574AEFA4780A9FA61" box="[151,198,1445,1469]" pageId="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of which is in the southeastern Andean foothills of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFE2FFE57570FA2781C9FA01" box="[329,422,1477,1501]" name="Ecuador" pageId="86">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In light of molecular studies cited above, a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the many nominal taxa currently treated as synonyms or subspecies of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE57455F9A881A9F9BE" blockId="86.[108,637,1016,1633]" box="[108,454,1610,1634]" pageId="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE2FFE57455F9A8816CF9BD" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[108,259,1610,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE2FFE57455F9A8816CF9BD" box="[108,259,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="86">M. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE576F5FC158306FA60" blockId="86.[684,1214,1014,1567]" pageId="86">
|
||
ETHNOBIOLOGY: The red brocket is called senad piu (“reddish deer”). The Matses recognize and name two varieties of this species, senad maçhëşh (“black-headed deer”) and senad bëdimpi (“little spotted deer”). The latter would seem to designate young individuals, yet the Matses insist that this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE2FFE577F4FB5F843CFB09" box="[973,1107,1213,1237]" pageId="86" rank="variety" variety="does">variety does</taxonomicName>
|
||
not grow any larger, does not lose its spots, and runs as fast as an adult. Additionally, a third variety is simply called senad piu.
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE2FFE5778FFAFF83A8FAF2" attach="left" box="[950,967,1309,1326]" fontSize="7" pageId="86">18</superScript>
|
||
The spotted variety is rarely encountered and is only found in upland forest, the senad piu variety is the most commonly encountered, and the black-headed variety is the largest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE576F4FA2784D2F9C3" blockId="86.[684,1214,1014,1567]" pageId="86">The red brocket is a primary game animal for the Matses. Deer fat sticks to the mouth when one eats it, so the Matses are not fond of deer fat.</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E8572AF4FFE2FFE57695F9B78329F915" pageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE57695F9B78329F915" blockId="86.[684,1212,1621,1737]" pageId="86">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE2FFE57695F9B782D5F9BD" attach="left" box="[684,698,1621,1633]" fontSize="5" pageId="86">18</superScript>
|
||
One could interpret this either as an unnamed variety or as an example of multilevel polysemy (a single name designating both a superordinate and a subordinate entity; e.g., the English term
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE2FFE57770F97C830DF96C" box="[841,866,1694,1712]" italics="true" pageId="86">cat</emphasis>
|
||
referring either to the house cat or to felids in general).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<footnote id="E8572AF4FFE2FFE57454F967823FF915" pageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE2FFE57454F967823FF915" blockId="86.[108,637,1669,1737]" pageId="86">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE2FFE57454F9678014F94D" attach="left" box="[109,123,1669,1681]" fontSize="5" pageId="86">17</superScript>
|
||
One cytotype (“Santarém”) is shared between the two haplogroups, which do not form convex sets on Abril et al.’s (2010: fig. 4) hypothesized network of chromosomal evolution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FFE3FFE47455FACB8343FAA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407815/files/figure.png" pageId="87" startId="87.[108,150,1321,1342]" targetBox="[300,1020,224,1294]" targetPageId="87">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE3FFE47455FACB8343FAA5" blockId="87.[108,1213,1318,1401]" pageId="87">
|
||
FIG. 22. Red brocket trussed for carrying (photo by Steven Romanoff; upper Quebrada Chobayacu, ca. 1975). Here the tumpline is made from stems of the ayaşh epiphyte (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE3FFE476EFFAA78304FA87" box="[726,875,1348,1372]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE3FFE476EFFAA78353FA80" box="[726,828,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="87">Heteropsis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE3FFE4774FFAA683BFFA80" box="[886,976,1348,1372]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), a less desirable material for this purpose than the inner bark of the tote tree (see. fig. 19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE3FFE47455FA458221F9FE" blockId="87.[108,636,1446,1735]" pageId="87">However, lean meat is appreciated, and a red brocket carcass has a lot of meat on it. The Matses sometimes keep fawns as pets (fig. 21), but tame deer wander away when they become adults.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE3FFE474B5F9C984C1FA03" blockId="87.[108,636,1446,1735]" lastBlockId="87.[684,1214,1446,1735]" pageId="87">Deer are difficult to kill because they almost always run off before one can shoot them. The Matses often kill deer when they happen upon one that is sleeping in the daytime and can be approached before it wakes up. The Matses often visit mineral licks during the day to look for deer and other game species that visit mineral licks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE3FFEB76F4FA0B825AFEE7" blockId="87.[684,1214,1446,1735]" lastBlockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" lastPageId="88" pageId="87">
|
||
Now that the Matses have flashlights, they hunt at night by walking down forest paths. The intention of night hunting is primarily to kill pacas, which are common in secondary forest near villages, especially when peach-palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE3FFE4700EF98C82B6F97A" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Bactris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gasipaes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE3FFE4700EF98C82B6F97A" italics="true" pageId="87">Bactris gasipaes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE3FFE476DFF96C8335F97A" box="[742,858,1678,1702]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) fruits are ripe (from January to March). Hunters also occasionally encounter red brockets that come to secondary forest near villages at night, and they occasionally kill deer while waiting at night for game at a mineral lick.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB74B5FEA6812EFD7B" blockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" pageId="88">
|
||
Slain deer are prepared for packing home in a certain way (fig. 22). The front legs are lashed to the neck with epiphyte stems, and the hind legs are lashed to the front legs. Then a strip of the inner bark of certain
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFECFFEB75BDFE2B81D1FE3D" box="[388,446,457,481]" pageId="88">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of trees is tied to the neck and rump to make a tumpline. If the deer is large and is killed far from the village, it is gutted before being tied up for carrying. A hunter might also skin and butcher the deer and carry it back in a palm leaf basket that is woven on the spot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB74B5FD5380BAFC53" blockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" pageId="88">Young men and women do not eat the head, lest they stab themselves in the thigh with a sharp (antlerlike) stick when chasing after an animal while hunting (women often help men chase down animals, especially while guiding hunting dogs). Old people, however, may eat the head.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB74B5FC7A8122FAA3" blockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" pageId="88">When a hunter kills, eats, or sees a deer, the deer’s spirit may make one of his children ill. Occasionally the deer’s spirit makes a child ill even if there has been no contact with a deer. The symptoms for contagion by deer spirits are the same as those by tapir spirits: high fever and rolling of eyes into the back of the head. When a child exhibits these symptoms after the father has had contact with a deer, a medicine man will collect certain medicinal plants (“deer medicine”) and bathe the child with an infusion of the leaves. Interestingly, “tapir medicine” is also used to treat ailments caused by deer spirits, suggesting that the Matses perceive an affinity between these two ungulates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB74B5FA6A8272F95B" blockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" pageId="88">MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: Red brockets are reddish, the color of some dogs. Males have antlers, but females do not. The antlers are very hard. Red brockets have a white tail, large ears, and large nostrils. Their hindquarters have a lot of meat. They have thin lower legs and ankles, and two parallel hooves, similar to those of a collared peccary, but smaller. The young are spotted.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB74B5F9728323FE80" blockId="88.[108,637,225,1737]" lastBlockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">Red brockets walk around in all habitats, including upland and floodplain forest, primary and secondary forest, and along streams and rivers. They come to the edges of Matses swiddens and sometimes enter Matses swiddens to eat manioc leaves.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB76F5FE878413FDDE" blockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">Red brockets do not make nests. They clear a small patch of ground and lie down to sleep, curled up on their sides like dogs. In the daytime they often sleep in forest with an open canopy. They do not sleep in the same place twice.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB76F5FDE983DEFC90" blockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">Red brockets are mostly nocturnal. They sleep during the day. Sometimes they walk around during the day, but not when it is dry. They walk around in the rain by day or night. They travel far, looking for leaves and fruits to eat. The places where they eat fruits are swept clear of leaf litter. After eating their fill, they lie down to rest, often in a sunny spot in a treefall, in streamside forest on high ground where a stream bends, at the foot of a hill, or on a hilltop.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB76F5FCB7840CFBAA" blockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">Red brockets visit several different mineral licks by day or at night, and they always return to the same mineral licks. They make the water in the mineral lick turbid with their feet and then slurp up the muddied water. Unlike tapirs and other animals that use mineral licks, red brocket deer do not eat the mud if the mineral lick is not waterlogged. Red brockets do not usually make paths, but one can find deer paths that lead to a mineral lick.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB76F5FB9D8450F9BA" blockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">
|
||
Red brockets are generally solitary. Very rarely
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FFECFFEB7695FB43834BFB64" box="[684,804,1184,1208]" pageId="88" type="adult">two adults</specimenCount>
|
||
may be encountered together. The male does not live with the female. They mate when they encounter each other. The deer gives birth to a single young under the shelter of a stemless palm with large simple leaves, or at the edge of a blowdown. It suckles its newborn at the same place where it gave birth to it, lying on its side, like a dog does. It goes to drink muddied water at a mineral lick and then returns to suckle its young. Then it goes to eat ripe fruits and comes back to suckle its young again. The young deer stands up after two days and starts to walk around and forage with the mother. Once it is large and strong, it leaves its mother.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFECFFEB76F5F98D83AAF915" blockId="88.[683,1214,225,1737]" pageId="88">Red brockets are a favorite prey of jaguars and pumas. Large anacondas and black caimans occasionally capture deer.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFEDFFEA74B5FF0081BCFEA2" blockId="89.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="89">Red brockets call out saying “mia” (a sort of high-pitched whine). Females call out saying “ooo” (a sort of howl) when they are in heat. They stamp their feet when they see a person at a distance (if they are not wary).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFEDFFEA74B5FE658235FBAA" blockId="89.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="89">
|
||
Red brockets eat the fruits of many
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFEDFFEA761AFE658231FE43" box="[547,606,391,415]" pageId="89">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of dicot trees—particularly sweet fruits—including those of şhannëd (?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA754BFE28818CFE3D" box="[370,483,458,481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA754BFE28818CFE3D" box="[370,483,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="89">Brosimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA75C8FE2B8206FE3D" box="[497,617,457,481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), figs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7493FE098171FDDE" box="[170,286,491,514]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA7493FE09808BFDDE" box="[170,228,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="89">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7509FE0881C5FDDE" box="[304,426,490,514]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), şhëşhun (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7605FE098093FDFF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA7605FE098093FDFF" italics="true" pageId="89">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7533FDE981D4FDFF" box="[266,443,523,547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), taëpa (unidentified), and piuşh bëchi (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA75BFFDCE8213FD98" box="[390,636,556,580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Helicostylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA75BFFDCE8213FD98" box="[390,636,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="89">Helicostylis tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA744AFDAF8081FDB9" box="[115,238,589,613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). They don’t just eat the pulp of the fruits, but also swallow the seeds. Their favorite dicot tree fruit is that of echo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7614FD7280D5FD14" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Jacaratia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA7614FD7280E4FD14" italics="true" pageId="89">Jacaratia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA74E9FD528135FD14" box="[208,346,688,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), which is like a wild papaya. They also eat papayas that have fallen to the ground in Matses swiddens. They also eat the seeds of some palms, including those of bottle palms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA752CFCD481B2FC91" box="[277,477,821,845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Iriartea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deltoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA752CFCD481B2FC91" box="[277,477,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="89">Iriartea deltoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA75C9FCD78202FC91" box="[496,621,821,845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) and stilt palms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7502FCB48279FCB2" box="[315,534,854,878]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Socratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exorrhiza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA7502FCB48279FCB2" box="[315,534,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="89">Socratea exorrhiza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA7612FCB480C9FC53" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). Red brockets also eat the leaves of many dicot trees and understory plants, including cecropia trees (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFEDFFEA75AFFC5B8197FC0C" box="[406,504,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="89">Cecropia</emphasis>
|
||
sp. [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFEDFFEA760BFC5880CCFC2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), which grow in secondary forest. They eat manioc leaves and papaya leaves when they come to Matses swiddens. Pet deer are fed papaya, echo fruits, and the otherwise discarded pulp of strained plantain beverages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FFEDFFEA74B5FB628228F916" pageId="89" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFEDFFEA74B5FB628228F916" blockId="89.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="89">
|
||
REMARKS: Matses interviews about red brockets include most of the well-established natural history facts about this widespread species, including its use of floodplain habitats and secondary vegetation (avoided by gray brockets); solitary habits; feline predators; mixed diet of fruit, seeds, and browse; and propensity for visiting mineral licks (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA75B1FA858241FAA3" author="Bodmer, R. E." box="[392,558,1383,1407]" pageId="89" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref61027" refString="Bodmer, R. E. 1989. Frugivory in Amazonian Artiodactyla: evidence for the evolution of the ruminant stomach. Journal of Zoology 219: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="1989">Bodmer, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA7679FA858218FAA3" author="Bodmer, R. E." box="[576,631,1383,1407]" pageId="89" pagination="361 - 365" refId="ref61089" refString="Bodmer, R. E. 1991. Influence of digestive morphology on resource partitioning in Amazonian ungulates. Oecologia 85: 361 - 365." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA7455FA6A8145FA7C" author="Gayot, M. & O. Henry & G. Dubost & D. Sabatier" box="[108,298,1416,1440]" pageId="89" pagination="31 - 43" refId="ref63020" refString="Gayot, M., O. Henry, G. Dubost, and D. Sabatier. 2004. Comparative diet of two forest cervids of the genus Mazama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20: 31 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Gayot et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tobler et al., 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA7638FA6A80CAFA1D" author="Blake, J. G. & D. Mosquera & J. Salvador" pageId="89" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref60981" refString="Blake, J. G., D. Mosquera, and J. Salvador. 2013. Use of mineral licks by mammals and birds in hunted and non-hunted areas of Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. Animal Conservation 16: 430 - 437." type="journal article" year="2013">Blake et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many other behavioral details, however, are not reported in the literature we consulted, including information about daily movements, geophagy, reptilian predators, and sexual vocalizations. Although the Matses say red brockets are mostly nocturnal, this is perhaps a result of local hunting pressure; at unhunted western Amazonian sites red brockets are often active by day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA749BF950811DF915" author="Gomez, H. & R. B. Wallace & G. Ayala & Renata Tejada" box="[162,370,1713,1738]" pageId="89" pagination="91 - 95" refId="ref63171" refString="Gomez, H., R. B. Wallace, G. Ayala, and Renata Tejada. 2005. Dry season activity of some Amazonian mammals. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 40: 91 - 95." type="journal article" year="2005">Gómez et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFEDFFEA7547F9508253F916" author="Blake, J. G. & D. Mosquera & J. Salvador" box="[382,572,1714,1738]" pageId="89" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref60981" refString="Blake, J. G., D. Mosquera, and J. Salvador. 2013. Use of mineral licks by mammals and birds in hunted and non-hunted areas of Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. Animal Conservation 16: 430 - 437." type="journal article" year="2013">Blake et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |