521 lines
40 KiB
XML
521 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2039191b-8d67-4286-afc5-a7470dc43b2c" ID-PMC="PMC4926676" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-598-129" ID-PubMed="27408594" ID-ZBK="5331A38A1FE8460CB4C249E9D7ECC3FA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-598-129" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 598" ModsDocTitle="Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon" checkinTime="1465974273178" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Silva, Gabriel S. C., Roxo, Fabio F., Ochoa, Luz E. & Oliveira, Claudio" docDate="2016" docId="7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 598: 129-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 598" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400" docTitle="Microplecostomus forestii Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="2A1A0D93-ED90-4C5F-9562-D3209D951630" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF9D1E2F62607F519B2BC519930EFFCE" masterDocTitle="Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="129" pageNumber="134" updateTime="1668163225008" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Silva, Gabriel S. C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Roxo, Fabio F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ochoa, Luz E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Oliveira, Claudio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>598</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>129</mods:start>
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<mods:end>157</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-598-129</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">5331A38A1FE8460CB4C249E9D7ECC3FA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5331A38A1FE8460CB4C249E9D7ECC3FA</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127882694" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2A1A0D93-ED90-4C5F-9562-D3209D951630" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="134" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Siluriformes Loricariidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/2A1A0D93-ED90-4C5F-9562-D3209D951630" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="134">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 6; Table 1
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="holotype">
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581754" collectingCountry="Brazil" collectingDate="2014-11-09" collectionCode="SL" country="Brazil" latitude="-14.896444" location="Goias" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" specimenCode="MZUSP 118673" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="135" start="start">
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||
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</pageBreakToken>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<specimenCode>MZUSP 118673</specimenCode>
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(
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<specimenCount type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount type="male">male</specimenCount>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8299999999999996" unit="mm" value="383.0">38.3 mm</quantity>
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||
<collectionCode>SL</collectionCode>
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||
),
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||
<collectingMunicipality>Brazil</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:29AE6D399761430AD2A6426F12B95D36" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Goias">Goias</location>
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</normalizedToken>
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state, municipality of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:16F35D1852947F5C43B1E08E546F1E56" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Sao Joao D'Alianca">
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Aliança">D'Alianca</normalizedToken>
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||
</location>
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||
,
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:0B9139D253E91D2C143F57ECFA7FE8BB" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Roncador Stream">Roncador Stream</location>
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||
, a tributary of das
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:381DCD7F6A8CB5CA2BF38C50E5C6A3E2" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Brancas Stream">Brancas Stream</location>
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||
, tributary of the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:C37E88BCCEC4B88BC308984F6C66BFC1" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Tocantizinho River">Tocantizinho River</location>
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||
,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:07744C0125141FC6D16A5BCCDF289797" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Tocantins River">Tocantins River</location>
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||
basin,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2014-11-09">
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<collectingDate value="2014-11-09">9 November 2014</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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, FF
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:2B877690D316B0B6B6C4EE8F6308660E" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Roxo">Roxo</location>
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||
, GSC
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:A371C7EE7B08231F408123F193FFC7B3" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Silva">Silva</location>
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, LEO
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:55F8E0FEB30BCDD372C08C92A5FF08BD" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Ochoa">Ochoa</location>
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, LH
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7857C0E0B58D3085E37D8CED229E8358:713C71A54D15B506B942A336F91BBB33" latitude="-14.896444" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.58289" municipality="Brazil" name="Roxo">Roxo</location>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="paratypes">
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||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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||
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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All from Brazil,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
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state, Tocantins River basin (
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<specimenCount type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
).
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<collectionCode collectionName="AUM">AUM</collectionCode>
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67015, 1,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" unit="mm" value="294.0">29.4 mm</quantity>
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SL, municipality of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
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Fria de
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
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||
,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="córrego">corrego</normalizedToken>
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das Brancas, tributary of rio Tocantizinho,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2014-11-09">9 November 2014</date>
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||
, FF Roxo, GSC Silva, LEO Ochoa, LH Roxo. LBP 17318, 2,
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.725" metricValueMax="3.03" metricValueMin="2.42" unit="mm" value="272.5" valueMax="303.0" valueMin="242.0">24.2-30.3 mm</quantity>
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||
SL, municipality of
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Aliança">D'Alianca</normalizedToken>
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||
, Roncador Stream, a tributary of das Brancas Stream,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.730916">14°43'51.3"S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.542778">47°32'34.0"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2012-11-21">21 November 2012</date>
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||
, BF Melo, GSC Silva, JHM Martinez, R
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Devidé">Devide</normalizedToken>
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||
. LBP 19000, 2,
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.22" metricValueMin="2.98" unit="mm" value="310.0" valueMax="322.0" valueMin="298.0">29.8-32.2 mm</quantity>
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||
SL, collected with the
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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||
. LBP 19017, 1,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" unit="mm" value="248.0">24.8 mm</quantity>
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||
SL, 1 c&s 29.0 mm SL, municipality of
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
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||
Fria de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
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||
, das Brancas Stream, a tributary of the Tocantizinho River,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2014-06-30">30 June 2014</date>
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||
, FF Roxo, GSC Silva, LE Ochoa. LBP 19319, 3,
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" metricValueMax="2.84" metricValueMin="2.44" unit="mm" value="264.0" valueMax="284.0" valueMin="244.0">24.4-28.4 mm</quantity>
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SL, municipality of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
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||
Fria de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
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||
, das Brancas Stream, tributary of the Tocantizinho River,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date value="2014-08-16">16 August 2014</date>
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, BF Melo, C Oliveira, GSC Silva, MI Taylor. LBP 19467, 2,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="2.84" metricValueMin="2.76" unit="mm" value="280.0" valueMax="284.0" valueMin="276.0">27.6-28.4 mm</quantity>
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||
SL, municipality of
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
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||
Fria de
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
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||
, das Brancas Stream, a tributary of the Tocantizinho River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2014-11-09">9 November 2014</date>
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||
, FF Roxo, GSC Silva, LEO Ochoa, LH Roxo. LBP 19468, 1,
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" unit="mm" value="277.0">27.7 mm</quantity>
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||
SL, municipality of
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Aliança">D'Alianca</normalizedToken>
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||
, Roncador Stream, a tributary of das Brancas Stream,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.730916">14°43'51.3"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.542778">47°32'34.0"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2014-11-09">9 November 2014</date>
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||
, FF Roxo, GSC Silva, LE Ochoa, LH Roxo.
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||
<collectionCode collectionName="MZUSP">MZUSP</collectionCode>
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||
113919, 2, 21.7-25.0 mm SL, municipality of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
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||
Fria
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||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="136" start="start">de</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
|
||
, das Brancas Stream, a tributary of the Tocantizinho River,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date value="2012-11-27">27 November 2012</date>
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||
, AM Zanata, P Camelier, M Melo, OT Oyakawa.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Same as for the genus.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Morphometric and meristic data in Table 1. In lateral view, dorsal profile of head strongly convex from snout tip to distal margin of supraoccipital; straight from supraoccipital to dorsal-fin origin; concave and slightly decreasing to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of body, slightly concave at head, straight to convex from posterior end of head to pelvic-fin insertion, and straight but angled to posterior caudal peduncle. Snout tip rounded in dorsal view. Nostril small. Trunk and caudal peduncle rectangular in cross-section. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Body progressively narrowing posteriorly from cleithrum to caudal peduncle. Head flat to slightly convex between orbits; superior margin of orbits elevated. Head lacking crests. Head and body plates covered with minute, uniformly sized and evenly distributed odontodes. Head with large area without odontodes around snout. Eye small, situated dorsolaterally just posterior of midpoint.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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Table 1. Morphometric data for
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. SD = standard deviation.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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<table pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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||
<th colspan="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., 15
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<typeStatus>paratypes</typeStatus>
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and the
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</th>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">
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||
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">Range</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">Mean</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev pageId="7" pageNumber="136">SD</abbrev>
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||
</th>
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||
</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">SL</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">Percentage of SL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" rowspan="1">Percentage of HL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Tip of snout formed by two triangle rostral plates, without odontodes. Nasal plates almost rectangular forming medial nostril margin and contacting pre-nasals anteriorly. Nasal plates posteriorly contacting frontal bones. Lateral margin of head formed by four or five postrostral plates. Complete infraorbital plate series composed of five plates; all infraorbital plates containing latero-sensory canals; first and second infraorbitals largest and third, fourth and fifth smallest. Preopercle elongate, bearing a branch of laterosensory canal. Subocular cheek plates present ventral to preopercle plate. Top of head composed of compound pterotic, supraoccipital, prefrontal, frontal, and sphenotic (Fig. 5); compound pterotic as with fenestrae irregularly distributed and with different sizes and shapes. Anterior margin of mesethmoid pointed and projected anteriorly to condyle.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Figure 5. Dorsal view of the head plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., LBP 19017, 29.0 mm SL. CPT = compound pterotic; F = frontal; IO1-5 = infraorbitals; N = nasal; OP = opercle; PR1-4 postrostral plates; PF = prefrontal; PN = prenasal; POP = preopercle; R = rostral plate; SP = sphenotic; CP2 = subocular cheek plate; SOC = parieto-supraoccipital; AD = additional plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Lateral ethmoid exposed without odontodes in dorsal view. Lateral ethmoid strut short and broad, nasal capsule partially closed, lateral ethmoid surrounding more than 50% of nasal capsule. Compound pterotic roughly quadrangular, without posterior process, with several fenestrae non-uniform in shape and size. Parieto-supraoccipital not contributing to dorsal portion of swimbladder capsule. Metapterygoid channel present. Hyomandibular square and not sutured to compound pterotic, hyomandibular adductor palatine crest present. Quadrate triangle. Lips large; oral disk rounded and papillose. Premaxillary teeth 44-65 (mode 46). Dentary teeth 45-69 (mode 48). Teeth bicuspid. Maxillar barbel short. Upper pharyngeal tooth-plate small and triangular. Five ceratobranchials with accessory process present and long. Five teeth in ceratobranchial. Four branchiostegal rays.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Dorsal-fin rays II,7; dorsal-fin originating at vertical through posterior end of pelvic-fin base; distal margin slightly convex; dorsal-fin spinelet short and oval in shape. Pectoral-fin rays I,6; distal margin slightly convex; unbranched pectoral-fin ray reaching pelvic-fin origin; unbranched pectoral-fin ray covered with large and pointed odontodes. Pectoral girdle not exposed ventrally. Arrector fossae, partially enclosed by ventral lamina of coracoids, opening relatively large, extending laterally towards base
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="137" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
pectoral fin. Pelvic-fin rays I,5; distal margin of fin slightly convex; tip of adpressed pelvic-fin almost reaching anal-fin origin; unbranched pelvic-fin ray covered with conspicuously pointed, and uniformly distributed odontodes, larger at ventral portion. Pelvic girdle with slender lateropterigium. Basipterygium lacking anterior fenestrae. Anal-fin rays I,5; distal margin slightly convex. Adipose-fin absent. Caudal-fin rays I,7-7,I, truncated with ventral unbranched principal ray longer than dorsal ray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Compound hypurals 1 and 2 almost completely fused to compound hypurals 3-5, and lower and upper halves fused to last vertebra. Upper and lower lobes of hypural plates of same length. Epural present and separated from hypural plate. Body entirely covered by bony plates, except for ventral surface of head, abdomen and region between compound pterotic and first medial plate. Dorsal series of plates 22-23, mid-dorsal 4-7, median perforated plates 22-23, mid-ventral 11, and ventral 18-20. Trunk with conspicuous, elongated, post-dorsal ridge formed by 14-15 raised, unpaired, median
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="138" start="start">plates</pageBreakToken>
|
||
; ridge continuous posteriorly with procurrent caudal-fin rays. Six pairs of ribs associated with vertebrae 7-13. Ribs slender and poorly ossified. Total vertebrae 27.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="color in life">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Color in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Background color of dorsal and ventral surfaces of body yellowish tan. Dorsal surface of head dark brown. Four dark brown saddles on dorsal surface of trunk, most anterior inconspicuous and below dorsal-fin origin, second below end of dorsal-fin, third typically in adipose-fin region, and fourth at end of caudal peduncle. Lateral portion of body with inconspicuous dark stripe from head to caudal fin. Pectoral, pelvic and dorsal fins with three irregular, poorly defined bands. Caudal fin with variegated blotches (Fig. 6).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., live specimen, LBP 19319,
|
||
<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.84" unit="mm" value="284.0">28.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, Tocantins River,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
|
||
state, Brazil. Photograph: MI Taylor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="color in alcohol">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="139" start="start">Color</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in alcohol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Similar to pattern described for living individuals, but with darker brown color, and darker saddles and stripes (Fig. 1).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="sexual dimorphism">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Sexual dimorphism.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Specimens lacking main sexual dimorphic characters usually present in loricariid species, particularly in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
members, such as (1) a papilla present posteriorly to urogenital opening; (2) an expanded flap skin on dorsal surface of first pelvic-fin ray; and (3) a larger pelvic-fin and body size (all characters present in males), but absent in females. Three hypertrophied bicuspid odontodes are present on lateral portion of body (a characteristic that may be related to mature males), however it is only present in
|
||
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The specific name,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is given in honor of Fausto Foresti, Professor of the university of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Paulo state
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Júlio">"Julio</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp) in Brazil, for his contributions to fish genetics, with more than 250 papers published in this field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is known from two localities, the Roncador Stream and the das Brancas Stream, both tributaries of the Tocantizinho River, in the Tocantins basin (Fig. 7a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Figure 7. a Map showing the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality at Roncador Stream, red star -
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.730916">14°43'51.3"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.542778">47°32'34.0"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus>Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
locality at das Brancas Stream, red circle -
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.896444">14°53'47.2"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-47.58289">47°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Habitat where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is found at b Roncador Stream and c das Brancas Stream. These are small size streams with a depth of less than
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
, clear water, the bottom covered with loose stones and shaded margins. Photographs: LH Roxo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. was collected in shallow, clear waters of about
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="5.0">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
in depth and fast-flowing currents, with an underlying substrate of rock, in areas of flat terrain. The fishes captured were associated with pebbles (Fig. 7b, c). This species is relatively hard to collect and is not abundant. In seven expeditions to the Roncador and das Brancas streams in different periods of the year, we were able to collect only
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is sympatric with species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrutus" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinolekos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinolekos capetinga" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capetinga">Rhinolekos capetinga</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira, 2015,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypostomus" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypostomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Phenacorhamdia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phenacorhamdia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phenacorhamdia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancistrus" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ancistrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Ituglanis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ituglanis" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ituglanis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="sequencing and phylogenetic analysis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The sequences of all
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">157 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
are shown in Suppl. material 1 (the same list of species presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roxo, FF" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="23" pageNumber="152" title="Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic History of the Armored Neotropical Catfish Subfamilies Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae and Otothyrinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0105564" volume="9" year="2014">Roxo et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but with the inclusion of the voucher and GenBank accession numbers for the specimens of the newly described genus). The concatenated dataset resulted in a matrix of 4,102 base pairs (bps), used in all the phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, of which 1,361 bps were conserved and 2,657 bps were variable. There was no evidence of saturation in these data, considering that the Iss.c value is higher than the Iss, and the R2 value is higher than 0.8 for transitions and transversions, for the concatenated matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Our results are very similar to those of of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roxo, FF" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="23" pageNumber="152" title="Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic History of the Armored Neotropical Catfish Subfamilies Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae and Otothyrinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0105564" volume="9" year="2014">Roxo et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in particular, that the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades are monophyletic (Figs 8-9) with strong statistical support (
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 99 for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 80 for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 84 for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), that the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more closely related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 95), and that these two clades together form the sister group of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 96). The new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. was placed in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 8), forming a sister group with all its members, with strong statistical support (
|
||
<collectionCode>BS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 80).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Figure 8. Partial ML tree showing the relationship among the species of the subfamilies
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numbers above the branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from the ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (-) are not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Figure 9. Partial ML tree showing the relationship among the species of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numbers above the branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from the ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (-) are not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="time calibrated tree and historical biogeography">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="140" start="start">Time</pageBreakToken>
|
||
calibrated tree and historical biogeography
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Our time-calibrated tree estimated that the origin of the hypoptopomatine lineage was in the Paleocene, about 63.1 Mya (44.5-83.8 Mya 95%
|
||
<collectionCode>HPD</collectionCode>
|
||
), and is inferred by the DEC+J model to have been located in areas A (Atlantic Coast drainage basins) + D (Amazon and Orinoco basins) (Fig. 10 Region
|
||
<collectionCode>AD</collectionCode>
|
||
). The clade composed of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 10 Region
|
||
<collectionCode>AD</collectionCode>
|
||
) +
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 11 Region
|
||
<collectionCode>AD</collectionCode>
|
||
) is estimated by BEAST to have also originated during the Paleocene, about 59.1 Mya (41.4-77.6 Mya 95%
|
||
<collectionCode>HPD</collectionCode>
|
||
), and once again, according to the DEC+J model, in areas A and D.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Microplecostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplecostomus forestii" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forestii">Microplecostomus forestii</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is found in the headwaters of the Tocantins River, one of the principal rivers of the Amazon basin (Area
|
||
<collectionCode>D</collectionCode>
|
||
). Our time-calibrated phylogeny estimated that the lineage of the new genus and species arose during the Eocene, 47.5 Mya (32.7-64.5 Mya 95%
|
||
<collectionCode>HPD</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Figure 10. Time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral range estimates for the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Neoplecostominae">Neoplecostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Divergence ages were calibrated by the origins of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Microplecostomus" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(120 Mya) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Callichthyidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="family">Callichthyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(55 Mya).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Figure 11. Time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral range estimates for the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Otothyrinae">Otothyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Divergence ages were calibrated by the origins of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Microplecostomus" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(120 Mya) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Callichthyidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="family">Callichthyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(55 Mya).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |