234 lines
33 KiB
XML
234 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="B65BA8D7EF4EB834A660B0FCA6B5FF6E" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f465cbe-d9f2-462a-8c48-430690a26c4f" ModsDocAuthor="Longino, J. T." ModsDocID="20256" checkinTime="1244211219658" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Longino, J. T." docDate="2003" docId="DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919" docLanguage="en" docName="20256_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 151" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20256/20256.pdf" docTitle="Crematogaster limata F. Smith" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="B2C0C7EDBC793BBEEE49752470438506" masterDocTitle="The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica." masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="78" updateTime="1701311168608" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2BD71E3CEFB160C1EA87C7F0F18B0D08">The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FDA6DFD0DF82869AE251D76474C932ED">Longino, J. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EE642559160CACBE2750EF6DADDE2883">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="272AD24477AD3F0768CAA66CD6E4BCDF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7ADCA27A7169098EC7612651520C1B6F">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4F4EF625F1B3A6879371B55F0363F996">151</mods:number>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="1AC40272285D0D3E6AB491A262A99CC3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="655AD4786067A06677FE1FB6FDE512E7" type="HNS-Pub">20256</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="75D4209B08D3F4CE8FCD9466AA59A94D" type="ZooBank">9813210B-5B9F-4FDE-86DD-3AE55166EC9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6275028" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100126159" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6275028" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919" lastPageNumber="81" pageNumber="78">
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<subSubSection id="38E897DC4FBC260905C14B3D64BACE33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="109118CA9942664B140A73A808102EDF" pageNumber="78">
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<taxonomicName id="CA95DF2B12E2A2DAC7F65C5E9679A5CB" ID-CoL="ZBR7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata F. Smith</taxonomicName>
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1858
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9637BC05584E9821E3E661AF038FBE80" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7AFC2FE1487B08D88915A86256498CF4" pageNumber="78">Plate 1, 6</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7AC9C730F51AF7934D41C1B5FAA6CE53" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C2619F29B1AF9BFF552C9254116607F8" pageNumber="78">
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<taxonomicName id="252918134F3B68DA50F421436AE29998" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:137052" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limatus Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limatus">Crematogaster limatus Smith, F.</taxonomicName>
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1858:139.
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<materialsCitation id="614BFA0FD174B79A773833B719EFF7AC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481377" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Brazil" location="Ega (= Tefe)" stateProvince="Amazonas" typeStatus="Syntype">
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<typeStatus id="E928914A2A96EEC7DC17DAEDCBD782FE">Syntype</typeStatus>
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worker, queen, male:
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<collectingCountry id="2F1D86ACCAC93811C10058EB5267B27C">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="B0A079F310151B0CBA57013A0D138430">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="3DAEA24DE3F191B1C7F0FA971E286A76" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919:3DAEA24DE3F191B1C7F0FA971E286A76" country="Brazil" name="Ega (= Tefe)" stateProvince="Amazonas">Ega (=Tefe)</location>
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[
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<collectionCode id="398DFA5913616B83BD56068F991A2A5F" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]">BMNH</collectionCode>
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]
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</materialsCitation>
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(examined). Wheeler, W.M. 1921b:151: combination in
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<taxonomicName id="D1E7BCA32EAB147696F2B41816E0604E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183852" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Orthocrema) Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocrema">C. (Orthocrema)</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="692C3598FD9F147D98FEA2185D649FC7" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="B15A2FE6D571DCD7554BB6E5070B636F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149370" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata palans Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="limata" variety="palans">Crematogaster limata var. palans Forel</taxonomicName>
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, 1912:216.
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<materialsCitation id="340C80505D29B809F4E171B357504242" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481369" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="Christophersen" country="Panama" typeStatus="Syntype">
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<typeStatus id="44E076028DA9F18E626FBAFEA96F1F00">Syntype</typeStatus>
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workers:
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<collectingCountry id="9B313448FA458A3C328FD8DB262646CA">Panama</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectorName id="102B3AC5AEE90E6066E16C51AD90B3F2">Christophersen</collectorName>
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) [
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<collectionCode id="3E28A11930E2628268F49C90220AEA06" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
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]
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</materialsCitation>
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(examined). Wheeler, W.M. 1921b:151: description of queen. Emery, 1922:136: combination in
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<taxonomicName id="FE69CB006F2A9BECDA0AD52A81312005" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183852" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Orthocrema) Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocrema">C. (Orthocrema)</taxonomicName>
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. Wheeler, W.M. 1942:197: description of male.
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="022399DCAF5439DE14ACBC3F77F8ADD4">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="03DA60BBC40554737D1345975EC9F1D9" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="4E151FCE1A07963EFD6407B3CAC223D5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:228475" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Eucrema) inca ascendens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inca" subGenus="Eucrema" subSpecies="ascendens">Crematogaster (Eucrema) inca subsp. ascendens Wheeler</taxonomicName>
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, W. M. 1925: 28.
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<materialsCitation id="9467CC5668EB159E4AC137D52100C9F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481360" collectingDate="1911-08-03" collectionCode="MCZC" collectorName="Yale Peruvian Expedition" country="Peru" location="Santa Ana, 3000 ft" typeStatus="Syntype">
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<typeStatus id="5BC8AA00144062BFD02FF1F8D905C4F3">Syntype</typeStatus>
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workers:
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<collectingCountry id="6F43FABB8A625F505C4CB1BC5B2828BE">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,
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<location id="1DFA89FD2DD5B4F7EEE12149A82455ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919:1DFA89FD2DD5B4F7EEE12149A82455ED" country="Peru" name="Santa Ana, 3000 ft">Santa Ana, 3000ft</location>
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,
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<date id="3F7DD881963DFF68433CA32336B409B1" day="03" month="08" value="1911-08-03" year="1911">
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<collectingDate id="3B75ED7535E3FF42F46A3BF7B44458E1" day="03" month="08" value="1911-08-03" year="1911">3 Aug 1911</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="91A2121CB0D56A905840C15295B9CB3A">Yale Peruvian Expedition</collectorName>
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[
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<collectionCode id="9F2DFCE77290300B6E327257A5460BD6" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
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, possibly also Royal Museum of Stockholm]
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</materialsCitation>
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(
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<collectionCode id="9E5131014F4742057F0A5F64FA60E3D9" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
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specimens examined).
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1D54974D3DBC3E134A6C45A808BD7448">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="69D795D776A98661DF2AC3B6B368E424" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="AD782AC286C2A1C07B770C0090EDF7AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:228610" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Orthocrema) limata dextella Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="limata" subGenus="Orthocrema" subSpecies="dextella">Crematogaster (Orthocrema) limata st. dextella Santschi</taxonomicName>
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, 1929b:88, fig. 2.
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<materialsCitation id="B8C9CF9B2048F76711E57A51CD9745D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481386" collectingDate="1927-07-17" collectionCode="NHMB" collectorName="G. C. Wheeler" country="Panama" location="Barro Colorado Island" stateProvince="Canal Zone" typeStatus="Syntype">
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<typeStatus id="B99C2A2FB92F3B645038B13358C20102">Syntype</typeStatus>
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workers:
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<collectingCountry id="59A0CFCB42DD20C9451224504A3D87D5">Panama</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="02539FF4887A2685016D34C0ACCA3358">Canal Zone</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="434E7B9400CF93F7D2F044501AA7173B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DBC941E840EF99228BB889360BA3A919:434E7B9400CF93F7D2F044501AA7173B" country="Panama" name="Barro Colorado Island" stateProvince="Canal Zone">Barro Colorado Island</location>
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,
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<date id="97D95D9420C3FA2DF40F64BAD932A958" day="17" month="07" value="1927-07-17" year="1927">
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<collectingDate id="08DE19F77B65CEE5CF0687D3609E8563" day="17" month="07" value="1927-07-17" year="1927">17 VII. 1927</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(
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<collectorName id="682B485A3C8AF62F30A655AF7CBCC1D1">G. C. Wheeler</collectorName>
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) [
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<collectionCode id="22091EF6CB044FD607F60DB273DD8AF3" collectionName="Switzerland, Basel, Naturhistorisches Museum">NHMB</collectionCode>
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]
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</materialsCitation>
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(examined). Wheeler, G.C. and Wheeler, J. 1952:258: description of larva.
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="E22543099F689D718FA8179AE0BCF941">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88D3D3BE9C6A5629FE5F297E2C8D57E3" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="2D9B348275CC3D391ACF27C1D6105060" pageNumber="79">Range</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C245BD0F2E4D01D50AD23F3F2C1B08C" pageNumber="79">Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="786FAB6F19B2E17623751FAC971BBFA6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B76297298F8CF5A21BFF785B12EB57AB" pageNumber="79">Description of worker</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D8B09EEEBC5E36088DEE21052EBE37DB" pageNumber="79">Color red brown; workers monomorphic in size.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F0C61717D80101BD1F40EFBD75B4573" pageNumber="79">Mandibles smooth and shining; clypeus varying from striate, with 5 or more longitudinal carinulae, to nearly smooth and shining, especially medially; head about as long as wide, subquadrate, with emarginate posterior border; antenna with terminal two segments enlarged to form a club, third segment from end somewhat enlarged, blurring distinction between two and three-segmented club; scapes with abundant long erect setae; when scapes laid back from antennal insertions, they surpass margin of vertex; face largely smooth and shining, with variable extent of striated region between antennal insertion and eye, and whorled above antennal insertion; face covered with abundant long flexuous white setae, no appressed pubescence; in face view abundant setae project from lateral and posterior margins.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="43B3CC387519D50CD1E17E86E455AF9C" lastPageNumber="80" pageNumber="79">Promesonotum in profile often formed of three planes, horizontal pronotal dorsum, somewhat elevated and downward sloping anterodorsal face of mesonotum, and more steeply sloping posterodorsal face of mesonotum; on smaller workers profile becomes more smoothly convex; propodeal suture deep in dorsal view but obscured in profile due to lateral carinulae that bridge the suture; posterior mesonotum curves smoothly into horizontal dorsal face of propodeum; propodeal spines long, projecting posteriorly such that they are more or less in same plane as dorsal face of propodeum, sometimes somewhat elevated; dorsal and posterior face of propodeum well differentiated, the dorsal face confluent with the horizontal spines, the posterior face sloping down to petiolar insertion; pronotal dorsum with variably developed longitudinal carinulae, strongest laterally, becoming weaker medially, interspaces smooth and shining, in some cases almost entirely smooth and shining with no carinulae; anterodorsal face of mesonotum with weak, subparallel lateral carinae, these continue onto posterodorsal face as stronger carinae that converge posteriorly, lateral carinae of the two faces meet at angulate to somewhat tuberculate juncture, interspace smooth and shining; dorsal face of propodeum faintly carinulate, posterior face smooth and shining; side of pronotum smooth and shining; katepisternum weakly to distinctly punctate; side of propodeum very faintly sculptured; mesosomal dorsum with abundant long flexuous white setae, setae on pronotal humeri longest; femora and tibiae with abundant long erect setae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E250AE20431EEF320391F47EE6B52B90" pageNumber="80">Petiole in side view subtriangular, weakly punctate to nearly smooth; anteroventral tooth usually absent or produced as a short right angle tooth (tooth more developed in South America than Central America); dorsal face of petiole smooth and shining, elongate, widest posteriorly, regularly tapering anteriorly, with long flexuous setae along posterior border; postpetiole lacking ventral tooth, globular in dorsal view, with abundant erect setae; fourth abdominal tergite smooth and shining, with abundant long flexuous erect white setae, no appressed pubescence.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A2A315134E482262FA321E32CADBDE9" pageNumber="80">Measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="31AC01AD383E8A97A1110E5C676EC634" pageNumber="80">HL 0.676, 0.583, 0.720; HW 0.761, 0.634, 0.791; HC 0.726, 0.594, 0.739; SL 0.663, 0.616, 0.766; EL 0.161, 0.151, 0.192; A11L 0.296; A11W 0.140; A10L 0.130; A10W 0.098; A09L 0.083; A09W 0.081; A08L 0.069; A08W 0.062; WL 0.746, 0.681, 0.852; SPL 0.231, 0.177, 0.245; PTH 0.180, 0.158, 0.187; PTL 0.267, 0.248, 0.276; PTW 0.163, 0.144, 0.176; PPL 0.182, 0.165, 0.185; PPW 0.195, 0.165, 0.196; CI 113, 109, 110; OI 24, 26, 27; SI 98, 106, 106; PTHI 67, 64, 68; PTWI 61, 58, 64; PPI 107, 100, 106; SPI 31, 26, 29; ACI 0.32.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C94224AC1F3BD2C99A902EB5A00141AA" pageNumber="80">Queen</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA83C7B2816B50D32EC94C4868457A24" pageNumber="80">A normal queen (dorsal face of propodeum drops steeply from postscutellum and much of propodeum appears ventral to scutellum and postscutellum, Fig. 1) with general shape, sculpture, and pilosity characters of the worker; size characters as in Figures 4 and 5.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="00B989D6C7C6C385D866626274F2963F" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="F7B5061B301CA30D6EF7D6950DBCBFBB" pageNumber="80">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FDFBA323D51BBA4B559FB1060082D504" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName id="2740ED4E07F0FDD700A5B9A40493DAFA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata</taxonomicName>
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is an extremely generalized species. It occurs most abundantly from sea level to 1000m elevation, where it can be found in wet forest or dry forest, second growth or mature vegetation. It is most abundant in disturbed vegetation in wet forest areas. It is most often encountered near ground level, along roadsides, at forest edges, or in the understory of second growth vegetation. I rarely find it in mature forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6C3D0056887275BE2ECA9F61BB0DA3E2" pageNumber="80">
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Nests occur in almost any kind of small cavity. I most often find them in dead sticks, but other nest sites have included cavities in live stems of various plant species, an abandoned mud nest of a sphecid wasp, live internodes of
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<taxonomicName id="C4D5C55668E94EF4737F8E4EB9436091" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
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saplings, and rotting cacao pods.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="59920A4BAA626977EEE5D9BD4A4510D0" lastPageNumber="81" pageNumber="80">Colonies may be small, with a single queen in a single nest. Larger colonies may fill many sticks and cavities scattered through a volume of a cubic meter or more, with a central nest containing the queen and abundant brood, and peripheral nests containing workers and brood or very often large aggregations of workers alone, with no brood. Colonies may be monogynous or polygynous. Many colonies that I have observed have contained a single queen, but polygynous colonies are also relatively common. One nest at Hitoy Cerere Biological Reserve in Costa Rica contained 21 physogastric queens. Foundress queens are usually found alone; but I once observed a pair of founding queens together in a small stick, suggesting that pleometrosis occurs at least occasionally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4971B80ADEA2F82750AC9F4AD47507E6" pageNumber="81">Workers are omnivorous foragers. They recruit to baits and frequently tend extrafloral nectaries and Homoptera. Workers can be found foraging day or night.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C109ABA15C9B075282B987DC102CFA65" pageNumber="81">
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Wheeler (1986) observed a behavioral association between
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<taxonomicName id="5FFDF83BD48CFEF898AC0B9C7C7F4A21" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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and the large ponerine ant
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<taxonomicName id="29C89665509F75B9E132DDDDBF0A855F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">Ectatomma tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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on Barro Colorado Island in Panama.
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<taxonomicName id="7EE0C5DBEF29E982362E65FBDBDC4E37" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">Ectatomma tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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nests in the ground at the bases of trees. The nest entrance is surmounted by a 2-3cm wide thatch tube that extends about 15cm up the side of a tree trunk or smaller plant stem. Wheeler observed that polydomous
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<taxonomicName id="DB22A6B9E37B32E9E8B86A2A726B1F2C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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nests were often located near the mouths of
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<taxonomicName id="569FCF2A8A42C83CE5EC513E6CA8A1F3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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nests, and that
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<taxonomicName id="25B3E2839E832544F18EA061CD198D76" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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carried out periodic "raids" into the these nests. The raids were abrupt and short-lived, with workers streaming into and out of a nest entrance for about an hour. Peak flux rates were about 170 workers entering and 170 workers exiting per 15 minute observation period. Wheeler writes "Encountering an
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<taxonomicName id="95756EDCDC24ECC0138499C489184000" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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, the smaller
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<taxonomicName id="417B96139D0D98929525213D9C148AAA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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climbed up one of the larger ant's legs and onto its thorax and head. The
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<taxonomicName id="7FEE47483DDBCD9B2B544BDFC0F562F1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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worker stood still as the
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<taxonomicName id="40F70DCE5728A8532A7B3F827E8B6F85" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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licked the dorsal surface, especially the head.
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|
<taxonomicName id="DE7FBA8C18689710E151473E7416A54F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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|
did not react aggressively to the intruders. Occasionally, an
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|
<taxonomicName id="993C6CD751579703777541E312DB699F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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worker opened her jaws as the
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|
<taxonomicName id="C020BFBCF6FEE8E7ECE4CF5631D9EEA0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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|
licked the extended mouthparts. Then the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF0D20BE314B92671736E1F22884BEF0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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worker climbed down and quickly left the nest." Although Wheeler failed to observe the phenomenon during a brief visit to Finca La Pacifica in the dry forest habitat of northwestern Costa Rica, where she examined five
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|
<taxonomicName id="91E8950A3E3B4136B9C198CD5DA0AD73" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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nests, I suspect that the phenomenon occurs in Costa Rica. In the Atlantic lowlands I have seen several instances of large
|
|
<taxonomicName id="58FB7221B79E64D9157B880477269E5D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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colonies with nests clustered in and around nest entrances of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0BA9CEF1086594298DC3D3E49846DE68" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">E. tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="867BB2611E8E938B3EF3C41F5A77FD45" pageNumber="81">
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In the Santa Marta region, many
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<taxonomicName id="7182445BA69E90D0A3C8B3E06E9D603C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">C. limata</taxonomicName>
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|
nests contained abundant inquiline beetles in the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BC0286415DB269D9A69E83E313430205" class="Insecta" family="Ptinidae" genus="Gnostus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gnostus</taxonomicName>
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|
(Ptinidae).
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</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AA8157D3472312E3BB85F376CCE814D0" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B41CCD98D2BA718EE02185740D617B85" pageNumber="81">Comments</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AC391DA7408341929E65D632B7524F36" pageNumber="81">
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Species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F58AA7F7CF25D82F6F228761AAB1E5C4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BB60DF1581DCDB4C196326E3C76B0EBB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28105" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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|
,
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|
<taxonomicName id="6E5916568AFC4148EBA5B59413117B5F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
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|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01617A77A8122E88EBE0B307EEA086EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">limata</taxonomicName>
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|
, and
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|
<taxonomicName id="A3FFB9BAFC8E85B05B62D337895BD41B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183063" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster tenuicula Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuicula">tenuicula</taxonomicName>
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|
in Costa Rica) all have abundant erect flexuous setae on the face, moderate length to short propodeal spines that are posteriorly directed, and elongate tapering petioles. The four species can be difficult to separate. They differ primarily in the nature of the ventral processes of the petiole and postpetiole.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F700206B380C3F922B82C32FFDB774B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
has neither petiolar nor postpetiolar processes, differentiating it from the other three. The propodeal spines are large relative to those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F8702EE31527DFD84022A1A0C55F9072" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23EBEDFB7DEA9B549D0A10707147C033" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28105" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="843D86F2E2CC0514DB15043BD2D99217" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
may also be confused with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B35BE3CB9144571D822FB6C80332EC10" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182985" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster foliocrypta Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliocrypta">foliocrypta</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05AC5D1816F3ABE425306173F572418A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182985" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster foliocrypta Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliocrypta">foliocrypta</taxonomicName>
|
|
has appressed rather than erect tibial pilosity.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |