424 lines
51 KiB
XML
424 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="3BFF2625E25F421A79D4629DD3DDED79" ID-DOI="10.5252/z2011n3a3" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546941" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613603788907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gómez, José Francisco, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis, Nieves, María Hernández & Stone, Graham Nicholas" docDate="2011" docId="03E487A7AF41277205FEFB456B2EFE28" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.33.3.287-323.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 33 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2011n3a3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EB3C2C73672D2E883259A050BD27978B.6:Zoosystema.2011-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="EB3C2C73672D2E883259A050BD27978B" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2011-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Eurytoma Illiger 1807" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="301" masterDocId="FFDDFFDFAF4B277C0523FFCB691BFFD8" masterDocTitle="Comparative morphology and biology of terminalinstar larvae of some Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in western Europe" masterLastPageNumber="323" masterPageNumber="287" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1698873130332" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="2B0B083213CC27B741F56268254CD707">Comparative morphology and biology of terminalinstar larvae of some Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in western Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E3C527C35ECB0CC14A37FF44C11C852">Gómez, José Francisco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="514B3DA96747F6884EF190DFD22E7D9B">Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (UCM), Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid (Spain) jf. gomez @ bio. ucm. es</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="85E686A2A9D17802F2A775906741BDE9">Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BBDC8AF8C2CD98DA5E579E143BE3D36A">Nieves, María Hernández</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB01135ACBA6F8083342F9347BA193B7">Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, c / José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) aldrey @ mncn. csic. es</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="034BA04F5120E7305E114AB3C2C7CDD4">Stone, Graham Nicholas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="886698869C4AB4E2BA99C9E2A5469C55">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 JT (United Kingdom) graham. stone @ ed. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="42588F67AFB05E7EB1E2AB4AB444A97B" type="email">stone@ed.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="8D0FB9F81BFAC6552662C230BAA61FB7">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4D6E691646BE508FD77BB43641E2AEC6">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F7E914F51BB90D02700EA7138021E790">2011-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8E4D2930A80AFF96CC2D22E7714C2547">33</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E487A7AF41277205FEFB456B2EFE28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4547009" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4547009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487A7AF41277205FEFB456B2EFE28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487A7AF41277205FEFB456B2EFE28" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">
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<subSubSection id="C357653AAF41277605FEFB456B01FB71" box="[221,538,1166,1193]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF41277605FEFB456B01FB71" blockId="10.[221,538,1166,1193]" box="[221,538,1166,1193]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">
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<heading id="D0BA81DDAF41277605FEFB456B01FB71" box="[221,538,1166,1193]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="297" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4127760409FB446B01FB71" ID-CoL="4H2G" ID-ENA="75202" authority="Illiger, 1807" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[298,538,1166,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4127760409FB44688BFB70" box="[298,400,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">Eurytoma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF41277604B4FB456B01FB71" author="ILLIGER J. C. W." box="[407,538,1166,1193]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297" refId="ref20764" refString="ILLIGER J. C. W. 1807. - Fauna Etrusca sistens Insecta quae in provinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertim collegit Petrus Rossius. Mantissae priore parte adjecta, iterum edita et annotatis perpetuis aucta. Volume 2. Helmstadii. Litteris C. G. Fleckeisen, vi + 511 p." type="book" year="1807">Illiger, 1807</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4127700552FB0569E8F97C" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="10" pageNumber="297" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4127760552FB056819FB3F" blockId="10.[111,649,1230,1700]" box="[113,258,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4127760552FB266DB7FCB4" blockId="10.[111,649,1230,1700]" lastBlockId="10.[674,1211,754,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">
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Body in ventral view (
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF412776047AFB266880FAD0" box="[345,411,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[113,123,1635,1652]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1580]" captionTargetId="figure-100@11.[113,663,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5.— Ventral views ofterminal-instar eurytomidlarvae:A, Eurytomaaspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E.brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar,1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae. Scale bars:1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546951/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4127760485FB2668AFFAD0" box="[422,436,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[677,687,1612,1629]" captionTargetBox="[712,1174,215,1575]" captionTargetId="figure-428@12.[712,1175,214,1575]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6.— Ventralviews of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma rufipes Walker, 1832; B, E. sp. nr. aspila; C, E. sp. nr. jaceae; D, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876; E, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546953/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">6</figureCitation>
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) fusiform or barrelshaped in most species, slightly broadest around the middle (segments ABS3-ABS5) and tapering gradually towards anal segment, which is normally broader than long; the ratio L/W is usually 1.3-2.2; in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4127760439FA47687BFA7F" box="[282,352,1420,1447]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,123,1635,1652]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,215,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-96@13.[114,1209,214,1589]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7.— Lateralviews ofterminal-instar eurytomidlarvae:A,Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E.brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar,1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae. Scale bars:1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546955/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">Figs 7</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF412776044DFA476867FA7F" box="[366,380,1420,1447]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[677,687,1612,1629]" captionTargetBox="[731,1154,215,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-407@14.[731,1154,214,1568]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8.— Lateral views of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma rufipes Walker,1832; B, E. sp. cf. aspila; C, E. sp. cf. jaceae; D, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876; E, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546957/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">8</figureCitation>
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) body ventrally curved; ventral margin of abdominal body segments usually clearly convex in profile.Anterodorsal protuberances always visible at least in one thoracic and abdominal segment, being clearly protruding outwards in most species.Colour whitish.Integument generally smooth or slightly rugose in body and cephalic capsule. Body moderately setose displaying a pattern composed by only three rows of setae at least in the thoracic segments (a dorsal, lateral and ventral rows); setae much shorter than length of body segment except in the thoracic area that could have relatively longer setae but not more than the length of a body segment.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4127760798FCBA6D75FB92" blockId="10.[674,1211,754,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">
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Head in anterior view (
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF412776069AFCBA6AE6FC54" box="[953,1021,881,908]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[113,124,1217,1234]" captionTargetBox="[282,1041,215,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-245@15.[281,852,214,791]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anterior views of the head of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae: A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker, 1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, Eurytoma infracta Mayr, 1904; D, Eurytoma mayri Ashmead, 1887; E, Eurytoma pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; F, Eurytoma robusta Mayr, 1878. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 400 μm; C, 300 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546959/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">Figs 9</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4127760129FCBA6D3CFC54" box="[1034,1063,881,908]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[113,124,1209,1226]" captionTargetBox="[280,1043,215,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-276@16.[280,1043,214,1165]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anterior views of the head of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma rosae Nees,1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; B, E. rufipes Walker, 1832; C, E. sp. cf. aspila; D, E. sp. cf. jaceae; E, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876; F, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scale bars: A-C, 300 μm; D, 200 μm; E, F, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546961/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">10</figureCitation>
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) more or less hemispherical or trapezoid, with mouth parts protruding; head approximately 1.1-1.3 times as broad as high, with anterior margin of vertex slightly concave in most species and the medial area of vertex not incised. Head with basic chaetotaxy, comprising no more than 5-7 pairs of clearly visible setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4127760798FB846D50F97C" blockId="10.[674,1211,754,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="297">Vertex with one pair of relatively short erect setae with the separation between this pair varying between species; antero-medial setae of antennal area situated mostly at the same level or slightly either above or below the antennae, their length in most species intermediate but varying between them; the antero-medial setae of vertex usually situated relatively high on the upper face, much closer to the anterior margin of the vertex than to the antennae, as their precise position constitutes a variable character between species. Antennal area indistinct; antennae variable in size and situated more or less at the middle of the head; one pair of clypeal setae present, situated laterally above the level of ventral margin of clypeus; a pair of dorsal-labral setae present, situated above the labrum just at the level of ventral margin of clypeus, and generally as long as clypeal setae. Ventral margin of clypeus straight and more or less visible in each species.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF326639AF4027770552F9A86D9DF979" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546951" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" startId="11.[113,123,1635,1652]" targetBox="[113,1209,215,1580]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4027770552F9A86D9DF979" blockId="11.[113,1212,1635,1697]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">
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FIG. 5.— Ventral views of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF402777070FF9A86B23F9AC" bold="true" box="[556,568,1635,1652]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">A</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770763F9A86A33F9AC" authority="(Walker, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[576,808,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770763F9A86BA1F9AC" box="[576,698,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">Eurytoma aspila</emphasis>
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(Walker,1836)
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</taxonomicName>
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ex
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770662F9A86AD4F9AC" baseAuthorityName="Hedicke" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[833,975,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicola">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770662F9A86AD4F9AC" box="[833,975,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">Phanacis caulicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF40277706F5F9A86AF8F9AC" bold="true" box="[982,995,1635,1652]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">B</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF40277706C8F9A86981F952" authority="Ratzeburg, 1852" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunniventris">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF40277706C8F9A86D7AF9AC" box="[1003,1121,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E.brunniventris</emphasis>
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Ratzeburg, 1852
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</taxonomicName>
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ex
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF402777059BF9B2682EF952" baseAuthorityName="Fourcroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[184,309,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF402777059BF9B2682EF952" box="[184,309,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">Cynips quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(A);
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF402777047AF9B1687DF953" bold="true" box="[345,358,1658,1675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">C</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770452F9B26B4FF952" authority="Boheman, 1836" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1836" box="[369,596,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cynipsea">
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<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770452F9B268D6F952" box="[369,461,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. cynipsea</emphasis>
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Boheman, 1836
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</taxonomicName>
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ex
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770752F9B26A34F952" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[625,815,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypochoeridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770752F9B26A34F952" box="[625,815,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">Phanacis hypochoeridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770619F9B16A5CF953" bold="true" box="[826,839,1658,1675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770671F9B26D1FF952" authority="Mayr, 1904" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1904" box="[850,1028,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infracta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770671F9B26AB9F952" box="[850,930,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. infracta</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr, 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770128F9B16D0CF953" bold="true" box="[1035,1047,1658,1675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770101F9B26987F979" authority="Ashmead, 1887" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770101F9B26D78F952" box="[1058,1123,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. mayri</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770580F95B69B5F979" bold="true" box="[163,174,1680,1697]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF402777059BF95B6842F979" authority="Pujade" authorityName="Pujade" box="[184,345,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pediaspisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF402777059BF95B6807F979" box="[184,284,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. pediaspisi</emphasis>
|
||
Pujade
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
i Villar,1994;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF40277704E5F95B68CFF979" bold="true" box="[454,468,1680,1697]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF40277704FDF95B6B94F979" authority="Mayr, 1878" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[478,655,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF40277704FDF95B6B34F979" box="[478,559,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr, 1878
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF40277707B5F95B6BB8F979" bold="true" box="[662,675,1680,1697]" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF402777078EF95B6A54F979" authority="Nees, 1834" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[685,847,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF402777078EF95B6BF5F979" box="[685,750,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">E. rosae</emphasis>
|
||
Nees, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4027770649F95B6AF2F979" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[874,1001,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4027770649F95B6AF2F979" box="[874,1001,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="298">Diplolepis rosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars:1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF47277005ABFF136B0BFD97" blockId="12.[111,648,216,940]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Mouth parts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF472770040BFF13689BFF2B" box="[296,384,216,243]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[112,123,960,977]" captionTargetBox="[243,1079,215,916]" captionTargetId="figure-369@17.[243,1080,214,916]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anterior views of mouthparts of terminal-instar eurytomidae larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994. Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B-D, F, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546963/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF47277004ACFF1368B6FF2B" box="[399,429,216,243]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[113,124,1244,1261]" captionTargetBox="[242,1082,215,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-193@18.[242,1082,214,1201]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Anterior views of mouthparts of terminal-instar eurytomidae larvae:A, Eurytoma robusta Mayr,1878; B, E. rosae Nees,1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; C, E. rufipes Walker,1832;D, E.sp.cf.aspila; E, E. sp. cf. jaceae; F, E.strigifrons Thomson,1876; G, E.timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scale bars: A-E, 100 μm; F, G: 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546965/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) with labrum subrectangular and divided into two lateral flaps and one medial part, which is in turn subdivided into five more or less differentiated lobes; subdivision of medial part of the labrum can be slight, and ranges from limited to the apical part of labrum (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700550FE5C6872FE68" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[115,361,406,432]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunniventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700550FE5C6872FE68" box="[115,361,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma brunniventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to deep and almost reaching the level of labral setae (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277004F4FE7D6B6DFE17" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[471,630,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277004F4FE7D6B6DFE17" box="[471,630,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma rosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), according to species. Maxillae differentiated or not from labium but only slightly protruding from it; maxillary palps sometimes easily visible; labial palps visible or not, sometimes conspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF47277005ABFD9F683DFC74" blockId="12.[111,648,216,940]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A34AF4727700427FD9F6855FDB7" box="[260,334,596,623]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,123,1589,1606]" captionTargetBox="[153,1169,215,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-157@20.[153,1169,214,1545]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 13.— Anterior views of the right mandible of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:A, Eurytoma aspila (Walker,1836) ex Phanacis caulicola; B, E. brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 ex Cynips quercus (A); C, E. cynipsea Boheman, 1836 ex Phanacis hypochoeridis; D, E. infracta Mayr, 1904; E, E. mayri Ashmead, 1887; F, E. pediaspisi Pujade i Villar, 1994; G, E. robusta Mayr, 1878; H, E. rosae Nees, 1834 ex Diplolepis rosae; I, E. rufipes Walker, 1832; J, E. sp. cf. aspila; K, E. sp. cf. jaceae; L, E. strigifrons Thomson, 1876 (right mandible); M, E. strigifrons (left mandible); N, E. timaspidis (Mayr, 1904). Scales bars: A, D-G, I-N, 50 μm; B, 20 μm; C, H, 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546967/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) usually symetrical (except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF472770054CFDBF6858FD56" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[111,323,628,654]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770054CFDBF6858FD56" box="[111,323,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma strigifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within studied species), with the apical tooth generally visible or exposed in part, at least the tip being visible; always more than one tooth in each mandible with the shape of the first tooth variable according to species, ranging from relatively short and wide (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277004E3FCD86B44FCF4" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[448,607,787,812]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277004E3FCD86B44FCF4" box="[448,607,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma rosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to long and slender (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700456FCF86B2CFC94" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1904" box="[373,567,818,844]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infracta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700456FCF86B2CFC94" box="[373,567,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma infracta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (ratio L/W 1T variable); secondary tooth smaller and shorter than first, its tip either straight or recurved or slightly blunt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4727700552FC1B68D6FC31" blockId="12.[111,648,976,1700]" box="[113,461,976,1003]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">MONOPHYLY AND RECOGNITION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4727700552FC3B6B3BFA5F" blockId="12.[111,648,976,1700]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">
|
||
With around 699 described species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700738FC3A6B9DFBD2" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[539,646,1009,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700738FC3A6B9DFBD2" box="[539,646,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the largest genus of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277004B9FBDB69ADFB92" authority="(Noyes, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Noyes" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Eurytomidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4727700719FBDB69B5FB92" author="NOYES J. S." pageId="12" pageNumber="299" refId="ref21627" refString="NOYES J. S. 2003. - Universal Chalcidoidea Database [World Wide Web electronic publication.] Available via http: / www. nhm. ac. uk / entomology / chalcidoids." type="book" year="2003">Noyes, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genus is complex and still presents many taxonomic and phylogenetic problems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4727700716FB8469AAFB52" author="ZEROVA M. D." pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="102 - 128" refId="ref23050" refString="ZEROVA M. D. 1988. - Main trends of evolution and systematics of the Eurytomidae. Entomological Review 68: 102 - 128." type="journal article" year="1988">Zerova 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF472770059DFBA468C7FB52" author="LOTFALIZADEH H. & DELVARE G. & RASPLUS J. - Y." box="[190,476,1134,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="441 - 510" refId="ref21142" refString="LOTFALIZADEH H., DELVARE G. & RASPLUS J. - Y. 2007 a. - Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) basedonmorphologicalcharacters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 441 - 510." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lotfalizadeh
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700473FBA46893FB50" box="[336,392,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lack of a useful and valid phylogenetic classification for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700557FB6469CCFB10" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[116,215,1199,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700557FB6469CCFB10" box="[116,215,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is associated with uncertainty over the generic limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700471FB0568A3FB3F" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[338,440,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700471FB0568A3FB3F" box="[338,440,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277004E5FB066B4DFB3F" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1888" box="[454,598,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Bruchophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277004E5FB066B4DFB3F" box="[454,598,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Bruchophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and allied genera. Identification keys have long used artificial arrangements, as in the key proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4727700552FAE6681EFA90" author="BURKS B. D." box="[113,261,1325,1352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref19469" refString="BURKS B. D. 1971. - A synopsis of the genera of the family Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 97: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1971">Burks (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A recent review based on morphological characters of adults indicates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700724FA866B76FABE" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[519,621,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700724FA866B76FABE" box="[519,621,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polyphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4727700425FAA76B0FFA5F" author="LOTFALIZADEH H. & DELVARE G. & RASPLUS J. - Y." box="[262,532,1388,1415]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="441 - 510" refId="ref21142" refString="LOTFALIZADEH H., DELVARE G. & RASPLUS J. - Y. 2007 a. - Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) basedonmorphologicalcharacters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 441 - 510." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lotfalizadeh
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277004B1FAA668A5FA5E" box="[402,446,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF47277005ABFA4769E8F97C" blockId="12.[111,648,976,1700]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">
|
||
The species whose larvae we have studied belong to three different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700414FA676885FA1D" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[311,414,1452,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700414FA676885FA1D" box="[311,414,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species groups – the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700550FA0769D1FA3D" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1836" box="[115,202,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cynipsea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700550FA0769D1FA3D" box="[115,202,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">cynipsea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700473FA006885FA3D" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[336,414,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700473FA006885FA3D" box="[336,414,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4727700771FA076B9DFA3D" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[594,646,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700771FA076B9DFA3D" box="[594,646,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">rosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. A general pattern in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277004F1FA206B23F9DC" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[466,568,1515,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277004F1FA206B23F9DC" box="[466,568,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups is the presence of sibling species that are very similar as adults but which show some differences in their immature stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF472770044FF9816B60F9BD" author="CLARIDGE M. F. & ASKEW R. R." box="[364,635,1610,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="141 - 153" refId="ref19896" refString="CLARIDGE M. F. & ASKEW R. R. 1960. - Sibling species in the Eurytoma rosae group (Hym., Eurytomidae). Entomophaga 5: 141 - 153." type="journal article" year="1960">Claridge & Askew 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differences among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF472770046AF9A168ABF95B" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[329,432,1642,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770046AF9A168ABF95B" box="[329,432,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species will be discussed later.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF326639AF4727700786F9876A24F979" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546953" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546953/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" startId="12.[677,687,1612,1629]" targetBox="[712,1174,215,1575]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4727700786F9876A24F979" blockId="12.[677,1211,1612,1697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">
|
||
FIG. 6.— Ventral views of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700149F9876D6DF985" bold="true" box="[1130,1142,1612,1629]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF472770015CF9876A75F9AC" authority="Walker, 1832" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770015CF9876BE0F9AC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">Eurytoma rufipes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B40AF4727700622F9A86A75F9AC" author="WALKER F." box="[769,878,1635,1652]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" pagination="12 - 29" refId="ref22826" refString="WALKER F. 1832. - Monographia Chalciditum. The Entomological Magazine 1 (1): 12 - 29." type="journal article" year="1832">Walker, 1832</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700655F9A86A98F9AC" bold="true" box="[886,899,1635,1652]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277006AEF9A86A84F9AC" box="[909,927,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">E.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. nr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277006F9F9A86D11F9AC" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[986,1034,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277006F9F9A86D11F9AC" box="[986,1034,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">aspila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700137F9A86D39F9AC" bold="true" box="[1044,1058,1635,1652]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770010FF9A86D25F9AC" box="[1068,1086,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">E.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. nr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF472770015CF9A86DAEF9AC" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[1151,1205,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770015CF9A86DAEF9AC" box="[1151,1205,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">jaceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4727700786F9B16BA8F953" bold="true" box="[677,691,1658,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF472770079DF9B26AACF952" authority="Thomson, 1876" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[702,951,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF472770079DF9B26A32F952" box="[702,809,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">E. strigifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Thomson, 1876
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277006E3F9B16AD7F953" bold="true" box="[960,972,1658,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF47277006FBF9B26DACF952" authority="(Mayr, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[984,1207,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="timaspidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF47277006FBF9B26D5EF952" box="[984,1093,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="299">E. timaspidis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr, 1904)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF326639AF4627710552F9A86D9DF979" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4546955/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" startId="13.[113,123,1635,1652]" targetBox="[114,1209,215,1589]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4627710552F9A86D9DF979" blockId="13.[113,1212,1635,1697]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">
|
||
