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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce2a2763-3c4d-4be7-b56d-7a8c7e27608b" ID-PMC="PMC7297811" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-939-87" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" ID-PubMed="32577083" ID-ZooBank="B239701148884712880E1069C943AD33" ModsDocID="1313-2970-939-87" checkinTime="1591794867056" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Skuhrovec, Jiri, Caldara, Roberto &amp; Tosevski, Ivo" docDate="2020" docId="BFDC12978E5B51C2B7BE0B190FD35FFE" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 939: 87-165" docOrigin="ZooKeys 939" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612" docTitle="Mecinus janthinus Germar 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1668168933079" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Immature stages of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland &amp; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080, Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>939</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>87</mods:start>
<mods:end>165</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-939-87</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B239701148884712880E1069C943AD33</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="164500619" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BFDC12978E5B51C2B7BE0B190FD35FFE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BFDC12978E5B51C2B7BE0B190FD35FFE" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName LSID="BFDC1297-8E5B-51C2-B7BE-0B190FD35FFE" authority="Germar, 1821" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus janthinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthinus">Mecinus janthinus Germar, 1821</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
9 L3 larvae and 8 pupae, Serbia, Mihajlovac, 5.07.2009,
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="21.541" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.359016">44°21.541'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="28.650" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.4775">22°28.650'E</geoCoordinate>
, 130 m., ex
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Serbia, Negotin,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tamnič">Tamnic</normalizedToken>
, 2.08. 2007,
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="06.033" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.10055">44°06.033'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="30.105" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.50175">22°30.105'E</geoCoordinate>
, 126 m., ex
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 8 pupae, Serbia, Mihajlovac, 5.07.2009,
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="21.683" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.36138">44°21.683'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="28.697" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.478283">22°28.697'E</geoCoordinate>
, 125 m., ex
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1 pupa, Serbia, DonjaKamenica, Kalna, 22.08.2011,
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="29.450" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.490833">43°29.450'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="19.712" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.328533">22°19.712'E</geoCoordinate>
, 278 m., ex
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All collected by I.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
. Accession numbers of sequenced specimen MN992005.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
(Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19A-D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20A-F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 4.00-4.75. Body width (metathorax and abdominal segments I-II): 1.10-1.25. Head width: 0.50-0.57.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Body</emphasis>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19A-D</figureCitation>
) yellowish, very slender, densely covered with asperities. Prothorax smaller than meso- and metathorax. Abdominal segments I-V of almost equal length; segments VI-IX decreasing gradually to the terminal body part; segment X reduced to three anal lobes of those lateral are the largest, and dorsal the smallest (sometimes absent). Chaetotaxy well developed, setae capilliform, variable in length, greyish or yellow. Prothorax (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19B</figureCitation>
) with eight long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prns</emphasis>
of equal length; two long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and one short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Meso- and metathorax (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19B</figureCitation>
) with one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
, three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
, variable in length (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds1</emphasis>
short,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds2-3</emphasis>
medium), one short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
, three short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
, one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
, one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Pedal area with five long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pda.</emphasis>
Abdominal segments I-VIII (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19C, D</figureCitation>
) with one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
, four
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
of different length (on segments I-V:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds1-2</emphasis>
short,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds3-4</emphasis>
long; on segments VI-VIII all
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
very long, almost equal in length) and arranged along posterior margin; one minute and two medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
, one short and one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
, one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
, one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lsts</emphasis>
and two medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Abdominal segment IX (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19D</figureCitation>
) with four very long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
, all located close to the posterior margin, two long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and two short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sts.</emphasis>
Each of lateral anal lobe with two minute setae.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus janthinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
habitus of the body and frontal view of the head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
lateral view of thoracic segments
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segment I
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
- alar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
- epipleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus</emphasis>
- eusternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lsts</emphasis>
- laterosternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pda</emphasis>
- pedal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
- postdorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prns</emphasis>
- pronotal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
- prodorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
- pleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
- spiracular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sts</emphasis>
- sternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ts</emphasis>
- terminal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419873" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">19A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20A-F</figureCitation>
) yellow, distinctly narrowed bilaterally.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Des1-3,5</emphasis>
very long, equal in length;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des4</emphasis>
half the length of other
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des</emphasis>
;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des4</emphasis>
medially.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Fs1,4,5</emphasis>
long,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fs3</emphasis>
medium.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Les1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">les2</emphasis>
long, equal in length; one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ves</emphasis>
, and four
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pes</emphasis>
short (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20A</figureCitation>
). Two stemmata of different size. Antennae (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20B</figureCitation>
) with sensorium (Se) conical, twice as long as wide, and three sensilla of different types: one sa and two sb. Clypeus (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20C</figureCitation>
) trapezium-shaped, anterior margin distinctly concave; two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cls</emphasis>
relatively long, located on protuberances;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">clss</emphasis>
placed medially between
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cls.</emphasis>
Labrum (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20C</figureCitation>
) with sinuate anterior margin;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs1-3</emphasis>
almost equal in length, all placed on protuberances. Epipharynx (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20D</figureCitation>
) with three medium, finger-shaped
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">als</emphasis>
of almost equal length; two finger-like, different in length
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ams</emphasis>
; two medium finger-like
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mes</emphasis>
; surface smooth; labral rods close to kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20E</figureCitation>
) conical, wide, an elongated protuberance in the middle of the cutting edge; both
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mds</emphasis>
capilliform, medium, equal in length, placed mediolaterally. Maxilla (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20F</figureCitation>
) with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">stps</emphasis>
and two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pfs</emphasis>
of equal length;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mbs</emphasis>
medium; mala with six rod-like
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms</emphasis>
of almost equal size, five
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vms</emphasis>
equal in length. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal, both of almost equal length. Prelabium (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20F</figureCitation>
) cup-like with one very long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prms</emphasis>
; ligula with three medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ligs</emphasis>
; premental sclerite clearly visible, cup-shaped. Labial palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere slightly wider and distinctly shorter than distal. Postlabium (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Mecinus janthinus mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, clss - clypeal sensorium, des - dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">20F</figureCitation>
) with three capilliform medium to long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419874" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus janthinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mature larva, head and mouth parts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
head, frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
clypeus and labrum, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
epipharynx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">E</emphasis>
left mandible
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">F</emphasis>
maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">at</emphasis>
- antenna,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">clss</emphasis>
- clypeal sensorium,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des</emphasis>
- dorsal epicranial, lr - labral rods, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">als</emphasis>
- anterolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ams</emphasis>
- anteromedial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cls</emphasis>
- clypeal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms</emphasis>
- dorsal malar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fs</emphasis>
- frontal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ligs</emphasis>
- ligular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs</emphasis>
- labral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
- lateral epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mbs</emphasis>
- malar basiventral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mds</emphasis>
- mandibular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mes</emphasis>
- median,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mxps</emphasis>
- maxillary palp,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pes</emphasis>
- postepicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ves</emphasis>
- ventral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pfs</emphasis>
- palpiferal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms</emphasis>
- postlabial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prms</emphasis>
- prelabial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">stps</emphasis>
- stipal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vms</emphasis>
- ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Description of pupa</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Mecinus janthinus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">21A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Head width: 0.46-0.56. Body width: 1.16-1.50. Body length: 3.70-4.05.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Body</emphasis>
elongated, white. Rostrum slender, about 3.4 times as long as wide, reaching almost up to mesocoxae. Antennae slender and elongated. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long. Mesonotum slightly shorter than metanotum. Urogomphi (ur) slender and elongated, conical, with sclerotised apex, distinctly reaching outline of the body, directed outside (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Mecinus janthinus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">21A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
well developed, setae short or medium long. Head with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vs</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sos</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">os</emphasis>
and two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pas</emphasis>
. Rostrum with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">rs</emphasis>
placed medially. All setae of head equal in length (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Mecinus janthinus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">21A, B</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
, one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
, and three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pls</emphasis>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Mecinus janthinus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">21B, C</figureCitation>
). All setae on pronotum elongated, equal in length (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Mecinus janthinus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">21C</figureCitation>
). Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two setae placed medially. Abdominal segments I-VIII with two setae laterally and three medium long setae ventrally. Dorsal parts of abdominal segments I-VII with six setae (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d1</emphasis>
placed anteromedially,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d2-4</emphasis>
placed posteromedially,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d5-6</emphasis>
posterolaterally); segment VIII with five very long setae dorsally. Abdominal segment IX with two micro-setae ventrally.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419875" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus janthinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa habitus and chaetotaxy
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
- apical,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
- discal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fes</emphasis>
- femoral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">l</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
- lateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">os</emphasis>
- orbital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
- postantennal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pls</emphasis>
- posterolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">rs</emphasis>
- rostral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
- superlateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sos</emphasis>
- superorbital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vs</emphasis>
- vertical.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Biological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
The host plant of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. janthinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the yellow toadflax,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria vulgaris" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Linaria vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill. This species is distributed in temperate regions of the eastern Palearctic region, inhabiting lowlands and hilly slopes up to 500 m altitude. From beginning of the 1990s,
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. janthinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced as biological control agent for the control of invasive toadflaxes in North America (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12430" author="Tosevski, I" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Applied Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="16 - 34" refId="B49" refString="Tosevski, I, Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, R, McClay, A, Weaver, DK, Schwarzlaender, M, Krstic, O, Jovic, J, Gassmann, A, 2018. Twenty-five years after: post-introduction association of Mecinus janthinus with invasive host toadflaxes Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica in North America. Annals of Applied Biology 173: 16 - 34, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12430" title="Twenty-five years after: post-introduction association of Mecinus janthinus with invasive host toadflaxes Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12430" volume="173" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The adults emerge in early March and feed intensively on the newly growing shoots of the host plant. Oviposition occurs on actively growing shoots, and the preferred oviposition site is the widest part of the stem. Females lay one or, rarely, two eggs per shoot. This species is a true stem borer with larval feeding and mining in the central part of the stem. The adults overwinter in the stems of the host plant inside an elongated pupal chamber built by the last instar larva prior to pupation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus janthinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus janthinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely distributed in northern, central and southeastern Europe, Russia from the western borders to southern central Siberia, the Caucasian states, and Turkey. This species was introduced in North America for the biological control of toadflaxes in 1991-1999 (
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, LM" journalOrPublisher="Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. FHTET- 05 - 13. 2005" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B52" refString="Wilson, LM, Sing, SE, Piper, GL, Hansen, RW, De Clerck-Floate, R, MacKinnon, DK, 2005. In: Randall CB (Ed.) Biology and Biological Control of Dalamatian and Yellow Toadflax. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. FHTET-05-13. 2005" title="In: Randall CB (Ed.) Biology and Biological Control of Dalamatian and Yellow Toadflax." year="2005">Wilson et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The adults can be easily confused with
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. janthiniformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="janthiniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. janthiniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both sympatric in part of their range of distribution, since the differences between them are few and subtle. In contrast, the larvae of these two species show numerous differences in the number of setae in many parts of the body, such as the head, antenna, pronotum and thoracic segments (see key).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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