182 lines
28 KiB
XML
182 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="159D7EDDA10B754618245D6718E7DB46" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="69f5d98b-5562-4cdc-a990-9a0cc9302ccf" ModsDocID="z00825p001" checkinTime="1247125301139" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Tomas Hrbek, Donald C. Taphorn & Jamie E. Thomerson" docDate="2005" docId="911B0ED24D3CEE547B003EA0155956AF" docLanguage="en" docName="2005_Hrbek_Taphorn_Thomerson_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 825" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A65C9E57-187D-4503-AD3A-E7E4135A77BF" docTitle="Austrofundulus Myers" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="81945911962C5F203E583D2D1C6ACEE1" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny of Austrofundulus Myers (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with revision of the genus and the description of four new species." masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1701314093645" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6F008200DF87DE7481D827E4847CB477">Molecular phylogeny of Austrofundulus Myers (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with revision of the genus and the description of four new species.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBE4DAB691D2C61EC5D780200BD1407D">Tomas Hrbek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4F559EA07803138B7267D43F539FEC9">Donald C. Taphorn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ECF56AEA0962BD32EC34175715C9843D">Jamie E. Thomerson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C360A976AAF0954A2D909AE309670CDC">2005</mods:date>
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<treatment id="911B0ED24D3CEE547B003EA0155956AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6264926" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119154" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6264926" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:911B0ED24D3CEE547B003EA0155956AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/911B0ED24D3CEE547B003EA0155956AF" lastPageNumber="4" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="3B4141C8C88130BCC73AACF69657978A" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DB4F82BC5B30E530D3A4A9C790E67FE7" pageNumber="2">
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[[ Genus
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<taxonomicName id="3D933C43BD54640F87B35A5A2D317324" ID-CoL="36B5" ID-ENA="52669" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus Myers</taxonomicName>
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]]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A43A8261284B225AE41A58A2DD8CBEF" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="0D959CB001E55E8A8304FA46316FD474" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="64DC80980F6CCD5DD18EED2F99CA63EA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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was last revised by Taphorn and Thomerson (1978). In that study Taphorn and Thomerson (1978) recognized only two species:
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<taxonomicName id="29A556950F67F0690ECDBE5B1203428E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">Austrofundulus transilis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D3DC1193CD4BAEAC16101840EC49B4F7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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, and placed the other two then described species,
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<taxonomicName id="4BF3A28E3EC57BC2729398BCD077CFD4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:12762877-CE05-4441-8882-F89312533448" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus myersi Dahl 1958:42" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myersi">A. myersi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A60E7111DC0CE0345E8BF54A74627512" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4BFEB4D4-EDBB-43B3-A264-67A721CD028A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus stagnalis Schultz 1949:88" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stagnalis">A. stagnalis</taxonomicName>
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into synonymy with
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<taxonomicName id="3F332F56F67AF3ACE0B7CB5256FE1B58" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="C57C3B0D266D0A09B1776DA1B735C0F9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">Austrofundulus transilis</taxonomicName>
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was at that time only known from the
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<normalizedToken id="F451FBC7295F145DD06440093F8AAB3B" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Apure basin of Venezuela, while
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<taxonomicName id="0DA0F000C95476CDF36F721F1F84D30C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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had a very wide and disjunctive distribution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="592159D8A67C544F38822A1B8BD52013" lastPageNumber="3" pageNumber="2">
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The type species,
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<taxonomicName id="3295BC64FC239157C2A570E9DE4AD32D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932</taxonomicName>
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, is known from the Venezuelan Llanos north of the Orinoco mainstream and from the lower
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<normalizedToken id="70129AA7B9DF0E5F2BA8704ACE7CC149" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Unare Basin (Thomerson et al. 1990). Taphorn and Thomerson (1978) recognized seven distinctive populations of
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<taxonomicName id="294B29368A07DB55F352D4307C493FA7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus Schultz, 1949</taxonomicName>
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: the Colombian population found on the coastal lowlands between Cartagena and Sincelejo previously described as
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<taxonomicName id="28E1E3739E6964F2550F6026450DE280" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:12762877-CE05-4441-8882-F89312533448" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus myersi Dahl 1958:42" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myersi">A. myersi Dahl, 1958</taxonomicName>
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; a population from the Guajira Peninsula; three populations from the Lake Maracaibo basin and the adjacent coastal desert including a population from the southeastern Maracaibo basin bearing the name
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<taxonomicName id="90B635795C4ADCEB2D2B09F29CA06F0C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4BFEB4D4-EDBB-43B3-A264-67A721CD028A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus stagnalis Schultz 1949:88" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stagnalis">A. stagnalis</taxonomicName>
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; a population from the coastal Caribbean drainages of
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<normalizedToken id="7A47ABA240A35E14D6842A4C6319A1F2" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Aroa and probably also
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<normalizedToken id="9C0458B895A78D5829D094BF7057AB17" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Tocuyo in the vicinity of Tucacas,
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<normalizedToken id="3CB163C4D28EB89F0758A7AC4E477FD4" originalValue="Falcón">Falcon</normalizedToken>
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State, Venezuela; and a
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<pageStartToken id="FDCAEE87BE9DB4951440A5765AF76490" pageNumber="3">population</pageStartToken>
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from the upper Tacutu (Branco-Amazon) River drainage in the Rupununi Savannah of Guyana (Fig. 1). Based on the apparent availability of suitable habitat shown on topographic maps, we suspect that the Guyanese population likely extends further south to the savannahs around Boa Vista, Brazil, however, currently no specimens are known from this area.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="45EBC591B078FA559453E7C9CB664EBA">
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<paragraph id="543B8B0482BAC5F9894ABE0C481A002D" pageNumber="3">
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FIGURE 1. Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="45DA4CF016CA370B80A707F81C7CFCF5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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species and populations. Symbols represent localities from which animals were sampled, while outlines represent approximate areas of distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="9657B85D7EF7B3DCB900DD4B31F9BC76" pageNumber="3">
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Taphorn and Thomerson had initiated the 1978 study thinking that several of these populations of
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<taxonomicName id="E42659F428DD10C387E2D3A94FDEB6FA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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, distinguishable by male color patterns, might prove to be valid species. However, because of considerable morphological variation among males of
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<taxonomicName id="021E9D4DA1033C372927B396590530A2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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within populations, few significant differences in meristic and morphometric characters, and great similarity among females of all
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<taxonomicName id="9EF37BE1C8CA70D560DDADA1803CE2BD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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populations, Taphorn and Thomerson (1978) did not give formal taxonomic recognition to any of these populations. Subsequent popular articles (Thomerson and Taphorn 1992a; b) included updated distribution maps, photographs of fish from various populations to document differences in male color patterns, and comments on natural history and aquarium culture, but they also suggested no further taxonomic changes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0BC00CA297962E4698AA60A8AC75E47E" pageNumber="4">
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<pageStartToken id="EA8D652FC03F7A0B61B3424485B7741B" pageNumber="4">In</pageStartToken>
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recent years molecular analyses have been applied as an additional tool in identifying species, and in inferring phylogenetic relationships among species (e.g. Avise 1994; Avise 2000; Templeton 2001). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in particular has found a widespread use as a molecular marker. Although mtDNA is non-recombining and is maternally inherited, and thus it cannot reflect the tokogenetic relationships among individuals within a sexual species, it is useful for inferring phylogenetic relationships among species, as well as in identifying clusters of individuals that are significantly differentiated from other individuals. This naturally requires the caveat that the evolutionary history of the mtDNA is the same as the evolutionary history of the individuals bearing them. This caveat applies to any character, whether molecular or morphological. Allowing for these assumptions, we proceed to investigate phylogenetic relationships among populations of the annual killifish genus
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<taxonomicName id="CDD57DBCD3C6292B840E3A59E3D7814D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus Myers 1932</taxonomicName>
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, known from Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="121E0889BA4D33C704AF82CE97F01A36" pageNumber="4">
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Molecular phylogenetic analysis allowed us to reassess former conclusions regarding these different populations of
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<taxonomicName id="7A866E119B555390CAE11C5FC9A41BA9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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. Assuming that the evolutionary history of mtDNA reflects the evolutionary history of the different populations of
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<taxonomicName id="595F5ED08E3D6E23CE3E699E611DC5DA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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, reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among mtDNA haplotypes originating from different areas should amount to reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among these areas. Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequence data suggests that all
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<taxonomicName id="4DC7ABB0AC078C47F62DC11036D31669" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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populations recognized by Taphorn and Thomerson (1978), except “
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<taxonomicName id="DF49561E5B615F1413E40772021808DD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4BFEB4D4-EDBB-43B3-A264-67A721CD028A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus stagnalis Schultz 1949:88" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stagnalis">A. stagnalis</taxonomicName>
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”, are monophyletic. Thus geographic areas are inhabited by clades of individuals (Figs. 1, 2, 3).
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<taxonomicName id="808308BEEFF193F19FECA3233F681E7C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">Austrofundulus transilis</taxonomicName>
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is also monophyletic (Figs. 2, 3). However,
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<taxonomicName id="C1CA69C7F5E6788B242C59AC8775CE85" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">A. transilis</taxonomicName>
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is sister to the
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5F7FFC2CCAF9A7B77E8741007BFD3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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population from the Rupununi savannah, and together they are sister to
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<taxonomicName id="0270635D24A5F7994F9B69914F8FECE3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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populations from the
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<normalizedToken id="933092524847445D7EF9D5C4FC89133C" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Aroa basin.
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<taxonomicName id="AC26C4AF2FF8AC8F529E348FE19E0F3D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DF8C2F2-A5F1-4548-BC19-AD4E00BDC5AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932:160" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transilis">Austrofundulus transilis</taxonomicName>
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is nested within
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<taxonomicName id="709D85355359EC0AADE14B7C3F89054A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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as defined Taphorn and Thomerson (1978) making
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<taxonomicName id="B9DA5ACB41887C20A083DD7BB5C67969" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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a paraphyletic entity. It is unlikely this paraphyly would result from a process such as incomplete lineage sorting. In this case we would not expect monophyly of sampled geographical areas, or male color pattern differences diagnostic for these same geographical areas. Furthermore, we would not expect to observe spatial and temporal concordance of phylogenetic relationships with the geological history of northern South America. Combined evidence suggests that these geographically restricted, monophyletic entities represent species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="95E16A4B5E9382C10456CB6FEAFAB633" pageNumber="4">
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Based on the combined phylogenetic, geographic-distributional, male color pattern, and hybridization (see discussion), we propose a revision of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="3E397A04152319840F66A6D76E2C2435" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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. We propose to remove
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<taxonomicName id="8FB907D51573AD9903A6879D89B672B1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:12762877-CE05-4441-8882-F89312533448" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus myersi Dahl 1958:42" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myersi">A. myersi</taxonomicName>
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from synonymy with
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<taxonomicName id="4C5A62F07A8A799A6523360F0106B2C3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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, restrict
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<taxonomicName id="B006FA3EEEB45A425FB9F9F2F214C5E9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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to populations occurring on the eastern side of Lake Maracaibo but retain within
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<taxonomicName id="2174506C28467F09454C9FC153ADC0F2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11B60941-87CF-4CDF-8F61-F52AC14C0278" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz 1949:85" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnaeus">A. limnaeus</taxonomicName>
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“
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<taxonomicName id="0801469757A0B7A34D84850CC975244A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4BFEB4D4-EDBB-43B3-A264-67A721CD028A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus stagnalis Schultz 1949:88" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stagnalis">A. stagnalis</taxonomicName>
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” from the southeastern side of Lake Maracaibo, and to describe the populations from the Guajira peninsula, from the western side of Lake Maracaibo, from the Tucacas region, and from the Rupununi Savannah as new species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F90AE9D5F795F640015BCFBC6B10AB8" lastPageNumber="5" pageNumber="4">
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Costa (1990) synonymized
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<taxonomicName id="636C5618F0662782F27B9DF838D9AF6E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus Myers 1932</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="A936FAF3E0B04148C24B497C32E8EC8B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F12E2023-61ED-419A-BF66-AB71508F9A02" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rachovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Rachovia Myers 1927:119" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rachovia Myers 1927</taxonomicName>
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|
, but in a later publication (Costa 1998) resurrected
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C4C7DAA95966A91F74FFFEFA527392FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
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|
as a separate genus
|
|
<pageStartToken id="AE27CD29B1B69384A6454AFAD783BCC0" pageNumber="5">without</pageStartToken>
|
|
justification. We follow Taphorn and Thomerson (1978) in recognizing both genera. Although there are no universally accepted definitions as to what constitutes a genus, it is generally agreed that generic designations should encompass not only monophyletic units, but also a morphologically and ecologically distinct groups, thus conveying additional information above and beyond the species level. Since this analysis shows
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E27D1C5B11883CDD2DD7634AA8357A8F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species to be a monophyletic group, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3908894934629D3525D44161B91C7DEB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="251A2FF0E58BC0DD7A9D4BD89367A08F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F12E2023-61ED-419A-BF66-AB71508F9A02" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rachovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Rachovia Myers 1927:119" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rachovia</taxonomicName>
|
|
form morphologically distinct units (Taphorn and Thomerson 1978), the retention of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AE173AAF0E70C6EC6D37A015F1CD6A45" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a separate genus is justified.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
</treatment>
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</document> |