FIG. 7.— Lateral views of terminal-instar eurytomid larvae:
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710708F9A86B2CF9AC" bold="true" box="[555,567,1635,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF462771071CF9A86A33F9AC" authority="(Walker, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[575,808,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspila">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF462771071CF9A86BA1F9AC" box="[575,698,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">Eurytoma aspila</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker,1836)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710662F9A86AD4F9AC" baseAuthorityName="Hedicke" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[833,975,1635,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710662F9A86AD4F9AC" box="[833,975,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">Phanacis caulicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF46277106F5F9A86AF8F9AC" bold="true" box="[982,995,1635,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF46277106C8F9A86981F952" authority="Ratzeburg, 1852" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunniventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF46277106C8F9A86D7AF9AC" box="[1003,1121,1635,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E.brunniventris</emphasis>
|
||
Ratzeburg, 1852
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF462771059BF9B2682EF952" baseAuthorityName="Fourcroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[184,309,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF462771059BF9B2682EF952" box="[184,309,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">Cynips quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A);
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF462771047AF9B1687DF953" bold="true" box="[345,358,1658,1675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710452F9B26B4FF952" authority="Boheman, 1836" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1836" box="[369,596,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cynipsea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710452F9B268D6F952" box="[369,461,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. cynipsea</emphasis>
|
||
Boheman, 1836
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710752F9B26A34F952" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[625,815,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypochoeridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710752F9B26A34F952" box="[625,815,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">Phanacis hypochoeridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710619F9B16A5CF953" bold="true" box="[826,839,1658,1675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710671F9B26D1FF952" authority="Mayr, 1904" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1904" box="[850,1028,1657,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infracta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710671F9B26AB9F952" box="[850,930,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. infracta</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr, 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710128F9B16D0CF953" bold="true" box="[1035,1047,1658,1675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710101F9B26987F979" authority="Ashmead, 1887" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710101F9B26D78F952" box="[1058,1123,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. mayri</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710580F95B69B5F979" bold="true" box="[163,174,1680,1697]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF462771059BF95B6842F979" authority="Pujade" authorityName="Pujade" box="[184,345,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pediaspisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF462771059BF95B6807F979" box="[184,284,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. pediaspisi</emphasis>
|
||
Pujade
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
i Villar,1994;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF46277104E5F95B68CFF979" bold="true" box="[454,468,1680,1697]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF46277104FDF95B6B94F979" authority="Mayr, 1878" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1878" box="[478,655,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF46277104FDF95B6B34F979" box="[478,559,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr, 1878
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF46277107B5F95B6BB8F979" bold="true" box="[662,675,1680,1697]" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF462771078EF95B6A54F979" authority="Nees, 1834" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[685,847,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF462771078EF95B6BF5F979" box="[685,750,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">E. rosae</emphasis>
|
||
Nees, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4627710649F95B6AF2F979" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" box="[874,1001,1680,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF4627710649F95B6AF2F979" box="[874,1001,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="300">Diplolepis rosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars:1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C357653AAF4527720552FF136B2EFE28" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FF1369C9FF29" blockId="14.[111,648,216,496]" box="[113,210,216,243]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">BIOLOGY</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236B1AF4527720552FF336B2EFE28" blockId="14.[111,648,216,496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277205FFFF336824FEC9" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1807" box="[220,319,248,273]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAA3AF45277205FFFF336824FEC9" box="[220,319,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="301">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are predominantly endophytic, either as phytophagous or as parasitoids of phytophagous insects. The species included in this study are all ectoparasitoids in galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277204D8FE9C6B73FEAA" authorityName="in Nieves-Aldrey" authorityYear="2001" box="[507,616,343,370]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on herbs, shrubs and trees in the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF452772072EFEBD6B9BFE49" box="[525,640,374,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4527720551FE5D69FDFE69" box="[114,230,406,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF45277205D1FE5D684DFE69" box="[242,342,406,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4527720440FE5D68FCFE69" box="[355,487,406,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D32AF4527720702FE5D6B98FE69" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[545,643,406,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Almost all of the species also feed on gall plant tissue at the end of their final larvae stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |