415 lines
58 KiB
XML
415 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BE2629C619E6319C183B51D54D9EE651">Nacerdochroa concolor (Brullé, 1839) (Coleoptera: Oedemeridae): taxonomy, ecology, life cycle and larval instars</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F189B9C9994AE3E58CC2A7274F580802">Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0251A94852E900F707E54AFB4FDD0C89">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="794ACB33AE71FFC8FEE4FB5FFDA5FE27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5667913" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119350637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5667913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:794ACB33AE71FFC8FEE4FB5FFDA5FE27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/794ACB33AE71FFC8FEE4FB5FFDA5FE27" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="B9F929AEAE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFD7CFAB8" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFB2EFB6F" blockId="4.[264,1184,1204,1230]" box="[264,1184,1204,1230]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="AA14CD49AE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFB2EFB6F" bold="true" box="[264,1184,1204,1230]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFB2EFB6F" bold="true" box="[264,1184,1204,1230]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFDD4FB6F" authority="Semenov, 1894" authorityName="Semenov" authorityYear="1894" box="[264,602,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Holoxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FEE4FB5FFE17FB6F" bold="true" box="[264,409,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Holoxantha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE71FFC1FE4CFB5FFDD4FB6F" author="Semenov" box="[416,602,1204,1230]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" refString="Semenov, A. (1894) Symbolae ad cognitionem Oedemeridarum. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 28, 449 - 474." type="journal article" year="1894">Semenov, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a new synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FCA2FB5FFB2EFB6F" authority="Reitter, 1893" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1893" box="[846,1184,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FCA2FB5FFC74FB6F" bold="true" box="[846,1018,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE71FFC1FBEEFB5FFB2EFB6F" author="Reitter" box="[1026,1184,1204,1230]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" refString="Reitter, E. (1893) Achter Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna des russischen Reiches. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 12, 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="1893">Reitter, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FEE4FB14FD7CFAB8" blockId="4.[264,1323,1279,1585]" box="[264,754,1279,1305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">The following specimens were examined:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B9F929AEAE71FFC0FED4FACCFD56FD32" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FED4FACCFD78FAC8" blockId="4.[264,1323,1279,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FED4FACCFDDCFAE1" box="[312,594,1319,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FED4FACCFDDCFAE1" box="[312,594,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa concolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Several specimens from Canary Islands (El Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FED4FA9CFB19FA40" blockId="4.[264,1323,1279,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FED4FA9CFDCFFA31" box="[312,577,1399,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspica">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FED4FA9CFDCFFA31" box="[312,577,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa caspica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 1 ɗ, 3 ΨΨ from
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<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE71FFC1FCFCFA9CFC3CFA30" box="[784,946,1399,1425]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
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(St. Ajcha-Kujma; Molla-Kara, Bl. Desvela; Krasnovodsk.). 1 Ψ from
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<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE71FFC1FCEAFA74FC04FA18" box="[774,906,1439,1465]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
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(St. Kara-Kul' Buj.). 1 ɗ from
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<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE71FFC1FEE4FA2CFE06FA40" box="[264,392,1479,1505]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
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(Baku). All specimens housed in the Museum of Saint Petersburg.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FED4FA04FCE9F990" blockId="4.[264,1323,1279,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FED4FA04FD06F9A9" box="[312,648,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatopyga">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FED4FA04FD06F9A9" box="[312,648,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa carinatopyga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 1 ɗ from
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<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE71FFC1FCCCFA04FC0EF9A8" box="[800,896,1519,1545]" name="Somalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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(Scusciuban, Migiurtinia, Valle d. Darror) (Museo Civico di Storia Natural di Trieste).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FED4F98CFC35F958" blockId="4.[264,1323,1639,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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The male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FDD1F98CFD6AF921" box="[573,740,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FDD1F98CFD6AF921" box="[573,740,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species is quite similar, i.e., penis without apical hooks, parameres very long and slender, ninth sternite without bifid medial projection, eighth sternite concealed and membranous, last visible sternite not emarginate. Both female genitalia and external features are also very similar.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE71FFC1FEE4F8EAFC38F8D0" blockId="4.[264,1323,1639,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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Š vihla (1986) based the distinction of the subgenera
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FC99F8ECFB92F881" box="[885,1052,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FC99F8ECFB92F881" box="[885,1052,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Nacerdochroa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE71FFC1FBBAF8ECFB6FF881" box="[1110,1249,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Holoxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE71FFC1FBBAF8ECFB6FF881" box="[1110,1249,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Holoxantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the relative length of the last segment of posterior tarsi and the shape of the parameres, but such characters are not worth of more than a specific rank.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FEF7FD47FEFC" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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We then propose formally the following synonymy:
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FC5CFEF7FA84FE97" authority="Reitter, 1893" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1893" box="[944,1290,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FC5CFEF7FBD9FE94" box="[944,1111,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Nacerdochroa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FB84FEF7FA84FE97" author="Reitter" box="[1128,1290,284,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Reitter, E. (1893) Achter Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna des russischen Reiches. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 12, 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="1893">Reitter, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FEAFFDDEFEFF" authority="Semenov, 1894" authorityName="Semenov" authorityYear="1894" box="[264,592,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Holoxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FEAFFE1CFEFC" box="[264,402,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Holoxantha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FE76FEAFFDDEFEFF" author="Semenov" box="[410,592,324,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Semenov, A. (1894) Symbolae ad cognitionem Oedemeridarum. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 28, 449 - 474." type="journal article" year="1894">Semenov, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FDB1FEA8FD47FEFC" bold="true" box="[605,713,323,349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FED4FE87FCE7FD87" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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We are considering that there is a single genus,
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FC9CFE87FB99FE24" box="[880,1047,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FC9CFE87FB99FE24" box="[880,1047,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Nacerdochroa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose representatives show a disjunct distribution, a fact not uncommon in some Canarian taxa, e.g. the genus
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FE57FDAAFE77" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[264,548,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Cephaloncus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FE57FE2FFE74" box="[264,417,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Cephaloncus</emphasis>
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Westwood
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FDD8FE57FD3FFE77" box="[564,689,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Melyridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FD52FE57FCDBFE77" box="[702,853,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Malachiinae">Malachiinae</taxonomicName>
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). Even in
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FC27FE57FBC2FE74" box="[971,1100,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Alloxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FC27FE57FBC2FE74" box="[971,1100,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Alloxantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a Saharan species has been described later (
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FDD3FE0FFC96FE5C" box="[575,792,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Alloxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="svihlai">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FDD3FE0FFC96FE5C" box="[575,792,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Alloxantha svihlai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Vảzquez, 1993a), filling somewhat the gap with the species of the Near East (Vảzquez, 1993b).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FD92FD56FD32" blockId="5.[264,728,633,659]" box="[264,728,633,659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FD92FDF6FD32" bold="true" box="[264,632,633,659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FD92FDA8FD32" box="[264,550,633,659]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FD92FDA8FD32" bold="true" box="[264,550,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Nacerdochroa concolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Brull
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</emphasis>
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é,
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<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FD78FD92FD56FD32" bold="true" box="[660,728,633,659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">1839)</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B9F929AEAE70FFC0FEE4FD2FFC4CFC9A" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FD2FFDE1FD7A" blockId="5.[264,1019,708,827]" box="[264,623,708,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1F35D0BAE70FFC0FEE4FD2FFDE1FD7A" box="[264,623,708,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FD2FFDE1FD7A" authority="Brulle, 1839: 70" authorityName="Brulle" authorityPageNumber="70" authorityYear="1839" box="[264,623,708,731]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Ditylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FD2FFE35FD7A" box="[264,443,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Ditylus concolor</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="70425C34AE70FFC0FE2DFD2FFDE1FD7A" author="Brulle" box="[449,623,708,731]" page="70" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" year="1839">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FE2DFD2FFDC4FD7A" author="Brulle" box="[449,586,708,731]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Brulle, A. (1839) Insectes. In: Webb, P. B. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries (1836 - 1844). Tome 2 (2 e Partie). Bethune, Paris, pp. 53 - 119 + pl. I - V." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullė, 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FD0FFCA0FD5A" blockId="5.[264,1019,708,827]" box="[264,814,740,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1F35D0BAE70FFC0FEE4FD0FFCA0FD5A" box="[264,814,740,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FD0FFDC6FD5A" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[264,584,740,763]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Holoxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FD0FFE64FD5A" box="[264,490,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Holoxantha concolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Brullė)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="70425C34AE70FFC0FDB8FD0FFCA0FD5A" author="Semenov" box="[596,814,740,763]" page="472" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" year="1894">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FDB8FD0FFD72FD5A" author="Semenov" box="[596,764,740,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Semenov, A. (1894) Symbolae ad cognitionem Oedemeridarum. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 28, 449 - 474." type="journal article" year="1894">Semenov, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 472
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FCEFFC4CFC9A" blockId="5.[264,1019,708,827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1F35D0BAE70FFC0FEE4FCEFFC4CFC9A" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FCEFFD20FCBA" authority="Franz, 1985: 102" authorityName="Franz" authorityPageNumber="102" authorityYear="1985" box="[264,686,772,795]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Alloxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hierrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FCEFFE60FCBA" box="[264,494,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Alloxantha hierrensis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="70425C34AE70FFC0FE18FCEFFD20FCBA" author="Franz" box="[500,686,772,795]" page="102" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FE18FCEFFDF9FCBA" author="Franz" box="[500,631,772,795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Franz, H. (1985) Revision der Genera Holoxantha Semenov und Alloxantha Seidlitz (Coleoptera, Oedemeridae). Eos, 61, 95 - 105." type="journal article" year="1985">Franz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 102
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Ś vihla, 1988: 378 (synonymy)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FEE4FCCFFD77FC9A" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[264,761,804,827]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor" subGenus="Holoxantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FEE4FCCFFD12FC9A" box="[264,668,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Nacerdochroa (Holoxantha) concolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Brullė)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Ś vihla, 1986: 192
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B9F929AEAE70FFC8FEE4FC87FDA5FE27" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FC87FCA2FC77" blockId="5.[264,1323,876,1182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Distribution: Endemic to the Canary Islands, recorded previously from the islands of Tenerife, El Hierro, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and La Palma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FC05FC7FFA93FC0F" author="Machado" box="[1001,1309,916,942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Machado, A. & Oromι, P. 2000. Elenco de los Cole o pteros de las Islas Canarias. Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna. 306 pp." type="book" year="2000">Machado & OromÌ, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); we confirm its presence in the last two islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FED4FC0FFC49FBD7" blockId="5.[264,1323,876,1182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Preimaginal states and life cycle are poorly known. Only
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE70FFC0FC0AFC0FFAA4FC5F" author="Kubisz" box="[998,1322,996,1022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Kubisz, D. & Borowski, J. (1999) Some observations on the life history of Nacerdochroa (Holoxantha) concolor (Brulle, 1838) (Coleoptera, Oedemeridae). Vieraea, 27, 299 - 300." type="journal article" year="1999">Kubisz & Borowski (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave fragmentary data on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FDD5FBE7FD4CFB84" box="[569,706,1036,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FDD5FBE7FD4CFB84" box="[569,706,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">N. concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since they found larvae and pupae of this species in partially rotten roots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FDCFFBDFFCA2FBEC" box="[547,812,1076,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regis-jubae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FDCFFBDFFCA2FBEC" box="[547,812,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Euphorbia regis-jubae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the island of La Gomera; neither any of the preimaginal states nor the life cycle was fully described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FED4FB6FFBA3FB3F" blockId="5.[264,1323,876,1182]" box="[312,1069,1156,1182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
We describe here the different ontogenetic stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE70FFC0FC71FB6FFBA8FB3C" box="[925,1062,1156,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE70FFC0FC71FB6FFBA8FB3C" box="[925,1062,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">N. concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FEE4FB24FDA2FB48" blockId="5.[264,1323,1231,1897]" box="[264,556,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Description of the imago</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC0FED4FB1CFDE2FAB0" blockId="5.[264,1323,1231,1897]" box="[312,620,1271,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Male: Length:
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE70FFC0FE0AFB1CFDE9FAB0" box="[486,615,1271,1297]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10–18 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE70FFC2FED4FAF4FEC0FD88" blockId="5.[264,1323,1231,1897]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,553]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Elongate, subcylindrical, testaceous yellow, most of the dorsal surface uniformly covered with a very fine, short, appressed pubescence of golden-yellow colour, less uniform on ventral side (fig. 8). Head somewhat prominent, oblong, elongate, narrower (with eyes) than prothorax, covered with dense punctures of the approximate size of an ommatidium. Frons wide, flat, with two clear protuberances at antennal insertions, space between these with a slightly depressed area. Eyes rather large, transverse, reniform, slightly convex, placed below the antennal insertion in side view, fore margin slightly sinuate, separated by a distance less than the interantennal one. Ommatidia coarse. Clypeofrontal suture evanescent. Clypeus medium-sized, moderately transverse, sides strongly convergent towards truncate apical margin, outer angles obtuse, medially sulcate. Epistome yellow-ochreous. Genae clearly parallel, no visible neck. Vertex slightly convex. Labrum transverse, moderate in size, basal margin narrower than apical, the latter densely covered with very long yellow setae. Mandibles large, robust, rather elongate, yellowish, tinged with dark red at apical third (in some specimens black), with yellow setae at base, apex bifid by the presence of a deep subangular fissure forming two clear teeth. Maxillae with abundant yellowish pubescence on galea and lacinia; maxillary palps 4-segmented, 1st segment small, retracted, last long, rather dilated, obliquely triangular, knife-shaped, apical angle acute, front margin slightly curved. Labial complex with sclerotized postmentum and membranous prementum, this bearing 3-segmented labial palps; paraglossae and hypopharynx very pubescent. Antennae slender, simple, filiform, 11- segmented, inserted in front of eyes, moderately long, reaching, when folded back, slightly more than half the elytral length; antennomeres rather slender and moderately elongate, yellowish, with a crown of apical yellowish setae: 1st antennomere oblong, subclavate; 2nd obconical, about as long as half the 1st; 3rd similar to 2nd but twice as long; 4th with shape and proportions of 3rd, remaining antennomeres up to 10th, little longer, 11th slender and divided by a notch into two neat parts, a little shorter than 10th. Prothorax narrow, transverse, its width about 1.25 x its length; fore margin almost straight and wider than basal margin; anterior angles rounded, sides widest in fore third, narrowing gradually towards base; basal margin with a fine rim, more or less transversely impressed from the basal angles to the middle, margin at middle arched, obscuring base of scutellum. Dorsal surface slightly convex, densely punctured, punctures coarser than those on head, two pairs of transverse impressions near the fore and basal margins. In ventral view, without special characters, as in the general pattern of the family. Scutellum wide, tongue-shaped, apex rounded, medially slightly sulcate. Elytra dull, slightly convex, yellowish, more or less depressed along sutural margin behind scutellum, with dense, thin, regular, adpressed pubescence masking the almost unnoticeable, finely subrugose punctures. Humeri rounded but rather prominent, elytra widest at this level, 1.5 times as wide as pronotal width, narrowing from humeri backwards and then gradually widening upto two thirds of length, each elytron angularly curved separately from here to apex. Surface of each elytron with two slight longitudinal ribs, usually very thin and hardly visible. Elytra dehiscent from about midlength onwards, exposing wings (fig. 8). Legs slender, elongate, testaceous yellow, tarsal formula 5-5-4. Fore and middle coxae contiguous, conical, prominent; hind coxae separate, transverse. Fore legs with femora gradually widening from base to apex and as long as protibia; this clearly narrower and with two thin apical laterointernal spurs. Protarsi (fig. 12) 5-segmented, the 1st largest, obconical, as long as 2nd -4th together, 2nd obconical, slightly larger than 3rd, 3rd cordiform and as long as 4th, this also cordiform but slightly narrower and with ventral pads, 5th inserted in a dorsobasal excavation of 4th, elongate, longer than 4th, clavate. Mid legs longer but similar to fore legs; mesotarsi (fig. 13) also 5-segmented, the largest 1st subcylindrical, as long as as remainder together; 2nd subtriangular, much wider at apex and slightly longer than 3rd, similarly shaped, 4th cordiform, with ventral pads, 5th similar to that of protarsus but longer.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE73FFC3FB91F945FB36F969" box="[1149,1208,1710,1736]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
legs still longer, 1st metatarsomere largest (fig. 14), longer than remaining three, 2nd twice as long as third and rather subtriangular, 3rd smallest, cordiform, with ventral pads; last similar to those of pro- and mesotarsus, but longer. All last segments of tarsi with 2 simple claws. All tarsomeres except penultimate with simple pubescence, more visible on sides. Functional metathoracic wings present (fig. 17), heteromeroid venation reduced. Radial cell well developed, radial sector and anal cell present, median vein united to cubital. Abdomen with 5 visible sternites (3rd -7th) of the cryptogastric
|
||
<typeStatus id="2E58C487AE72FFC2FC8CFE84FC1CFE28" box="[864,914,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE72FFC2FC4EFE84FB49FE28" author="Jeannel" box="[930,1223,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="51" refString="Jeannel, R. & Paulian, R. (1944) Structure abdominale et classification des Coleopteres. Revue Fra- n ʔ aise d'Entomologie, 11, 65 - 110." type="journal article" year="1944">Jeannel & Paulian, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eighth segment concealed in both sexes, modified in male, annexed to ovipositor and emarginate in female. Male genitalia with 7th segment modified as an outer envelope of the remainder of the apparatus, with a deeply notched sternite projecting 2 slender, acuminate lobes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A59C2AADAE72FFC2FEE4F943FD6EF8FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273663/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[264,1323,609,1676]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE72FFC2FEE4F943FD6EF8FE" blockId="7.[264,1323,1704,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE72FFC2FEE4F943FE36F961" bold="true" box="[264,440,1704,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">FIGURES 1–9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE72FFC2FE28F942FDF7F961" box="[452,633,1705,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE72FFC2FE28F942FDF7F961" box="[452,633,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Dracaena draco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dragon-tree: 1, “old-age” specimen at Icod de los Vinos; 2, partial view of inner cavity, from where the first affected sample was extracted; 3, partial view of the southern face of the same cavity where larvae and pupae where obtained; 4, upper part of the cavity entrance, where larvae, pupae and adults were collected.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE72FFC2FC54F8E2FB3BF881" box="[952,1205,1801,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE72FFC2FC54F8E2FB3BF881" box="[952,1205,1801,1824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Nacerdochroa concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 5, ventral and dorsal view of the larva; 7, dorsal and ventral view of the pupa; 8, dorsal view of male; 9, ventral view of female, ovipositor extended.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A59C2AADAE7DFFCDFEE4F9C1FBB8F960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273664/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[264,1322,326,1552]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7DFFCDFEE4F9C1FBB8F960" blockId="8.[264,1323,1578,1729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7DFFCDFEE4F9C1FE47F9E3" bold="true" box="[264,457,1578,1602]" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 10–18</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7DFFCDFE35F9C1FD58F9E0" box="[473,726,1578,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7DFFCDFE35F9C1FD58F9E0" box="[473,726,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Nacerdochroa concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, imago:10, maxillary-labial complex; 11, mandibles (a = dorsal view, b= ventral view, c = lateroventral view); 12-13-14, pro-, meso- and metatarsi (a = ventral view, b = dorsal view); 15, tegmen (a = lateral view, b = dorsal view); 16, penis; 17, functional wing; 18, ovipositor (a = vagine, b = baculum of proctiger, c = proctiger, d = coxites, e = styli, f = oblique baculum, g = ventral baculum). Terminology after Hudson.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7DFFCCFEE4F8E9FCDFFDEF" blockId="8.[264,1322,1794,1900]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1323,284,590]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Eighth tergite always invaginated and reduced, formed by two lateral sclerotised plates joined by membrane. Ninth (genital) segment basically formed by two rods developing a sclerotised apical plate; its tergite, much reduced and membranous, with longitudinal reinforcement rods. Tegmenite (sclerotised part of membranous tube connecting genital segment and basal piece of tegmen) formed by two fused pieces. Tegmen (fig. 15 b) without differentiated basal piece (Š vihla, 1986), phallobase and parameres completely fused, no separating suture present, in a dorsal position in relation to penis (fig. 15 a), although
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7CFFCCFE94FE57FE4AFE74" box="[376,452,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
the entire structure can rotate, composed of a concave plate lodging the penis, with two strong laterobasal apodemes. Parameres well developed. Penis (fig. 16) consisting of a subcylindrical, well sclerotised tube, ejaculatory duct entering ventrobasally, internal sac without sclerotisations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4FD94FD03FD38" blockId="9.[264,1323,639,1505]" box="[312,653,639,665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Female: Length:
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE7CFFCCFDECFD94FD07FD38" box="[512,649,639,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15 –20 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4FD4CFB61FC98" blockId="9.[264,1323,639,1505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Very similar to male, from which it is difficult to distinguish. Usually larger and more robust, but positive sex identification requires the attentive observation of the abdominal apex (fig. 9), and if possible, dissection of the genitalia. When gravid, they are easier to distinguish because of the accentuated distention of abdominal segments full of eggs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4FCACFCC5FBF0" blockId="9.[264,1323,639,1505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Eighth (genital) segment a tubular, membranous sheath with four reinforcement rods (two tergal and two sternal), pubescent at apex, a long, slender sternal apodeme without direct contact with these rods. Ovipositor (fig. 18) with long slender ventral baculi and short oblique baculi, coxites weakly sclerotised, with some setae; styli subapical, membranous and pubescent; proctiger well differentiated, its baculi separate. Its general structure is also very similar to that of the females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7CFFCCFC6BFBE4FB86FB89" box="[903,1032,1039,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Alloxantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7CFFCCFC6BFBE4FB86FB89" box="[903,1032,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Alloxantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus showing no useful features for generic or specific separation ot taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4FBB4FB05FB50" blockId="9.[264,1323,639,1505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">The rest of the genitalia are similarly rather uniform, mainly at the genus level. There is an elongate vagina with chitinous denticles, ending in the oviduct; a bursa copulatrix connecting with the vagina through a seminal channel placed in lateroapical position and two independent accessory glands opening directly into the bursa copulatrix.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4FB14FE24FA40" blockId="9.[264,1323,639,1505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The female genitalia are not well known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7CFFCCFCDEFB14FC5CFAB8" box="[818,978,1279,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7CFFCCFC30FB14FB03FAB8" author="Hudson" box="[988,1165,1279,1305]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Hudson, L. (1975) A systematic revision of the New Zealand Oedemeridae (Coleoptera). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 5 (3), 227 - 274." type="journal article" year="1975">Hudson (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied these in depth when treating the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="89F43AB5AE7CFFCCFD8EFACCFC8BFAE0" box="[610,773,1319,1345]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
representatives (we have used this author’s nomenclature for structures), and Vảzquez (1993a, 1996) studied some European and African species, respectively. Although internal female reproductive structures are poorly known across the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7CFFCCFE1EFA74FD1FFA18" box="[498,657,1439,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is very likely that they will prove important for classification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFEE4F9FCFE6CF990" blockId="9.[264,1322,1559,1705]" box="[264,482,1559,1585]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Description of egg</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4F9D4FD4AF908" blockId="9.[264,1322,1559,1705]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The egg is elongate, almost cylindrical, with both ends rounded, whitish when laid and becoming yellowish when approaching eclosion. The size is usually over
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE7CFFCCFB98F98CFB37F920" box="[1140,1209,1639,1665]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; the mean of 54 measured eggs is 1.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFEE4F934FE71F958" blockId="9.[264,1322,1759,1905]" box="[264,511,1759,1785]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Description of larvae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7CFFCCFED4F8ECFBBFF8D0" blockId="9.[264,1322,1759,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
In general, the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7CFFCCFDB4F8ECFD7AF880" box="[600,756,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are poorly known;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7CFFCCFC37F8ECFBFBF880" author="Rozen" box="[987,1141,1799,1825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1958) The external anatomy of the larva of Nacerdes melanura L. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 222 - 229." type="journal article" year="1958">Rozen (1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7CFFCCFB6DF8ECFB30F880" author="Rozen" box="[1153,1214,1799,1825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1959) Systematic study of the pupae of the Oedemeridae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 299 - 303." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7CFFCCFB27F8ECFA89F880" author="Rozen" box="[1227,1287,1799,1825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1960) Phylogenetic-systematic study of larval Oedemeridae. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 1, 35 - 68." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is the only author that has paid detailed attention to the larvae of several, mainly Nearctic species. As a result, the following description is based on his studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A59C2AADAE7FFFCFFEE4F9A2FC1EF969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273665/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[276,1292,334,1556]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7FFFCFFEE4F9A2FC1EF969" blockId="10.[264,1323,1609,1736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7FFFCFFEE4F9A2FE40F9C0" bold="true" box="[264,462,1609,1633]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">FIGURES 19–24.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7FFFCFFE38F9A1FD5EF9C0" box="[468,720,1610,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7FFFCFFE38F9A1FD5EF9C0" box="[468,720,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Nacerdochroa concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larva: 19, cephalic capsule, dorsal view; 20, do., ventral view; 21, apex of left maxilla (a = mala, b = maxillary palpus; 22, prelabium and hypopharynx (a = labial palpus, b = prehypopharynx, c = hypopharynx sclerite; 23, different views of mandibles; 24, side view (t = tergite, s = sternite). Terminology after Rozen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7FFFCEFED4F917FB11FDD7" blockId="10.[264,1323,1788,1894]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Larvae elongate, cylindrical, weakly sclerotised (fig. 6). The head capsule slightly asymmetrical (fig. 19), particularly in ventral view (fig. 20). The gula is well differentiated but very short, and there is a prominent prehypopharynx (fig. 22 a) (“columnar projection”,
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE7EFFCEFE77FEF7FE52FE94" box="[411,476,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7EFFCEFE0FFEF7FDF7FE97" author="Rozen" box="[483,633,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1958) The external anatomy of the larva of Nacerdes melanura L. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 222 - 229." type="journal article" year="1958">Rozen, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7EFFCEFD69FEF7FD4CFE97" author="Rozen" box="[645,706,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1959) Systematic study of the pupae of the Oedemeridae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 299 - 303." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7EFFCEFD22FEF7FC85FE97" author="Rozen" box="[718,779,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1960) Phylogenetic-systematic study of larval Oedemeridae. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 1, 35 - 68." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, exclusive of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFC34FEF7FBF7FE97" box="[984,1145,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bearing small setae. This peculiar structure of prehypopharynx is exclusive of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFBA1FEAFFB63FEFF" box="[1101,1261,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The hypopharynx is of the normal
|
||
<typeStatus id="2E58C487AE7EFFCEFD7AFE87FD45FE27" box="[662,715,364,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, inferiorly dentate and without pubescence; the maxillae have lacinia and galea fused, forming a rounded mala (fig. 21 a). The mandibles (fig. 23) are very characteristic, since, depending upon the viewpoint, they show a different number of teeth; in fact they have five and a well formed mola. On each segment, the thorax has small dorsal asperate ampullae and one pair of 5-segmented legs, each bearing one simple claw (fig. 24). The abdomen has no particular structures; the spiracles are of the annular
|
||
<typeStatus id="2E58C487AE7EFFCEFE31FDB7FD9CFDD7" box="[477,530,604,630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, urogomphi absent, apex of abdomen rounded (fig. 24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFEE4FD47FECDFD67" blockId="11.[264,1323,684,830]" box="[264,323,684,710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Pupa</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4FD3FFC16FC9F" blockId="11.[264,1323,684,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The pupa (fig. 7), as is usual in Tenebrionoidea and especially in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFBA4FD3FFB66FD4F" box="[1096,1256,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, does not show any feature allowing distinction at the species, genus or tribal level even at the subfamilial one, thence we do not attempt a description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFEE4FC9FFEF0FC2F" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" box="[264,382,884,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Life cycle</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4FC77FE55FBF7" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Imagines are strictly crepuscular to nocturnal. This is a feature that, according to Š vihla (1986) and Vảzquez (1993a) represents the primitive character of diverse evolutionary lines within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFDDEFC07FD5CFBA7" box="[562,722,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFCFCFC07FC22FBA7" box="[784,940,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that show this kind of behaviour are yellowish, testaceous to brownish in colour, while those having diurnal habits are more brightly coloured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4FB8FFDEEFABF" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Because of their crepuscular to nocturnal activity, they have large eyes and are attracted to electromagnetic radiation sources in different frequencies of the spectrum, mainly UV, which can be used for control captures. They usually frequent trees or shrubs with aromatic flowers, probably guided by chemical stimuli, and feed on them, consuming principally nectar and pollen.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4FAC7FD4FFA1F" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
|
||
During the day adults shelter in protective places, being occasionally captured under stones, a fact already observed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE7EFFCEFD70FABFFCE5FACF" author="Wollaston" box="[668,875,1364,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" refString="Wollaston, T. V. (1864) Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the collections of the British Museum. Taylor & Francis, London, 648 pp." type="book" year="1864">Wollaston (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We have found them also under logs, cardboard and vegetal refuse. That is why they are difficult to capture and the main reason for poor representation in collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4FA27FB91F95F" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
|
||
We did not observe courtship and copulation, but it seems likely that both occurred nocturnally. The fertilized females look for appropriate places for oviposition. These places must fulfil several essential requirements: darkness, high relative humidity (80–97 %) and a moderate woody-fibrose consistency. The trap system we used did not allow us to discern peak hours of activity. As for the dragon-tree, it must be relatively old to have acquired a woody consistency, since all attempts we have carried out for gravid females to oviposit on small dragon-trees have been unsucessful. This observation is in agreement with similar habits in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE7EFFCEFDA7F90FFD69F95F" box="[587,743,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Vảzquez, 1993a, 2002b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE7EFFCEFED4F8E7FD3DF8EF" blockId="11.[264,1323,884,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">The eggs are laid separately, although they can be restricted to a small area, if it presents the required characteristics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC9FED4FEF7FB6FFE5F" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">The first instar larvae measured 1.1–1.3 mm in length, and were negatively phototropic and positively thigmotropic, starting boring the substratum to form a gallery. In our samples, we have been able to observe that the first instar larvae possess mandibles not strong enough to cut healthy wood, this being the reason for the requirement of a high water content to help in mastication. If the substratum consistency is still more impaired by fungal or bacterial action, they can penetrate the decayed wood more efficiently..</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC9FED4FDE7FE4AFD67" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Once the boring is started, the larvae form a gallery, usually in an obliquely upward direction. Since the starting hole is very small, it can easily go unnoticed. The deposition of faeces occlude the galleries, which can be relatively deep, since in our sampling it was necessary to dig out ca.
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE79FFC9FDF3FD6FFDE9FD3F" box="[543,615,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
to find the larvae. The gallery becomes gradually broader as the larva grows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC9FED4FD3FFDE9FC2F" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
|
||
We have deduced the existence of at least five larval instars before pupation, although there is some uncertainty in these data. The last larval instar, when the larva is about to pupate, reaches a length of
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE79FFC9FD8EFCCFFD33FC9F" box="[610,701,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
. We have collected larvae of different sizes (from neonate to terminal) belonging apparently to five different cephalic width classes, implying intermediate instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC9FED4FC77FE60FABF" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The time duration of the larval part of the life cycle could not be determined exactly
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FAF8FC77FEB4FC7C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">in situ,</emphasis>
|
||
but an extrapolation of the data known for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE79FFC9FC4BFC2FFBCDFC7F" box="[935,1091,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oedemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing the same habits allow us to consider a time span of 2–3 years. This hypothesis is strongly supported by data in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE79FFC9FE62FBFFFDB3FB8F" author="Horion" box="[398,573,1044,1070]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refString="Horion, A (1956) Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey. Sonderband. 335 pp." type="book" year="1956">Horion (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE79FFC9FDA0FBFFFC94FB8F" author="Liebenow" box="[588,794,1044,1070]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refString="Liebenow, K. (1979) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera Oedemeridae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 29 (1), 249 - 266." type="journal article" year="1979">Liebenow (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="957207D4AE79FFC9FCB7FBFFFB90FB8F" author="Crowson" box="[859,1054,1044,1070]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1981) The Biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, London. 802 pp." type="book" year="1981">Crowson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for other genera with similar behaviour (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE79FFC9FE0BFBD7FB84FBF4" authority="Ischnomera, Oedemera, Chrysanthia" authorityName="Ischnomera, Oedemera, Chrysanthia" box="[487,1034,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Calopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FE0BFBD7FB84FBF4" box="[487,1034,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Calopus, Ischnomera, Oedemera, Chrysanthia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc.) of boring galleries in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE79FFC9FEC1FB8FFCE3FBDC" authority="Ulmus, Salix, Acer, Fagus, Castanea" authorityName="Ulmus, Salix, Acer, Fagus, Castanea" box="[301,877,1124,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FEC1FB8FFCE3FBDC" box="[301,877,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Quercus, Ulmus, Salix, Acer, Fagus, Castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc. These authors also assert that pupation takes place inside the gallery, a fact we can confirm for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE79FFC9FBEDFB67FB04FB04" box="[1025,1162,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Oedemeridae" genus="Nacerdochroa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FBEDFB67FB9AFB04" box="[1025,1044,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FBCFFB67FB04FB04" box="[1059,1162,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we have also found that it is not rare that the adult hibernates in this place for several months. Since the imago is supplied with strong mandibles, it is able to emerge from the gallery at an opportune moment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC9FED4FAC7FE62F927" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Using gravid females obtained with UV light traps, we succeeded in getting eggs laid on roots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36E301A6AE79FFC9FE42FABFFD4AFACC" box="[430,708,1364,1389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C397A637AE79FFC9FE42FABFFD4AFACC" box="[430,708,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Euphorbia canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The roots were kept at a constant laboratory temperature of 18ºC, with a variable but hardly oscillating ambient humidity. From the oviposition to the emergence of
|
||
<specimenCount id="E7E5B1ACAE79FFC9FD67FA4FFD67FA1F" box="[651,745,1444,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" type="adult">5 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
28 months elapsed (year 2003). No larvae were extracted during this experiment to avoid any interference in the normal development of their life cycle, but we could determine the length of the galleries they constructed, varying from
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE79FFC9FE5CF9F7FE72F997" box="[432,508,1564,1590]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="28.0">28 cm</quantity>
|
||
(the shortest one) up to
|
||
<quantity id="361BD7C0AE79FFC9FCC2F9F7FCF4F997" box="[814,890,1564,1590]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="42.0">42 cm</quantity>
|
||
(the longest one). There is a direct relation between the length of the gallery and the size of the imago: the longer the gallery, the larger the adult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F15C7A25AE79FFC8FED4F97FFDA5FE27" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="13.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Using the data we have collected and those obtained from the labels of specimens housed in different collections, we are convinced that there are two periods when the adults appear en masse: the beginning of spring and the end of summer. It is very rare to capture any specimen between mid autumn and the end of winter. We can also deduce from these data that the imaginal life span is very short, not surpassing two months. This fact is confirmed for similar species by other authors. We can also deduce that some generational overlap takes place, since at least twice we have captured simultaneously larvae, pupae and adults.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |