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<document id="EA53F59ED888B8FE535A11B19B163967" ID-DOI="10.5252/z2011n3a3" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546941" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613603788907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gómez, José Francisco, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis, Nieves, María Hernández &amp; Stone, Graham Nicholas" docDate="2011" docId="03E487A7AF45277305EDFDFE6D30FA7F" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.33.3.287-323.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 33 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2011n3a3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EB3C2C73672D2E883259A050BD27978B.6:Zoosystema.2011-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="EB3C2C73672D2E883259A050BD27978B" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2011-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Eurytoma aspila" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="302" masterDocId="FFDDFFDFAF4B277C0523FFCB691BFFD8" masterDocTitle="Comparative morphology and biology of terminalinstar larvae of some Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in western Europe" masterLastPageNumber="323" masterPageNumber="287" pageNumber="301" updateTime="1698873130332" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
<mods:mods id="FCF65F86A942BBE71F6DDA27CEB0D29B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="5EBFD52E5993B4826E75DE4CDB93412D">
<mods:title id="27064C5D0F5F54BA797827CB2D6086E6">Comparative morphology and biology of terminalinstar larvae of some Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in western Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="AB932950D967EAC5121AB48BE48DC564" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2349025A08B9CF06D382A3C76DA00067">Gómez, José Francisco</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="179EB7F0968B54EA337BD8C73A1AE1B1">Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (UCM), Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid (Spain) jf. gomez @ bio. ucm. es</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="94A631BDE935252910F0EC5CB2D01309">Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="03DBFA339BE8C426127D696E5E999254" type="personal">
<mods:role id="241604A93D1BC79109C8B47DC6CDDAF2">
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<mods:namePart id="7809505305A296D7847265F7EFA80E45">Nieves, María Hernández</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="171DAD0F2DD07771F2A966A9B252DE0A">Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, c / José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) aldrey @ mncn. csic. es</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E041CF59B8AB77A3D8627EFA889EFF8A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D8B60B9CDF5C603EF95293CD4B500505">
<mods:roleTerm id="03DCE668DCA0DD75F4AEAEDDBCB97A0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="07F1AB855AA64BF5963A714F868DD79D">Stone, Graham Nicholas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="54F47433CD27F1A9098BEFCBB1DF0C7B">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 JT (United Kingdom) graham. stone @ ed. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="52913DD4ACCA5A547B1E2B8685DF80F4" type="email">stone@ed.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F176D8955229C03EBE2FA5CFD7747186">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B7553C7DE5106AD360668CCA1D112A55">Zoosystema</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="08F99F15C8FD66BF79823AE759DF480E">
<mods:date id="510CCC6FBDE01A6553B8ACD33AD1D2A7">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DF519ECABBC1DB8AD960AA9A7ED3D0C4" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="6F722F4C4A319DEA98ADFE42EA6865DF">2011-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0CC345AD4F63F84565E2B7E96FDE3DEA">33</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="779ACF549ACDC500430C45E5B9A86C5B">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F17C231D5AC4CBEBE5C01C1B4F6BDD84">287</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="F8E9923475184BB750E720DC0B158159" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E487A7AF45277305EDFDFE6D30FA7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487A7AF45277305EDFDFE6D30FA7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487A7AF45277305EDFDFE6D30FA7F" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF45277205EDFDFE6B31FD97" box="[206,554,564,591]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF45277205EDFDFE6B31FD97" blockId="14.[206,554,564,591]" box="[206,554,564,591]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
<heading id="D0BA81DDAF45277205EDFDFE6B31FD97" box="[206,554,564,591]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277205EDFDFE6B31FD97" ID-CoL="3D7FH" authority="(Walker, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[206,554,564,591]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277205EDFDFE689BFD97" bold="true" box="[206,384,564,591]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Eurytoma aspila</emphasis>
(Walker, 1836)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4527720552FDA6687BFCD2" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FDA6683FFD62" blockId="14.[111,648,621,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Ex
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277204ACFDA66B2BFD5D" authorityName="Barbotin" authorityYear="1972" box="[399,560,621,645]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aulacidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="follioti">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277204ACFDA66B2BFD5D" box="[399,560,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Aulacidea follioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772071DFDA66B9BFD5D" bold="true" box="[574,640,621,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
<collectingCountry id="F35A7621AF452772071DFDA66B9BFD5D" box="[574,640,621,645]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Pyrénées-Atlantiques, vallée d’Aspe,
<date id="FFF31071AF45277204F4FD436B4BFD78" box="[471,592,648,672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" value="2003-08-07">7.VIII.2003</date>
, J. L. Nieves leg (n = 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FD76687BFCD2" blockId="14.[111,648,621,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
Ex
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277205ADFD76680FFD0C" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[142,276,701,724]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aulacidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tragopogonis">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277205ADFD76680FFD0C" box="[142,276,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">A. tragopogonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772043DFD77684FFD0C" bold="true" box="[286,340,700,724]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
<collectingCountry id="F35A7621AF452772043DFD77684FFD0C" box="[286,340,700,724]" name="Spain" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Spain</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="4989F853AF452772047CFD7668B2FD0D" box="[351,425,701,725]" country="Spain" name="Madrid" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Madrid</collectingRegion>
, Arganda,
<date id="FFF31071AF452772072AFD766B6BFD0D" box="[521,624,701,725]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" value="2003-10-18">18.X.2003</date>
, J. L. Nieves leg (n = 2). — Dehesa de Arganda,
<date id="FFF31071AF4527720739FD1C6B9BFD37" box="[538,640,727,751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" value="2002-11-06">6.XI.2002</date>
, J. L. Nieves leg (n = 22).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4527730552FCC76841FA5F" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FCC769CAFC81" blockId="14.[111,648,621,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
Ex
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277205B0FCC669E6FCFC" baseAuthorityName="Hedicke" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[147,253,780,804]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicola">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277205B0FCC669E6FCFC" box="[147,253,780,804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">P. caulicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4527720428FCC76858FCFC" bold="true" box="[267,323,780,804]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
<collectingCountry id="F35A7621AF4527720428FCC76858FCFC" box="[267,323,780,804]" name="Spain" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Spain</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Orense, Rubiá,
<date id="FFF31071AF45277204CDFCC76B77FCFC" box="[494,620,780,804]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" value="2003-07-18">18.VII.2003</date>
, J. L. Nieves leg (n = 12, of which
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD38AF452772048DFCEC6B3EFCE7" box="[430,549,807,831]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
MNHN- EY6411).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FC5A6819FC72" blockId="14.[111,648,913,1700]" box="[113,258,913,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FC7B6B62FB71" blockId="14.[111,648,913,1700]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
n = 39; body length
<quantity id="4CB59B54AF4527720470FC7B68B1FC13" box="[339,426,944,971]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
(range 1-2.2); body width
<quantity id="4CB59B54AF4527720595FC1B6811FC33" box="[182,266,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
(0.47-1.0) (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF45277204ABFC1B68C0FC33" box="[392,475,976,1003]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[113,123,1635,1652]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1580]" captionTargetId="figure-100@11.[113,663,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5.— Ventral views ofterminal-instar eurytomidlarvae:A, Eurytomaaspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E.brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar,1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae. Scale bars:1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546951/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF45277204C6FC1B6B1CFC33" box="[485,519,976,1003]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,123,1635,1652]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,215,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-96@13.[114,1209,214,1589]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7.— Lateralviews ofterminal-instar eurytomidlarvae:A,Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E.brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar,1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae. Scale bars:1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546955/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">7A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4527720733FC1B6B5AFC33" box="[528,577,976,1003]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[113,124,1332,1349]" captionTargetBox="[132,1191,215,1276]" captionTargetId="figure-275@21.[132,1191,214,1276]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 14. — A, terminal-instar larva of Eurytoma aspila (Walker, 1836) ex gall of Aulacidea tragopogonis; B, larval cells of Phanacis centaureae with terminal-instar larvae of E. aspila; C, cross-section of Cynips quercus (A) leaf gall showing terminal-instar larva of E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852, with debris of adult host; D, ventral view of terminal-instar larva of E. brunniventris ex gall of C. quercus (A);E, cross-section of a gall of Cynips divisa (A) showing fully-grown larva of E. brunniventris; F, terminal-instar larva of E.brunniventris ex gall of Plagiotrochus australis (S);G, anterior view of head of fully-grown larva of E.brunniventris ex gall of P.australis (S); H, larval cells of Aulacidea pilosellae with terminal-instar larva of E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836; I, larval cell on Silybum marianum with terminal-instar larva of E. cynipsea feeding on gall tissue; J, terminal-instar larva of E. robusta Mayr, 1878 in cell of Isocolus leuzeae gall; K, cross-section of Diplolepis centifoliae leaf gall showing terminal-instar larva of E. rosae Nees, 1834; L, lateral view of fully-grown larva of E. rosae ex gall of D. centifoliae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546969/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">14A</figureCitation>
); body elongate, fusiform, tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly; ratio L/W = 2.02; ventral margin of body segments 4-8, in lateral view, clearly convex; anterodorsal protuberances present from the second thoracic to fifth abdominal segment, clearly protruding beyond the dorsal margin of body (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF452772073BFB456B77FB71" box="[536,620,1166,1193]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,123,1635,1652]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,215,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-96@13.[114,1209,214,1589]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7.— Lateralviews ofterminal-instar eurytomidlarvae:A,Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E.brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar,1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae. Scale bars:1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546955/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF45277205ABFB6568A9FA1E" blockId="14.[111,648,913,1700]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
Antero-medial setae of vertex relatively high on the upper face, close to this margin; ratios SA/DAV = 0.47 and SA/LAA = 0.41 (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF45277204B4FB2668F6FAD0" box="[407,493,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[113,124,1217,1234]" captionTargetBox="[282,1041,215,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-245@15.[281,852,214,791]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anterior views of the head of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae: A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker, 1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, Eurytoma infracta Mayr, 1904; D, Eurytoma mayri Ashmead, 1887; E, Eurytoma pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; F, Eurytoma robusta Mayr, 1878. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 400 μm; C, 300 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546959/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
); dorsal-labral setae as long as clypeal setae; ventral margin of clypeus indistinct, without any discernible suture; divisions on the medial part of labrum deep and almost reaching the level of labral setae, two short lateral flaps and five lobes being visible; maxillary palps conspicuous (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4527720460FA6068BEFA1E" box="[323,421,1451,1478]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[112,123,960,977]" captionTargetBox="[243,1079,215,916]" captionTargetId="figure-369@17.[243,1080,214,916]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anterior views of mouthparts of terminal-instar eurytomidae larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994. Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B-D, F, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546963/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF45277305ABFA006841FA5F" blockId="14.[111,648,913,1700]" lastBlockId="15.[113,646,1325,1415]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
A pair of symmetrical mandibles present and well developed, their apical teeth completely exposed (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4527720559F9C169C6F9FD" box="[122,221,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[112,123,960,977]" captionTargetBox="[243,1079,215,916]" captionTargetId="figure-369@17.[243,1080,214,916]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anterior views of mouthparts of terminal-instar eurytomidae larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994. Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B-D, F, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546963/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Figs 11A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF45277205CBF9C16803F9FD" box="[232,280,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,123,1589,1606]" captionTargetBox="[153,1169,215,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-157@20.[153,1169,214,1545]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 13.— Anterior views of the right mandible of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; I, E. rufipes Walker, 1832; J, E. sp. cf. aspila; K, E. sp. cf. jaceae; L, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876 (right mandible); M, E. strigifrons (left mandible); N, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scales bars: A, D-G, I-N, 50 μm; B, 20 μm; C, H, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546967/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">13A</figureCitation>
); both mandibles with three teeth, one larger and two shorter with the ratio L/W = 1.61; first tooth short and wide; outer margin of first tooth strongly convex; tip moderately recurved; the shape of apex of the second tooth varies ac- cording to the host from pointed to straight, and is directed upwards in the same direction of the first tooth (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF44277305C8FAA76855FA5F" box="[235,334,1388,1415]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,123,1589,1606]" captionTargetBox="[153,1169,215,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-157@20.[153,1169,214,1545]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 13.— Anterior views of the right mandible of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; I, E. rufipes Walker, 1832; J, E. sp. cf. aspila; K, E. sp. cf. jaceae; L, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876 (right mandible); M, E. strigifrons (left mandible); N, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scales bars: A, D-G, I-N, 50 μm; B, 20 μm; C, H, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546967/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF326639AF4527720786F9876A24F979" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546957" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546957/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" startId="14.[677,687,1612,1629]" targetBox="[731,1154,215,1568]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720786F9876A24F979" blockId="14.[677,1211,1612,1697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
FIG. 8.— Lateral views of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4527720149F9876D6DF985" bold="true" box="[1130,1142,1612,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">A</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF452772015CF9876A76F9AC" authority="Walker, 1832" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772015CF9876BE0F9AC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Eurytoma rufipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4527720623F9A86A76F9AC" author="WALKER F." box="[768,877,1635,1652]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" pagination="12 - 29" refId="ref22826" refString="WALKER F. 1832. - Monographia Chalciditum. The Entomological Magazine 1 (1): 12 - 29." type="journal article" year="1832">Walker,1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4527720656F9A86A99F9AC" bold="true" box="[885,898,1635,1652]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277206AFF9A86A85F9AC" box="[908,926,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">E.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277206E3F9A86D11F9AC" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[960,1034,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
cf.
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277206F9F9A86D11F9AC" box="[986,1034,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">aspila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4527720137F9A86D39F9AC" bold="true" box="[1044,1058,1635,1652]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772010FF9A86D25F9AC" box="[1068,1086,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">E.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4527720146F9A86DAEF9AC" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[1125,1205,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaceae">
cf.
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772015CF9A86DAEF9AC" box="[1151,1205,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">jaceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4527720786F9B16BA8F953" bold="true" box="[677,691,1658,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">D</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF452772079DF9B26AACF952" authority="Thomson, 1876" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[702,951,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigifrons">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF452772079DF9B26A32F952" box="[702,809,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">E. strigifrons</emphasis>
Thomson, 1876
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277206E3F9B16AD7F953" bold="true" box="[960,972,1658,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">E</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277206FBF9B26DACF952" authority="(Mayr, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[984,1207,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="timaspidis">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277206FBF9B26D5EF952" box="[984,1093,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">E. timaspidis</emphasis>
(Mayr, 1904)
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF326639AF4427730552FB0A6DAFFB27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546959/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" startId="15.[113,124,1217,1234]" targetBox="[282,1041,215,1174]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4427730552FB0A6DAFFB27" blockId="15.[113,1211,1217,1279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">
FIG. 9. — Anterior views of the head of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277307F8FB0A6BF3FB0A" bold="true" box="[731,744,1217,1234]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">A</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277307D7FB0A6AECFB0A" authority="(Walker, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[756,1015,1217,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277307D7FB0A6A61FB0A" box="[756,890,1217,1234]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma aspila</emphasis>
(Walker, 1836)
</taxonomicName>
ex
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF442773013BFB0A6DAFFB0A" baseAuthorityName="Hedicke" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[1048,1204,1217,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicola">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF442773013BFB0A6DAFFB0A" box="[1048,1204,1217,1234]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Phanacis caulicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730552FB136965FB31" bold="true" box="[113,126,1240,1257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">B</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277305A9FB1C68BBFB30" authority="Ratzeburg, 1852" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[138,416,1239,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunniventris">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277305A9FB1C6815FB30" box="[138,270,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">E. brunniventris</emphasis>
Ratzeburg, 1852
</taxonomicName>
ex
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277304E2FB1C6B5FFB30" baseAuthorityName="Fourcroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[449,580,1239,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277304E2FB1C6B5FFB30" box="[449,580,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Cynips quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A);
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF442773074EFB136B60FB31" bold="true" box="[621,635,1240,1257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">C</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277307A5FB1C6A98FB30" authority="Mayr, 1904" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1904" box="[646,899,1239,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infracta">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277307A5FB1C6A00FB30" box="[646,795,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma infracta</emphasis>
Mayr, 1904
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277306A8FB136A82FB31" bold="true" box="[907,921,1240,1257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">D</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4427730686FB1C6DACFB30" authority="Ashmead, 1887" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1887" box="[933,1207,1239,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730686FB1C6D33FB30" box="[933,1064,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma mayri</emphasis>
Ashmead, 1887
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730550FB256965FB27" bold="true" box="[115,126,1262,1279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">E</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277305ABFB256874FB27" authority="Pujade" authorityName="Pujade" box="[136,367,1262,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pediaspisi">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277305ABFB256834FB27" box="[136,303,1262,1279]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma pediaspisi</emphasis>
Pujade
</taxonomicName>
i Villar, 1994;
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277304C2FB2568F7FB27" bold="true" box="[481,492,1262,1279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">F</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277304D4FB256BF0FB27" authority="Mayr, 1878" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[503,747,1262,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF44277304D4FB256B91FB27" box="[503,650,1262,1279]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma robusta</emphasis>
Mayr, 1878
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 400 μm; C, 300 μm; E, 200 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4427730552FA606B6EF97C" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4427730552FA6069C9FA1C" blockId="15.[111,647,1451,1700]" box="[113,210,1451,1478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">BIOLOGY</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4427730552FA076B6EF97C" blockId="15.[111,647,1451,1700]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4427730552FA07680FFA3D" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[113,276,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730552FA07680FFA3D" box="[113,276,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma aspila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a polyphagous ectoparasitoid associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277305DAFA206857F9DE" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1903" box="[249,332,1515,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aylacini">Aylacini</taxonomicName>
gall wasps on herbs.It is usually reared from galls of
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF442773040DF9C16897F9FC" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[302,396,1546,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aulacidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF442773040DF9C16897F9FC" box="[302,396,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Aulacidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4427730499F9C16B14F9FC" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1860" box="[442,527,1546,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730499F9C16B14F9FC" box="[442,527,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Phanacis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on different species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF44277305FAF9E16853F99D" box="[217,328,1578,1605]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
. Fully-grown larvae overwinter inside gall cells (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF442773043BF981686EF9BD" box="[280,373,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[113,124,1332,1349]" captionTargetBox="[132,1191,215,1276]" captionTargetId="figure-275@21.[132,1191,214,1276]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 14. — A, terminal-instar larva of Eurytoma aspila (Walker, 1836) ex gall of Aulacidea tragopogonis; B, larval cells of Phanacis centaureae with terminal-instar larvae of E. aspila; C, cross-section of Cynips quercus (A) leaf gall showing terminal-instar larva of E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852, with debris of adult host; D, ventral view of terminal-instar larva of E. brunniventris ex gall of C. quercus (A);E, cross-section of a gall of Cynips divisa (A) showing fully-grown larva of E. brunniventris; F, terminal-instar larva of E.brunniventris ex gall of Plagiotrochus australis (S);G, anterior view of head of fully-grown larva of E.brunniventris ex gall of P.australis (S); H, larval cells of Aulacidea pilosellae with terminal-instar larva of E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836; I, larval cell on Silybum marianum with terminal-instar larva of E. cynipsea feeding on gall tissue; J, terminal-instar larva of E. robusta Mayr, 1878 in cell of Isocolus leuzeae gall; K, cross-section of Diplolepis centifoliae leaf gall showing terminal-instar larva of E. rosae Nees, 1834; L, lateral view of fully-grown larva of E. rosae ex gall of D. centifoliae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546969/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
), and adults emerge in the spring, in synchrony with cynipid oviposition on the stems and the development of new gall chambers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4427730786FAE66D30FA7F" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4427730786FAE66A12FA9E" blockId="15.[677,1210,1325,1447]" box="[677,777,1325,1352]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4427730786FA876D30FA7F" blockId="15.[677,1210,1325,1447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">
The larva of
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4427730614FA866A8CFABE" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[823,919,1356,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730614FA866A8CFABE" box="[823,919,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">E. aspila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily separated from the other
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4427730633FAA66A6DFA5E" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[784,886,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4427730633FAA66A6DFA5E" box="[784,886,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Eurytoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae discussed here by their three-toothed mandibles (
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF442773069FFA476D04FA7F" box="[956,1055,1420,1447]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,123,1589,1606]" captionTargetBox="[153,1169,215,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-157@20.[153,1169,214,1545]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 13.— Anterior views of the right mandible of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; I, E. rufipes Walker, 1832; J, E. sp. cf. aspila; K, E. sp. cf. jaceae; L, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876 (right mandible); M, E. strigifrons (left mandible); N, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scales bars: A, D-G, I-N, 50 μm; B, 20 μm; C, H, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546967/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="302">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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