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<mods:title id="A4AD709029B0206A2AB6AA04BAB26870">A revision of the genus Muricea Lamouroux, 1821 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the eastern Pacific. Part II</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2983628B17E99CFEB1B5A8BD6A48755A">Breedy, Odalisca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E8912985ED10A0E511BDD7DFC30B41C">Guzman, Hector M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A22185D6BCDA7F9AC01D4D81885B9681" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127891030" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A22185D6BCDA7F9AC01D4D81885B9681" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A22185D6BCDA7F9AC01D4D81885B9681" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection id="1DEBE447AC4F06EED812F3C661EC67CA" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="65050F3BD4CB3286FA9D053007140A88" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Taxon classification Animalia Alcyonacea Plexauridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC1A753D9E88972CADF30DFD59DC4395" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D2FE8774B7FAABBD84AAE6932D133A6E" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="A5567C003A101E348D508404F887F693" ID-CoL="73QLF" authority="Verrill, 1869" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera Verrill, 1869</taxonomicName>
Figures 24, 25, 26
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1B44D488FFCCABA6476244F6DFFFC0DB" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D003FC5649800D9F540916280B575F90" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="72FF7EF7717186BA05004A8E369FD0B8" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869: 430-432;
<bibRefCitation id="07088011A1107D5D1FC8A9AE8337C2D0" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1898 - 99" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 946" title="Gorgonaria." volume="13" year="1919">
<normalizedToken id="82C6C42E5BCE7AB17683105E5843CD4A" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
: 752;
<bibRefCitation id="DD434E5DF9FC35F9C72FF3132347ECBF" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich" year="1924">
<normalizedToken id="627EF39D74312612C664E6D8103980DB" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1924
</bibRefCitation>
: 142;
<bibRefCitation id="83B2E7455068C53D92E356E5FD43C8D9" author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="Illinois State University, Illinois, USA" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia)" year="1979">Harden 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 143-1 44;
<bibRefCitation id="909130F2A19C41ED688EDDA90AECDE37" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="325 - 422" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XLVII. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands and one from Trinidad." volume="85" year="1928">Hickson 1928</bibRefCitation>
: 367-369.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70094FAB974D8C7C64B953AB5C7A6012" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E8C92275FFE8A94B30E3215FC7779DDF" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FC66D79344460E5392F460B4B8AF5EE" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus id="0C1FAB328BB8AF47F2B78DB56E14F393" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lectotype</typeStatus>
: YPM 1569a, dry, Pearl Islands,
<normalizedToken id="AB74199AFF4ACB47D21D109C70892652" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, 11-14 m, F.H. Bradley, 1866.
<typeStatus id="0C28BD593F93CB22A38D5B510DC581CC" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
:
<normalizedToken id="698075196276C63BEF1B4839AEA4F6B7" originalValue="MÉXICO">MEXICO</normalizedToken>
: MCZ 4974; USNM 3094; dry, Cape San Lucas, Baja California, J. Xantus, April 1859- August 1861. USNM 52291; USNM 1130762 (part of YPM 8660); YPM 8660, dry, La Paz, Baja California, J. Pedersen, no date.
<normalizedToken id="E03793E6F37CEE7B3CA4CA19007E158D" originalValue="PANAMÁ">PANAMA</normalizedToken>
: USNM 1130761 (part of YPM 1569a); YPM809a-c; YPM 1569b; ZMUC-ANT 191 (part of YPM 809), dry, Pearl Islands, 11-14 m, F.H. Bradley, 1866.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C93F6975EFBCE2A5D52A0396F045B74" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="32BF35FEB42A47661B7FD9E1824521ED" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B2F0D41BC17408136452ED7A540C35F" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The lectotype is a bushy colony, 20 cm long and 23 cm wide, with brittle coenenchyme that is partially lost on some branches and with mostly naked terminal ends (Fig. 24A). Two slightly flattened stems, each 7-10 mm in diameter, arise from a large holdfast, about 6 cm long, devoid of coenenchyme and with a small white sponge attached (Fig. 24A). The branching is mostly dichotomous and mostly in one plane (Fig. 24A). The stems extend up to 15 mm long and subdivide into secondary branches, that bifurcate up to 6 times producing subordinate branches, no more than 25 mm apart. Some branches are wider at the lower part of the colony, up to 10 mm in diameter, but they are mostly of even thickness up to the tips, 7-8 mm in diameter. The branches bifurcate at close angles 30°-45°, and curved upwards. Some occasional branch anastomosis occurs, especially at the base. Unbranched terminal ends are up to 5 cm long, with rounded tips, and 6-9 mm in diameter. Axes are brownish and lighter at the tips. The calyces are all around the branches, bent upwards and close together, not imbricate but a little overlapped (Fig. 24B). They are raised, up to 2 mm long. The coenenchyme is thick and rough, composed of
<normalizedToken id="0CDA47A3E50455E3268946643DDFEA62" originalValue="reddishbrown">reddish-brown</normalizedToken>
, orange and light yellow sclerites (Fig. 24
<normalizedToken id="6DF098A2AA1424AE44FE4A94AACCC76F" originalValue="CE">C-E</normalizedToken>
). The
<pageBreakToken id="7D232AB6117E7F249B1A0402600B1967" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">outer</pageBreakToken>
coenenchymal and calycular spindles are of various types: mostly unilateral spinous with the inner side heavily warty, and the outer side with short spines. They are elongated, with round ends, or with one end tapered and the other wide and blunt, or with one end acute or bifurcated, or tapered at both ends, 0.55-1.5 mm long and 0.20-0.50 mm wide (Fig. 25A). The largest sclerites are of a darker colour in the central part with lighter hues around the borders. Furthermore, leaf-like spindles are present, 0.22-0.65 mm long and 0.06-0.20 mm wide (Fig. 25B), with a spiny end that projects beyond the calyx border, and warty spindles, 0.35-0.48 mm long and 0.11-0.14 mm wide (Fig. 25C). The axial sheath is composed of warty radiates, 0.12-0.36 mm long and 0.12-0.2 mm wide, and spindles (Fig. 25D). An
<pageBreakToken id="C4508013EC4C0B507BE6A329DF1BE95D" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">thocodial</pageBreakToken>
sclerites are pale yellow to whitish, 0.14-0.36 mm long and 0.02-0.06 mm wide (Figs 24E, 25E).
</paragraph>
<caption id="51C2DEFB967043C065D7CBB72B24AF12" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<paragraph id="94E10443F7130948F0D546CE5FE3DB16" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Figure 24.
<taxonomicName id="6D974B06952CCA41789DD78E62C86D81" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869. YPM 1569a. A Colony B Detail of branches
<normalizedToken id="50572312F905A06F4D020B0924AB1953" originalValue="CE">C-E</normalizedToken>
Sclerites, light micrographs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E1610AB5ACB57FE76C9CE37A652BCA17" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<paragraph id="393FA5764F80106547FB3079A041082B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Figure 25.
<taxonomicName id="074E57B26E1F4D0073B56CA8E5E3B9C8" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869. YPM 1569a.
<normalizedToken id="0269E2EC16D569699BDA42B51CD0DFFD" originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
Calycular and coenenchymal sclerites D Axial sheath sclerites E Anthocodial sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D534575AEE5B9DE8A3FD043391C7E52D" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Colour of the colony is reddish brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1B96D68E49ABA569131412484BF3F2DF" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="habitat and variability">
<paragraph id="76EB798FFFDEF931187D05655EE00A26" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Habitat and variability.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A4BA0108C140269910A28937C806A69" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
The colonies ramify producing a bouquet-like structure (Fig. 26A) or mostly grow in one plane (Fig. 26
<normalizedToken id="DB86571F0E5AB870B0151F8629715FC9" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
), in some cases, the holdfast extends for some distance along the substrate producing many more branches in a fringing-like colony that in some cases is growing upside down. The polyps are orange to yellow (Fig. 26
<normalizedToken id="44347D30C330E2F636D9558566A40E5A" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
). In the examined specimens the larger sclerites reach up to 0.2 mm long. The branches vary in diameter from 6-10 mm, in some cases few bifurcations occur forming candelabrum-like colonies or single finger-like short branches joint by extending holdfast.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F82D1670B4E58DD0A692ED5F53F4E041" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<paragraph id="066250B7DA086A54F160EE9E61CCA5F8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Figure 26.
<taxonomicName id="B92FAB62476B25B711446D748E2B9E8B" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869, colonies in situ, submarine pictures. A Gigima, AMP Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador, photograph: Fernando Rivera B Salango, Machalilla National Park, Ecuador, photograph: Fernando Rivera C Coiba National Park,
<normalizedToken id="6B4048A2FE3B9AB46C8EF2F592CFF4FF" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, photograph: Graham Edgar,.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6688EF145AA98E69E6D38AB30B1F3B4A" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="91206331B18685D85CFA948F26FC5D2F" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95F7619BB5F7BC13FA6CF52520B802A2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
It has a widespread distribution, from
<normalizedToken id="1140A974A16AC0C9B3D67452B422B03B" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
to
<normalizedToken id="19E2BB00BC4DEE84838364ADFED0113B" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
. Type locality: Pearl Islands,
<normalizedToken id="F1A5851B0B8C28919858C1E187568993" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="27A65AABF9642FBAE477A20AE69F54CE" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="710E420929D3830A215DB5CF7E789D0D" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D9901953414EC9DD286432A36BF1808" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Verrill (1868) described this species with specimens from Pearl Islands, Cape San Lucas and La Paz, Baja California. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="919FB3139459172E9F568362EED5145B" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="325 - 422" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XLVII. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands and one from Trinidad." volume="85" year="1928">Hickson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
revised a specimen from Taboguilla Island, Gulf of Panama and added some details about variation in calyx length (little larger) and found larger sclerites, up to 2 mm long. Verrill (1868) and
<bibRefCitation id="53EBD9943630B963C1A6B8FEF70645C1" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="325 - 422" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XLVII. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands and one from Trinidad." volume="85" year="1928">Hickson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
considered the species as rare in
<normalizedToken id="18B74C6A5A2061EF4C23C542A52CE0DC" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, but we found it common at various localities around Pearl Islands and Gulf of
<normalizedToken id="20D89D88BF6CC5354616938C58766CD8" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="696813AE84DCEE9464E55FBC497B75C1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Verrill did not designate a holotype for the species. The specimen YPM 1569a is the largest of the syntype series and closely matches
<normalizedToken id="2C65B7F8CCB015D92CBC0110A789DE20" originalValue="Verrills">Verrill's</normalizedToken>
description of the species, therefore, we designate this specimen as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="43F5FF718D19999E48D882C81D0AFADF" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea austera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="austera">Muricea austera</taxonomicName>
with the purpose of clearly establishing its taxonomic status.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="59B97A15846DA2A28B86B303952AAE68" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="584A102ECEFD3F3FA722C83B5FDE1992" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Other material revised.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77A4BAAB259A1E3850BB876AF1488F21" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
COSTA RICA: UCR 623-624, 633a, dry, Bajo Isla Chora,
<normalizedToken id="F45EED4B6A210135567EA80591D55CA4" originalValue="Sámara">Samara</normalizedToken>
Bay, Guanacaste, 10 m, H. Guzman, 18 March 1984; UCR 779, dry,
<normalizedToken id="63C738CE82ED4EEDD044AD7C050FD661" originalValue="Peñón">Penon</normalizedToken>
de la Bruja, Santa Rosa National Park, 10 m, J.
<normalizedToken id="52A2331DCB9E6AB1A3821077D666C75A" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
, 5 March 1994; UCR 836, dry, Cabo Blanco Islet, SW from Cabo Blanco National Reserve, Puntarenas, 12 m, L. Mena, 26 April 1994. ECUADOR: IIN 4b, 5, 6, dry, Tambip, Salinas, 12-14 m, F. Rivera, P.
<normalizedToken id="DC82FAD5483C23709DC84AF6031FBF7A" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, 20 July 2010; IIN 23, dry, Bajo Lunes, Salinas, 18 m, F. Rivera, P.
<normalizedToken id="D45483D23DED1B89D026A84A04087938" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, 21 July 2010; IIN 62, dry, Gigima, Salinas, 12-14 m, F. Rivera, P.
<normalizedToken id="040C248E9BEBF766F278EB712A2F0510" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, 22 July 2010; IIN 104, 118, dry, Los Ahorcados, Machalilla National Park, 10-12 m, F. Rivera, P.
<normalizedToken id="25D5FC79D620733AB8199A3D9F350BA3" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, 25 July 2010. EL SALVADOR: UCR 1936, ethanol preserved, Departamento la Libertad, Playa Mizata, J. Segovia, 26 February 2010.
<normalizedToken id="127E0284B8F55DB65DF151EAB9EA985C" originalValue="MÉXICO">MEXICO</normalizedToken>
: M 11, dry,
<normalizedToken id="F77D52E45FFBA85C94D6ED89BDBBF33D" originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
echado Island, San Carlos Bay, Sonora, 5-25 m, J.L. Carballo, 6 December 2000; M 29, dry, Lobos Island, Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, 5-25 m, J.L. Carballo, 17 November 1998. STRI 1128, ethanol preserved, El Faro, Oaxaca, 8 m, R. Abeytia, 2 September 2004; STRI 1139, ethanol preserved, El Faro, Oaxaca, 8 m, R. Abeytia, 13 August 2004.
<normalizedToken id="6F42FE1821740BF7B49760B953768FCC" originalValue="PANAMÁ">PANAMA</normalizedToken>
: STRI 25, 27, dry, Santa Cruz Island,
<normalizedToken id="3268E7256A04BEC61973C35B3484F4A2" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 5-10 m, H. Guzman, 10 December 2001; STRI 143, 204, Jicarita Island,
<normalizedToken id="27CF267800E35F39D20D4AD469A79F4A" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 10-20, H. Guzman, 9 May 2002; STRI 145, dry, Jicarita Island,
<normalizedToken id="64DF5C6A888D5AB52F3BF657AA4BF897" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 10-30 m, H. Guzman, 19 April 2002; STRI 290, Piedra Hacha,
<normalizedToken id="367AA293FF93C13A11F5F2E971792EC8" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 20-30m, H. Guzman, 22 April 2002; STRI 319, dry,
<normalizedToken id="04E2AB0318B1CCB7429063EEB1689A3B" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 5-10 m, H. Guzman, 24 April 2002; STRI 406, Seca Grande Islande
<normalizedToken id="D2FE86532C36B637D63C1985CF1D46E1" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 20 m, H. Guzman, 26 August 2002; STRI 417,
<normalizedToken id="35BB34C60526464FC657870D49C176D1" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 20 m, H. Guzman, 26 August 2002; STRI
<pageBreakToken id="CC3AB891AE8A096885E797D51F88957A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">445</pageBreakToken>
, Jacarita Island, 10-25 m, H. Guzman, 29 August 2002; STRI 525, Bajo Bolano,
<normalizedToken id="094A77891FD04D99F7E88D949A5D696B" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 25 m, H. Guzman, 16 April 2003; STRI 751, Roca Trollope, 10-20 m, H. Guzman, 6 August 2003; STRI 777, Pearl Islands, 3 m, H. Guzman, 11 August 2003; STRI 791, San
<normalizedToken id="BFBA8E42679BE74450EAA5F07D48FFF4" originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
Island, 3 m, H. Guzman, 11 October 2003; STRI 810, Pearl Islands, 2 m, H. Guzman, 6 April 2004; SRTI 821, 822, Pearl Islands, 3 m, H. Guzman, 6 April 2004; STRI 834, Pearl Islands, 27 m, H. Guzman, 7 April 2004; STRI 838, Pearl Islands, 2 m, H. Guzman, 8 April 2004; STRI 845, Pearl Islands, 3 m, H.
<pageBreakToken id="0B11298958C3D24C45D36F2FAA1F2CC9" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">Guzman</pageBreakToken>
, 20 April 2004; STRI 866, Achotines,
<normalizedToken id="D4AFD510F4916D180836E631E78EB35B" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 3-10 m, H. Guzman, 5 May 2004; STRI 900, 901, 930, Pearl Islands, 10 m, H. Guzman, 23 September 2004; STRI 943, Pearl Islands, 3-20 m, H. Guzman, 23 September 2004; ethanol preserved, STRI 137B,145B, 1213, Saboga Island,1-5 m, H. Guzman, 14 December 2001; STRI C5, Coiba Island,
<normalizedToken id="085F7780619C974088DB05FFB28CEC28" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, H. Guzman, 3 August 2002.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>