207 lines
46 KiB
XML
207 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="EA3CBBA15C5007DBAC5A35E48BF0FFA8" ID-CLB-Dataset="7643" ID-DOI="10.1206/906.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="15ad630f-eff2-451d-a5f8-22731ff53851" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612269" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615992761985" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter" docDate="2015" docId="03E487E0300221412CF8A164602C7C9B" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2015.396.1-72.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/906.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Neoxyphinus termitophilus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFDDFF98301921612E5DA448625E7969" masterDocTitle="Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698933598634" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="35E9FBCEE191C9C747D1759AFAA811AC">Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A16391FAA49A40183B81E6C7314A66B7">Lipke, Elisabeth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3628F3F13C1188F00C08CC52114A053D">Michalik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E487E0300221412CF8A164602C7C9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4628185" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180663283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4628185" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487E0300221412CF8A164602C7C9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487E0300221412CF8A164602C7C9B" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C357657D3002217C2CF8A16460357FB6" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63002217A2CF8A16466C17C2A" blockId="27.[677,1183,1324,1347]" box="[677,1183,1324,1347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D0BA819A3002217A2CF8A16466C17C2A" box="[677,1183,1324,1347]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753002217A2CF8A16466C17C2A" ID-CoL="46WNN" authority="(Bristowe, 1938)" baseAuthorityName="Bristowe" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[677,1183,1324,1347]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Neoxyphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitophilus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43002217A2CF8A16461887C2A" box="[677,982,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neoxyphinus termitophilus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B073002217A2DBAA16566C97C2A" author="Bristowe, W. S." box="[999,1175,1325,1347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="67 - 73" refId="ref25798" refString="Bristowe, W. S. 1938. Some new termitophilous spiders from Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 2: 67 - 73." type="journal article" year="1938">Bristowe, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63002217C2CE5A12160357FB6" blockId="27.[667,1193,1385,1759]" lastBlockId="29.[93,619,1648,1759]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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SPERM TRANSFER FORM (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733002217A2A58A12166387CE8" box="[1029,1126,1385,1409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">figs. 18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13762A733002217A2A26A12166C57CE8" box="[1147,1179,1385,1409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">19</figureCitation>
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): Large (,25 Mm), oval-shaped synspermia (within the ejaculatory duct) comprising four sperm (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733002217A2CA5A18A611B7CB1" box="[760,837,1474,1496]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Synspermia, located in the deferent ducts, are bottle shaped (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733002217A2A13A19766C57C9C" box="[1102,1179,1503,1525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). The bottleneck contains the acrosomal vacuoles, the short and helically contorted precentriolar parts of the nucleus and the base of the axonemes, as well as postcentriolar elongations of the nucleus, whereas the voluminous bulge is filled with the main parts of axonemes and postcentriolar elongations of nucleus that coil around each other. Numerous mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733004217C2C59A2C6622C7FA8" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">fig. 19A, B</figureCitation>
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). A very thin and loosely appearing secretion sheath (,
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<quantity id="4CB59B133004217C2F61A28163D97FB6" box="[316,391,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="nm" value="30.0">30 nm</quantity>
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), which is produced
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF32667E3005217D2ECBA1CF61CE7F06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612345/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[150,188,1415,1434]" targetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" targetPageId="28">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63005217D2ECBA1CF61CE7F06" blockId="28.[128,1228,1415,1647]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Fig. 23. Characteristics of synspermia of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753005217D2C12A1C060C27CF2" box="[591,668,1416,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Oonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2C12A1C060C27CF2" box="[591,668,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Oonops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (Ibiza).
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2D4AA1CF61777CF3" bold="true" box="[791,809,1415,1434]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
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: Sperm conjugates, which are composed of two sperm, arrange in cluster.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2FAEA1EA605D7CDC" bold="true" box="[499,515,1442,1461]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
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: Synspermia are not provided with a secretion sheath, but show a distinct electron-dense vesicular area.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2C7AA1F460677CA6" bold="true" box="[551,569,1468,1487]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
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: The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar, distinct electronlucent stalks appear, and the cytoplasm appears granular in sperm conjugates.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2D99A19F61897C83" bold="true" box="[964,983,1495,1514]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
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: The NC is located on a distinct projection, running in the periphery of the nucleus; note mitochondria within the cytoplasm.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2AE9A1BA669A7F6C" bold="true" box="[1204,1220,1522,1541]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
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: The base of the axoneme, with a typical 9+3 microtubular pattern (inset), is associated with a little electron-dense material.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43005217D2FDAA26F63C87F53" bold="true" box="[391,406,1575,1594]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">F</emphasis>
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: Note a small amount of glycogen is present in the IF, as well as within the cytoplasm of the sperm conjugate. A thin ribbon originating from the vesicular area is located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate underneath the membrane of syncytium.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF32667E3004217C2E29A1C063867F3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612347/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[116,155,1416,1435]" targetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" targetPageId="29">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63004217C2E29A1C063867F3C" blockId="29.[93,1194,1416,1621]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Fig. 24. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753004217C2C2EA1C0609E7CF2" box="[627,704,1416,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Oonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2C2EA1C0609E7CF2" box="[627,704,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Oonops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (Ibiza).
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2D13A1C0613E7CF2" bold="true" box="[846,864,1416,1435]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
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: The small developing AV is attached to the cell membrane anteriorly (magnification in inset); the nucleus is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2F7DA1F5636E7CB9" bold="true" box="[288,304,1469,1488]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
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: The chromatin condenses irregularly and appears fibrillar in midspermatids.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2E00A19F62317C83" bold="true" box="[93,111,1495,1514]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
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: The elongated AV is surrounded by electron-dense material (arrow) at the anterior pole of the nucleus.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2E00A1BA622E7F6C" bold="true" box="[93,112,1522,1541]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
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: The AF extends into the NC that is located on a distinct projection in the periphery of the nucleus.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2ACFA1BA66FC7F6C" bold="true" box="[1170,1186,1522,1541]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
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: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids remain connected with each other via cellular bridges.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2D55A26F61497F53" bold="true" box="[776,791,1575,1594]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
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: Finally, two spermatids fuse, forming a mainly spherical sperm conjugate.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C357657D300421412CC6A238602C7C9B" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63004217C2CC6A23861E77FCD" blockId="29.[667,1193,1648,1759]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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in the ejaculatory duct, surrounds the sperm conjugates (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733004217C2D7AA2C6612F7FCD" box="[807,881,1678,1700]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">fig. 19</figureCitation>
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A–C).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63004217C2CE5A2E266F77FB6" blockId="29.[667,1193,1648,1759]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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SPERMATOZOA (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733004217C2D20A2E261817FAB" box="[893,991,1706,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">figs. 18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13762A733004217C2DAEA2E2664D7FAB" box="[1011,1043,1706,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">19</figureCitation>
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):
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43004217C2A72A2E4615F7FB7" bold="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Acrosomal complex:</emphasis>
|
||
AV short (,1.2 Mm) and cylindrical
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF32667E3007217F2ECBA1C061D97F52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612351/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[150,188,1416,1435]" targetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F63007217F2ECBA1C061D97F52" blockId="30.[128,1228,1416,1595]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 25. Characteristics of the sperm transfer form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753007217F2C85A1C161DB7CF5" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[728,901,1416,1436]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Opopaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2C85A1C161DB7CF5" box="[728,901,1416,1436]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Opopaea apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2DCEA1C061FB7CF2" bold="true" box="[915,933,1416,1435]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
|
||
: The STF is only composed of a condensed chromatin thread that is embedded in electron-dense cytoplasm and surrounded by a thin secretion sheath.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2F6BA1F663187CB8" bold="true" box="[310,326,1470,1489]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B</emphasis>
|
||
: Within the periphery of the STF distinct electron-lucent portions are visible.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2ADEA1F566CA7CB9" bold="true" box="[1155,1172,1469,1488]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C</emphasis>
|
||
: The chromatin thread is highly coiled, as is most obvious in late stages of spermiogenesis.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2DA8A19066567C82" bold="true" box="[1013,1032,1496,1515]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D</emphasis>
|
||
: The manchette of microtubules surrounds the chromatin thread.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2C28A1BB60DB7F6F" bold="true" box="[629,645,1523,1542]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E</emphasis>
|
||
: During the sperm development, the nucleus becomes extremely elongated, as indicated by numerous cross sections that are visible within one cell. Further cell components, such as an acrosomal complex, or an Ax are not developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F63007217E2EDDA239630C7CF0" blockId="30.[128,654,1649,1759]" lastBlockId="31.[93,620,1176,1759]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733007217F2ED5A239628B7FEE" box="[136,213,1649,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal but ends clearly ends before the axonemal base.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43007217F2E8CA281636D7FB7" bold="true" box="[209,307,1737,1758]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nucleus:</emphasis>
|
||
prcN short (,10.1 Mm), helically contorted with medium-sized implantation fossa that is filled with numerous mitochondria (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733007217F2DC5A2E461A57FAB" box="[920,1019,1708,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
), several spherical secretions, proximal and distal centriole, as well as the base of the Ax. peN extremely elongated (,171.8 Mm), oval in cross sections with distinct projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2FCBA09B607C7D81" box="[406,546,1235,1257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 19A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). NC located within a distinct projection, twists around the peN (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2F19A14663C27C4A" box="[324,412,1294,1316]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[116,155,1225,1244]" captionTargetBox="[103,1181,209,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-173@23.[103,1182,207,1203]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neoxyphinus termitophilus illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm within the deferent duct. Note the helically contorted prcN and the extremely elongated peN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612328/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">figs. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2FEFA14660587C4A" box="[434,518,1294,1315]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">19A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) but is empty for the most part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2FDDA16363BB7C2B" box="[384,485,1323,1346]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43006217E2FA4A16360357C29" bold="true" box="[505,619,1323,1344]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Axoneme:</emphasis>
|
||
extremely long (,291.5 Mm); centrioles arranged in tandem position; 9+3 axonemal pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2E9FA1CC631B7CF0" box="[194,325,1412,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[150,188,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-1@24.[128,1230,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Characteristics of synspermia and mature spermatozoa of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: The large oval-shaped sperm conjugate is surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath that is applied in the ejaculatory duct. B: The periphery of the sperm conjugate is composed of numerous mitochondria and small fingerlike constrictions of the membrane of the syncytium. C: These constrictions further deepen and surround the sperm conjugate. D: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids arrange closely attached to each other; they do not fuse, but instead cellular bridges (through which spermatids remain connected during spermiogenesis) widen and encase the spermatids, so that each sperm remains surrounded by its own cell membrane. E: The chromatin is irregularly condensed and possesses a distinct electron-lucent patch opposed to the NC, which is, although empty for the most part, partly enlarged." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612332/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 19B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF32667E3006217E2E29A7AA61777D36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612353" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612353/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[116,155,994,1013]" targetBox="[100,1185,211,969]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F63006217E2E29A7AA61777D36" blockId="31.[93,1193,994,1120]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig. 26. Surface reconstruction of parts of the highly convoluted deferent ducts and sperm transfer forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753006217E2E9DA7B463707D79" box="[192,302,1020,1040]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Orchestina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE43006217E2E9DA7B463707D79" box="[192,302,1020,1040]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Orchestina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 1. (Chile), as based on serial light-microscopy images, illustrating the shape and arrangement of synspermia within the lumen of the deferent duct and the two fused sperm within one sperm conjugate. The axoneme is hypothetically reconstructed based on the presence of dense microtubular network within the cytoplasm of the sperm conjugate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F6300621412E27A1E8602C7C9B" blockId="31.[93,620,1176,1759]" lastBlockId="32.[128,654,1206,1522]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS: Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present, developing spermatids are arranges in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, oval nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. Mid spermatids are characterized by a small, cylindrical AV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2E38A23962B27FEF" box="[101,236,1649,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) that is partly sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and accompanied by a small amount of electron-dense material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2E38A28162987FB6" box="[101,198,1737,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further development includes condensation of chromatin that appears fibrillar in mid spermatids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2A54A0FD66C57DA2" box="[1033,1179,1205,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mitochondria are always present within the implantation fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2DDDA0B961BB7C6F" box="[896,997,1265,1287]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20D</figureCitation>
|
||
, F–H). Mid- and late spermatids show a characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern in which a small portion remains homogeneously electron lucent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2CBBA12F61317C15" box="[742,879,1383,1405]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20E, E</figureCitation>
|
||
inset). The axoneme is twisted around the postcentriolar elongation, thus both cell components seem to interact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2CFEA1F7615C7CBC" box="[675,770,1471,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In late spermatids, both centrioles are arranged in tandem position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2A67A19566C37C9A" box="[1082,1181,1501,1523]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2D0DA25061F97F47" box="[848,935,1560,1582]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">figs. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
F–H). The two centrioles and the base of the Ax are surrounded by electron-dense secretion droplets and electron-dense secretion plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A733006217E2A4DA238662D7FEE" box="[1040,1139,1648,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[116,153,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 20. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neoxyphinus termitophilus. A: Spermatids are characterized by a small AV. The anterior pole of the nucleus is extended at one side and the anterior pole of the AV is attached to the cell membrane. B: Mitochondria are present within the cytoplasm. C: During further development the chromatin starts condensation and appears fibrillar. D: At the posterior portion of the nucleus an IF, which is filled with numerous mitochondria, is formed. E: While the nucleus enormously elongates the characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern (central electron-lucent patch) is developed (inset). F: The axoneme curls around the nucleus. G: The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position. H: Besides the two centrioles and numerous mitochondria, a small amount of electron-dense secretions is present in the IF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612334/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">fig. 20H</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse and form large and voluminous synspermia. During early stages of this sperm conjugation, four mainly individualized spermatids that remained connected to each other via cellular bridges arrange in close association. While the Ax’s, as well as peN’s coil, and form the massive bulge of early bottle-shaped synspermia, the cellular bridges widen posteriorly resulting in a large amount of common cytoplasm. Finally, the common cytoplasm, which contains numerous mitochondria, encases the spermatids secondarily during further differentiation of the sperm conjugate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |