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<mods:title>Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">peter.schuchert@ville-ge.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Collins, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7GH75" ID-ENA="2805979" authority="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 2014" authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" box="[184,751,793,818]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,307,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna</emphasis>
cf. 
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" box="[476,751,793,818]" firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="495 - 945" refId="ref76917" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q., Lin M., Guo D. H., Wang C. G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the Phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 456, vol. 2, pp. 495 - 945, China Ocean Press, Bejing. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2014">Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[394,468,826,850]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[151,186,1716,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,257,1667]" captionTargetId="figure-5@71.[151,1435,257,1667]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 43. Zygocanna cf. apapillatus, bell diameter 5 mm (A) Oral view. (B) Aboral view. (C-D) Lateral views. (E) Oral view, yellow arrow points to a developing radial canal, red arrow points to branching radial canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640058/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
A-E
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7GH75" authority="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 2014" authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,628,871,893]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">
<emphasis box="[151,374,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna apapillatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" box="[382,628,871,893]" firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="495 - 945" refId="ref76917" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q., Lin M., Guo D. H., Wang C. G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the Phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 456, vol. 2, pp. 495 - 945, China Ocean Press, Bejing. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2014">
Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 
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in 
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xu" page="912" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="495 - 945" refId="ref76917" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q., