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<mods:title id="37B6ED97C371C7C3EFF62FD4638A4009">Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4A90CE2C3F9C80E65F62E42DCD87A884" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6167348" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100080678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6167348" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A90CE2C3F9C80E65F62E42DCD87A884" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A90CE2C3F9C80E65F62E42DCD87A884" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph id="78DD1C3F852054AB0E0AE7F13AAF434D" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="mainText">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="77A9843A0FCEF5FFA92D47431876376C" ID-CoL="62P4W" ID-ENA="653443" authority="Archer, 1946" authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1946" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Cryptachaea
<bibRefCitation id="C305F3A3261CB154BC82DFE0DE4B8264" author="Archer, A. F." journalOrPublisher="Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper" pagination="1 - 67" part="22" refId="ref14530" refString="Archer, A. F. (1946) The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper, 22, 1 - 67." title="The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama" type="journal article" year="1946">Archer, 1946</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="583F21497F3819C91858BA65ED93DA9F" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName id="D4DB2B550AE80BC5221227CA91FFC804" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="73DC1BED29609DBB877055D0FD2DDF23" author="Archer, A. F." journalOrPublisher="Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper" pagination="1 - 67" part="22" refId="ref14530" refString="Archer, A. F. (1946) The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper, 22, 1 - 67." title="The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama" type="journal article" year="1946">Archer 1946: 36</bibRefCitation>
, established as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="6CD68CF4D057667494820981C9ABAFFE" authority="Walckenaer, 1805" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Theridion Walckenaer, 1805</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="834FDC4FF3472D2361FBD632EFDBED02" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="B7D5E793941BCD7AC3DC084F1E0AE0BB" authority="Gertsch &amp; Archer, 1942" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Archer" authorityYear="1942" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapetraeum">Theridion catapetraeum Gertsch &amp; Archer, 1942</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="8AECDDC1C167673B7C975C753F287EE8" authority="(Banks, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porteri">C. porteri (Banks, 1896)</taxonomicName>
], by original designation. Elevated to genus by
<bibRefCitation id="54E056954D0F6C889660FA11F8195966" author="Archer, A. F." journalOrPublisher="Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper" pagination="1 - 40" part="30" refId="ref14561" refString="Archer, A. F. (1950) A study of theridiid and mimetid spiders with descriptions of new genera and species. Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper, 30, 1 - 40." title="A study of theridiid and mimetid spiders with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="1950">Archer 1950: 14</bibRefCitation>
. Considered a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="383B3C9050A4D0860A29E74020C6AF74" authority="Strand, 1929" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1929" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Achaearanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Achaearanea Strand, 1929</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="35E5803AA45A7B117DAEC62A59E4A893" author="Levi, H. W." journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pagination="1 - 33" part="1718" refId="ref15521" refString="Levi, H. W. (1955) The spider genera Coressa and Achaearanea in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). American Museum Novitates, 1718, 1 - 33." title="The spider genera Coressa and Achaearanea in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="1955">Levi 1955: 6</bibRefCitation>
. Removed from synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="7186192D6C38F57D6CC53953A4AFBFC1" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Achaearanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Achaearanea</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF40DA2F1F2CB8415DB9598AA6477ABB" author="Yoshida, H." journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pagination="37 - 40" part="57" refId="ref16954" refString="Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 57, 37 - 40." title="A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Yoshida 2008: 38</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1331B2122F10369372F20CA82FFE3801" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1FA8AEBA91E84FD3ABFF6A6780CFCBA1" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="mainText">
Diagnosis.
<taxonomicName id="75B54FFC071947C4AA1BA312A6036878" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
keys out under
<taxonomicName id="459F9DBB28092DE4A7B9EA5682981E89" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Achaearanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Achaearanea</taxonomicName>
according to
<bibRefCitation id="2807E51D2ACC65F8B9E21D77DBB6FEBA" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pagination="1 - 71" part="127" refId="ref15557" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.; 127, 1 - 71." title="The genera of the spider family Theridiidae" type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi (1962)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="911633B6BF5CAA838E767CD699C0FAC6" author="Yoshida, H." journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pagination="37 - 40" part="57" refId="ref16954" refString="Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 57, 37 - 40." title="A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Yoshida (2008: 38)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished
<taxonomicName id="88E5B3BE691F390C6A52489A50886B77" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
from the other genera with a hooded
<normalizedToken id="C5D63C24B4842DA162CD1BD7F33BB72A" originalValue="paracymbium" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">'paracymbium'</normalizedToken>
(cymbial hood of
<bibRefCitation id="20A7355B73A1B3B10935F5666A8F7F97" author="Agnarsson, I." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="447 - 626" part="141" refId="ref14444" refString="Agnarsson, I. (2004) Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 447 - 626." title="Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">Agnarsson 2004</bibRefCitation>
) that key out under
<taxonomicName id="4EEFDF906D97FD875DE7011CB662FDB0" authority="Henziectypus Archer, 1946" authorityName="Henziectypus Archer" authorityYear="1946" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Achaearanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Achaearanea, Henziectypus
<bibRefCitation id="EC323DFA2CCE144A3E84213D2E5A6398" author="Archer, A. F." journalOrPublisher="Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper" pagination="1 - 67" part="22" refId="ref14530" refString="Archer, A. F. (1946) The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper, 22, 1 - 67." title="The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama" type="journal article" year="1946">Archer, 1946</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CEB3D3FD7A3C8D655ACBAAB72BBD8A0B" authority="Archer, 1946" authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1946" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Parasteatoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Parasteatoda
<bibRefCitation id="58D9BD9C444293FCB38A18B6EFDBF4BC" author="Archer, A. F." journalOrPublisher="Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper" pagination="1 - 67" part="22" refId="ref14530" refString="Archer, A. F. (1946) The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Museum Paper, 22, 1 - 67." title="The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama" type="journal article" year="1946">Archer, 1946</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as follows: &quot;... from Henziectypus by median apophysis attached to embolus with which it forms one sclerite, from
<taxonomicName id="DE8BC1E0ABA72077B1D0515C1B458EEA" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Parasteatoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasteatoda</taxonomicName>
by cymbium extend [sic] beyond alveolus, tegulum spherical, and subtegulum shallow and ring-like&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="84658827CB2A0A23FBA46E14584B6CA6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="CA5B0461D15F1CC55BE2CE6F7CE8454C" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="mainText">
Comments.
<bibRefCitation id="7CB6AF638969E0FF9BADB61B7915BAF6" author="Yoshida, H." journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pagination="37 - 40" part="57" refId="ref16954" refString="Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 57, 37 - 40." title="A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Yoshida (2008)</bibRefCitation>
first transferred
<taxonomicName id="6786368000E912BD0804EA1EDED1BE59" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veruculata">C. veruculata</taxonomicName>
into the genus
<taxonomicName id="00BD5CEC6CFB40AFC6B6B200CAFD19D0" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
, diagnosed partly by fusion of the median apophysis and embolus. In a superficial examination, these sclerites can be seen separately in both
<taxonomicName id="2264C3B283D7EEE6C048FEE5207050F9" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veruculata">C. veruculata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5BCE6D4AFC90BEFB0F44186B12C7F50C" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantipes">C. gigantipes</taxonomicName>
(Figs 14, 16). Further examination of these species shows that both sclerites are indeed fused onto a common base, but possibly retain some flexibility by the membranous sections (Fig. 15). The sclerotised part of the base of the median apophysis bears a prominent medial knob, which cradles the base of the embolus. Furthermore, there is a fleshy lobe with a sclerotised tip extending ventrally from the fused part of the median apophysis/embolus (shown as the latter in
<taxonomicName id="630EA0CFE78DA988C68B5A0366C24EB0" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veruculata">C. veruculata</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="B5A5C4E25A3171FE3649559FD808B86A" author="Merrett, P. &amp; Rowe, J. J." journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pagination="89 - 96" part="4" refId="ref15684" refString="Merrett, P. &amp; Rowe, J. J. (1961) A New Zealand spider, Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart), established in Scilly, and new records of other species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 89 - 96." title="A New Zealand spider, Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart), established in Scilly, and new records of other species" type="journal article" year="1961">Merrett &amp; Rowe 1961</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5). The lobe locates firmly in a proventral pocket in the conductor base. This pocket is visible externally as a dark outline in both species (e.g. Fig. 12). These features distinguish the two Australasian species from the cosmopolitan
<taxonomicName id="670839D11F790F4A0FBD3467AC059592" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blattea">Cryptachaea blattea</taxonomicName>
, in which the embolus and median apophysis are fused but neither the knob nor lobe/pocket is present (
<taxonomicName id="1E25DC040D10AFBA995CFE7AC1191666" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blattea">C. blattea</taxonomicName>
specimen examined:
<collectionCode id="0968D98FC41578308DAD780B39DE706D" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">AM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="EA01F7588E3169B420FE2C29838BD811" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">KS</collectionCode>
116774, Stokes Valley, Wellington,
<collectionCode id="07315184E1BF5894C18E2360FBEDAE58" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">NZ</collectionCode>
, coll. B.M. Fitzgerald,
<date id="529E6BA7F73506A84786006E919371CF" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2011-10">Oct. 2011</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78FA78028B48A135D687C3611F0AD06A" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="mainText">
We also note that the males of the three
<taxonomicName id="5FA4379169B06A49F3BD8F39AD559DEC" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
species discussed here possess cephalothoracic stridulatory ridges and corresponding abdominal pegs. These characters are present in a number of theridiid genera (
<bibRefCitation id="AC78B81D28C96E15CF8FA59BA31B4FD1" author="Agnarsson, I." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="447 - 626" part="141" refId="ref14444" refString="Agnarsson, I. (2004) Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 447 - 626." title="Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">Agnarsson 2004</bibRefCitation>
) but were not reported by
<bibRefCitation id="35B47B9A299E9FDD85D1FC0B354DDCA8" author="Yoshida, H." journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pagination="37 - 40" part="57" refId="ref16954" refString="Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 57, 37 - 40." title="A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Yoshida (2008)</bibRefCitation>
when he revalidated
<taxonomicName id="46DF6C7F33B87450D46E4A6A6B54B725" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptachaea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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