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<document id="6E9AD6646CC8B1206EBF75310C494122" ID-CLB-Dataset="28413" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8ca25900-3a6f-4f10-9331-dff9eeccbb8d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2589400" ID-ZooBank="FDADF9CA-379C-4980-8AE4-D47F58537E3F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1552236971884" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rocha, Rosana M. &amp; Counts, Bailey Keegan" docDate="2019" docId="03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4564.2.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4564 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyura vannamei Monniot C. 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="508" masterDocId="FFE3467FB058FFFA8576DD040707FB3D" masterDocTitle="Pyura (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) on the coasts of Panama" masterLastPageNumber="513" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="506" updateTime="1698701146666" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="97A6E7F09D3BDAD2BF8D06DCD850A95C">Pyura (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) on the coasts of Panama</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5702689748D7C1243DFB920031B5B5CB">Rocha, Rosana M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CB8D5AC57A1FA50386DE732A70153196">Counts, Bailey Keegan</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5930338" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154366708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5930338" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<subSubSection id="C369DC9AB057FFF585E1D90F0538FF18" box="[151,575,1035,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFF585E1D90F0538FF18" blockId="15.[151,575,1035,1095]" box="[151,575,1035,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<heading id="D084387DB057FFF585E1D90F0538FF18" bold="true" box="[151,575,1035,1061]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B057FFF585E1D90F0538FF18" ID-CoL="4QYC3" authority="Monniot C., 1994" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1994" box="[151,575,1035,1061]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585E1D90F0538FF18" bold="true" box="[151,575,1035,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585E1D90F0659FF18" bold="true" box="[151,350,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Pyura vannamei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B057FFF58413D90F0538FF18" author="Monniot, C." box="[357,575,1035,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref11817" refString="Monniot, C. (1994) Pyura lignosa (s. s.), a Pacific ascidian from Central American, with descriptions of species confused under this name. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110, 41 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1994. tb 01470. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Monniot C., 1994</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C369DC9AB057FFF585E1D92A064CFF7A" box="[151,331,1070,1095]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFF585E1D92A064CFF7A" blockId="15.[151,575,1035,1095]" box="[151,331,1070,1095]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
(
<figureCitation id="13489394B057FFF585E8D92A061EFF7A" box="[158,281,1070,1095]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Figures 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13489394B057FFF58453D92B0645FF7A" box="[293,322,1071,1095]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C369DC9AB057FFF585E1D973043EFF97" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFF585E1D9730202FFB1" blockId="15.[151,1285,1142,1195]" box="[151,1285,1142,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB63A83FB057FFF585E1D9730202FFB1" box="[151,1285,1142,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B057FFF585E1D9730526FFB1" authority="Monniot C., 1994: 47" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityPageNumber="47" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,545,1142,1164]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vananmei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585E1D9730639FFB1" box="[151,318,1143,1164]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Pyura vananmei</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD2A900B057FFF58432D9720526FFB1" author="Monniot, C." box="[324,545,1142,1164]" page="47" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B057FFF58432D97206FCFFB1" author="Monniot, C." box="[324,507,1142,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref11817" refString="Monniot, C. (1994) Pyura lignosa (s. s.), a Pacific ascidian from Central American, with descriptions of species confused under this name. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110, 41 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1994. tb 01470. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Monniot C., 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 47
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig.2;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD2A900B057FFF58711D9720459FFB1" author="Monniot, C." box="[615,862,1142,1164]" page="1032" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B057FFF58711D9720418FFB1" author="Monniot, C." box="[615,799,1142,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" pagination="1021 - 1044" refId="ref11777" refString="Monniot, C. (1983) Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 e ser, A, 5 (4), 1021 - 1044." type="journal article" year="1983">Monniot C., 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 1032
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD2A900B057FFF586DCD9720397FFB1" author="Monniot, F." box="[938,1168,1142,1164]" page="419" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B057FFF586DCD9720359FFB1" author="Monniot, F." box="[938,1118,1142,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" pagination="401 - 430" refId="ref11921" refString="Monniot, F. (2018) Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique 3. Stolidobranchia, Pyuridae and Molgulidae. Zootaxa, 4459 (3), 401 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4459.3.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Monniot F., 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 419
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 19, 20
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFF585E1D991043EFF97" blockId="15.[151,1285,1142,1195]" box="[151,825,1172,1195]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB63A83FB057FFF585E1D991043EFF97" box="[151,825,1172,1195]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
not
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B057FFF585CBD9920525FF97" ID-CoL="4QY9J" authority=": Tokioka, 1972: 403" authorityName=": Tokioka" authorityPageNumber="403" authorityYear="1972" box="[189,546,1172,1195]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lignosa">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585CBD992064AFF97" box="[189,333,1172,1195]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Pyura lignosa</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AD2A900B057FFF5842CD9900525FF97" author="Tokioka, T." box="[346,546,1172,1194]" page="403" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B057FFF5842CD99006F7FF97" author="Tokioka, T." box="[346,496,1172,1194]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" pagination="383 - 408" refId="ref12215" refString="Tokioka, T. (1972) On a small collection of ascidians from the pacific coast of Costa Rica. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 19 (6), 383 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175738" type="journal article" year="1972">Tokioka, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 403
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 10, 65–70 (=
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B057FFF587ABD9920436FF96" box="[733,817,1174,1195]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imesa">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF587ABD9920436FF96" box="[733,817,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">P. imesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C369DC9AB057FFF585E1D9D3028BFD2D" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFF585E1D9D3028BFD2D" blockId="15.[151,1437,1239,2020]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585E1D9D3069CFFCD" bold="true" box="[151,411,1239,1264]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Materials Examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B1B854CB057FFF584DFD9DC061EFE29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2012768540" collectingDate="2003-10-08" collectionCode="DZUP" collectorName="R. M. Rocha" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.233334" location="Pastores" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="-82.333336" municipality="Bocas" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="PYU-84" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED6217D4B057FFF584DFD9DC06F5FFD2" box="[425,498,1240,1263]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD5276AB057FFF58776D9DC0566FFCD" box="[512,609,1240,1264]" collectionCode="PYU-" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">PYU-84</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="F364CF81B057FFF58705D9D3059BFFCD" box="[627,668,1239,1264]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Isla</collectingCountry>
<location id="8EACD9CAB057FFF587DCD9DC040DFFD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5:8EACD9CAB057FFF587DCD9DC040DFFD2" box="[682,778,1240,1263]" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.233334" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="-82.333336" municipality="Bocas" name="Pastores" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Pastores</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8156BB057FFF5866AD9DC0466FFD2" box="[796,865,1240,1263]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Bocas</collectingMunicipality>
del
<collectingCounty id="62ADF79DB057FFF586E9D9DC04D1FFD2" box="[927,982,1240,1263]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Toro</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE47E9D6B057FFF5869FD9DC033FFFCD" box="[1001,1080,1240,1264]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" precision="925" value="9.233334">9°14'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE47E9D6B057FFF5813DD9DC03AAFFCD" box="[1099,1197,1240,1264]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" precision="925" value="-82.333336">82°20'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF581B6D9D303EEFFD2" box="[1216,1257,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">leg.</emphasis>
<collectorName id="2686EAC7B057FFF58181D9DC029FFFCD" box="[1271,1432,1239,1264]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">R. M. Rocha</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFCDA9D1B057FFF585E1D9F8061EFE29" box="[151,281,1276,1300]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" value="2003-10-08">
<collectingDate id="EF895039B057FFF585E1D9F8061EFE29" box="[151,281,1276,1300]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" value="2003-10-08">10.08.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B1B854CB057FFF58452D9F8061EFE05" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2012768553" collectingDate="2003-12-08" collectionCode="DZUP" collectorName="R. M. Rocha" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.290833" location="Punta Vieja" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="-82.08967" municipality="Bocas" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="PYU-85" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED6217D4B057FFF58452D9F8066AFE2E" box="[292,365,1276,1299]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD5276AB057FFF58403D9FF06D2FE29" box="[373,469,1275,1300]" collectionCode="PYU-" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">PYU-85</specimenCode>
,
<location id="8EACD9CAB057FFF58496D9F80561FE29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5:8EACD9CAB057FFF58496D9F80561FE29" box="[480,614,1275,1300]" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.290833" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="-82.08967" municipality="Bocas" name="Punta Vieja" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Punta Vieja</location>
,
<location id="8EACD9CAB057FFF58707D9FF05F9FE29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA3E07B057FFE885E1D90F0511FBC5:8EACD9CAB057FFF58707D9FF05F9FE29" box="[625,766,1275,1300]" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.290833" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="-82.08967" municipality="Bocas" name="Bastimentos" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Bastimentos</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8156BB057FFF5867CD9F80448FE2E" box="[778,847,1276,1299]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Bocas</collectingMunicipality>
del
<collectingCounty id="62ADF79DB057FFF586F6D9F804B0FE2E" box="[896,951,1276,1299]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Toro</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE47E9D6B057FFF586B5D9FF0330FE29" box="[963,1079,1275,1300]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" precision="9" value="9.290833">9°17.45'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE47E9D6B057FFF58135D9FF03CFFE29" box="[1091,1224,1275,1300]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" precision="9" value="-82.08967">82°05.38'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF581A2D9F803F9FE29" box="[1236,1278,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">leg.</emphasis>
<collectorName id="2686EAC7B057FFF58073D9F80290FE29" box="[1285,1431,1275,1300]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">R. M. Rocha</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFCDA9D1B057FFF585E1D824061EFE05" box="[151,281,1312,1336]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" value="2003-12-08">
<collectingDate id="EF895039B057FFF585E1D824061EFE05" box="[151,281,1312,1336]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" value="2003-12-08">12.08.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B1B854CB057FFF5845BD824061EFE61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2012768537" collectingDate="2003-12-08" collectionCode="DZUP" collectorName="G. Jerome" country="Iceland" county="Toro" latitude="9.288806" location="Cristobal" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.254135" municipality="Bocas" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="PYU-86" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED6217D4B057FFF5845BD8240671FE0A" box="[301,374,1312,1335]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="B9075303B057FFF585B0DB1F0652FD09" bold="true" box="[198,341,1563,1588]" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Description.</emphasis>
Living specimens are purple colored with epibionts sparsely covering the tunic but after preservation, the tunic turns red (
<figureCitation id="13489394B057FFF58770DB3B055FFD65" box="[518,600,1599,1624]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). The tunic is wrinkled. The animals attach on corals by the ventral margin and live in a vertical position with both siphons facing up,
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF58656DB600462FD46" box="[800,869,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
deep. The siphons are distant from each other with the oral siphon being slightly larger than the atrial, both lined with tubercles. Animals are commonly
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF58051DB8C027AFDA2" box="[1319,1405,1672,1696]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
in diameter and can reach up to
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF58496DBAF053EFDFE" box="[480,569,1707,1732]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="cm" value="11.5">11.5 cm</quantity>
at maximum length including the tunic, but most specimens are
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF5807CDBAF025AFDFE" box="[1290,1373,1707,1732]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="cm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 cm</quantity>
long. The thickness of the tunic is
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF58490DBD4054FFDDA" box="[486,584,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
. It has a white, reddish or purple interior. The body wall is uncolored and transparent around the gonadal and intestinal region, but when the material is freshly preserved, a red layer of tunic can be difficult to detach of the body wall. The siphons are red and densely surrounded by circular muscles. Longitudinal muscles organized into broad bands and radiate from the siphons down to the beginning of the gut on the left side and the gonad, on the right side, thus the enlarged intestinal pouch and long gonads are visible through the body wall (
<figureCitation id="13489394B057FFF58464DA870692FCA1" box="[274,405,1923,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">Fig. 13B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B057FFEA85B1DAA30221FBC5" blockId="15.[151,1437,1239,2020]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="15" pageNumber="506">
The lining of the siphons is red, without spinules, but with round white iridescent structures. The number of oral tentacles ranges from 18 to 33 (without counting very small ones), of four sizes. One large (
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B057FFF58078DAC80251FCDE" box="[1294,1366,1996,2020]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="506" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
long) individual had two very long ventral tentacles (
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B048FFEA87CCDD9C05F1FB8D" box="[698,758,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="507" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
), ~30 large and medium sizes and ~10 very thin and small tentacles. They are laterally flat, with a very large base. First order branches are long and placed along the posterior margin, with small second order ramifications, and occasionally minute third order branches (
<figureCitation id="13489394B048FFEA81C7DDDB021EFBC5" box="[1201,1305,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0CDF99B048FFEA85E1D8CE04FFFD20" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="507" startId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" targetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B048FFEA85E1D8CE04FFFD20" blockId="16.[151,1436,1482,1565]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="B9075303B048FFEA85E1D8CE0627FEE2" bold="true" box="[151,288,1482,1504]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B048FFEA8450D8CF058BFEDD" authority="Monniot C., 1994" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1994" box="[294,652,1482,1504]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="16" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B048FFEA8450D8CF06CAFEDD" box="[294,461,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">Pyura vannamei</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1994
</taxonomicName>
. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B048FFEA85BBDB400403FC2C" blockId="16.[151,1437,1604,1809]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">
The peritubercle region is a deep V with a long dorsal tubercle with narrow U-shaped aperture (
<figureCitation id="13489394B048FFEA8181DB40025AFD60" box="[1271,1373,1604,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). The first dorsal folds in each side begin posterior to the peritubercle region and the languets of the dorsal lamina appear posterior to those folds. The languets are thin and long, 55–98. The length of the languets increases posteriorly and each languet lines up with the transverse vessels of the pharynx. The pharynx is white and presents six high folds per side with no fold overlap, the dorsal ones not so high as the others (
<figureCitation id="13489394B048FFEA86BBDBD00331FDD0" box="[973,1078,1748,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
). The vessel formula of a
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B048FFEA8015DBD1029BFDD1" box="[1379,1436,1749,1773]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="507" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
long individual was (from right to left side—352 total):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B048FFEA85E1DA45039AFC65" blockId="16.[151,1181,1856,1881]" box="[151,1181,1856,1881]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">E 6 (24) 4 (25) 5 (25) 4 (28) 4 (25) 4 (20) 3 DL 4 (22) 7 (24) 4 (29) 4 (28) 6 (22) 6 (17) 2 E.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B048FFEA85E1DA8C05B6FC9C" blockId="16.[151,689,1928,1953]" box="[151,689,1928,1953]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">
and in an
<quantity id="4C8B22F4B048FFEA8473DA8D064FFC9D" box="[261,328,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="507" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
long individual was (449 total):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B048FFEA85E1DAD503D3FCD5" blockId="16.[151,1236,2000,2025]" box="[151,1236,2000,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="507">E 9 (25) 9 (29) 8 (29) 7 (35) 11 (25) 12 (25) 6 DL 5 (26) 10 (34) 7 (30) 8 (30) 10 (26) 7 (24) 2 E.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0CDF99B049FFEB85E1D93E0623FF91" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" startId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" targetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFEB85E1D93E0623FF91" blockId="17.[151,1436,1082,1196]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB85E1D93E0627FF72" bold="true" box="[151,288,1082,1104]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B049FFEB8451D93F0588FF6D" authority="Monniot C., 1994" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1994" box="[295,655,1082,1104]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB8451D93F06C9FF6D" box="[295,462,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Pyura vannamei</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1994
</taxonomicName>
. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFEB85B1D9DD0325FE2B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1241,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
Longitudinal vessels fray toward the base of the animal, making languets around the esophageal opening. Parastigmatic vessels are present and there are 4–7 stigmata per mesh (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB86C7D9F90312FE2B" box="[945,1045,1277,1302]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFEB85B1D82504BBFED3" blockId="17.[151,1437,1241,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
Fleshy large endocarps line both ascending and descending intestine, attached both to the body wall and intestine wall, but inside the secondary loop they are attached to the body wall only. The endocarps lining the ascending intestine are smaller and flatter. Very long laminar and irregular endocarps are observed on the top of each lobe on the left gonad but much smaller endocarps are observed on the right gonad. Four or five large fleshy endocarps, orange in recently preserved samples, are on the body wall, closely placed dorsally to the right gonad or much more centered along the middle longitudinal line (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB867BD8D10475FED3" box="[781,882,1493,1518]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB860BD8D204A8FED3" box="[893,943,1494,1518]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">14C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFEB85B1D8FD06B8FD9F" blockId="17.[151,1437,1241,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
The gut loop occupies the 2/3 of the left side of the body and is entirely attached to the body wall (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB805CD8FD0288FD2F" box="[1322,1423,1529,1554]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[179,1416,293,1465]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Preserved animal. B. Right side of the animal with the tunic removed. C. Left side of the animal with the tunic removed. D. Dissected animal showing the pharynx. D. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589426/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
). The intestine forms a closed primary loop, followed by an open secondary loop. The intestine is not isodiametric; a large pouch occupies the descending intestine and rectum. The anus is lobed (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB816BDB45038FFD67" box="[1053,1160,1601,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
). The digestive gland is green or brown and form a main portion with two connections to the stomach and small extensions connect to the long esophagus (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB8425DB8D06B5FD9F" box="[339,434,1673,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig 14E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFEB85B1DBA90394FC47" blockId="17.[151,1437,1241,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
Both gonads are elongated and formed by a sequence of lined lobes which are not well defined in some sections. Testis follicles are finger-like and ramified, laying on the atrial side of the lobes. The left gonad is sometimes hidden by the large hind intestine and have around 30 lobes. The right gonad is ventral and lies extremely close to the endostyle, but forms a closed curve in the posterior end towards the atrial siphon. There are also around 30 lobes (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB84E7DA3906FEFC6B" box="[401,505,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
). Larger specimens do not have more gonadal lobes than smaller ones. The sperm duct is slightly shorter than the oviduct and open in the base of the atrial siphon (
<figureCitation id="13489394B049FFEB8157DA650381FC47" box="[1057,1158,1889,1914]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1424,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pyura vannamei Monniot C., 1994. A. Detail of the oral tentacles (stained). B. Detail of the dorsal tubercle and dorsal languets (stained). C. Right side of a dissected animal highlighting the gonad and body wall endocarps (arrowheads). D. Detail of the lobed anus. E. Detail of the anus, gonoducts (white arrowhead) and digestive gland. F. Detail of the pharynx (atrial side, stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589428/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C369DC9AB049FFE885B1DA810511FBC5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCC8F11B049FFE885B1DA810511FBC5" blockId="17.[151,1437,1241,2022]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB85B1DA81063CFCA3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1925,1950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Remarks.</emphasis>
Externally, this species resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B049FFEB87A5DA820455FCA0" authorityName="Skinner, Rocha &amp; Counts" authorityYear="2019" box="[723,850,1925,1949]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beta">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB87A5DA820455FCA0" box="[723,850,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">Pyura beta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the field due to coloration and distant siphons. Internally, the most significant difference between
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B049FFEB87A7DAAE041AFCFC" authorityName="Skinner, Rocha &amp; Counts" authorityYear="2019" box="[721,797,1961,1985]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beta">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB87A7DAAE041AFCFC" box="[721,797,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">P. beta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B049FFEB8622DAAE04DAFCFC" box="[852,989,1962,1985]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB8622DAAE04DAFCFC" box="[852,989,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">P. vannamei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the enlarged intestine present only in
<emphasis id="B9075303B049FFEB85E1DACA062EFCD8" box="[151,297,1998,2021]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B049FFEB85E1DACA0622FCD8" box="[151,293,1998,2021]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="17" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">P. vannamei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but the lobed anus, endocarps attached to the intestine wall and the large fleshy endocarps that lie dorsally next to the right gonad are also indicative of
<taxonomicName id="4C73F492B04AFFE88781DD9D0487FB92" box="[759,896,152,176]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="18" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vannamei">
<emphasis id="B9075303B04AFFE88781DD9D0487FB92" box="[759,896,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="509">P. vannamei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our specimens agree well with the description by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE2F2E0B04AFFE885C8DDB80671FBE9" author="Monniot, C." box="[190,374,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="509" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref11817" refString="Monniot, C. (1994) Pyura lignosa (s. s.), a Pacific ascidian from Central American, with descriptions of species confused under this name. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110, 41 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1994. tb 01470. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Monniot (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, but his
<figureCitation id="13489394B04AFFE88496DDB8053DFBE9" box="[480,570,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,754,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[189,1398,753,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pyura carmanae sp. nov. A. Dissected animal showing the pharynx (stained). B. Dissected animal with the pharynx removed, showing the digestive and reproductive systems. C. Anterior region with oral tentacles and dorsal tubercle (stained). D. Detail of the digestive gland. E. Dissected animal with separate siphons showing different intestine shape and the irregular endocarps (stained). F. Detail of the stigmata and parastigmatic vessels (stained pharynx). G. Atrial siphon showing the gonoducts and anus (stained)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2589404/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="509">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
shows a very shallow peritubercle region which is usually very deep and narrow in Panamanian specimens.
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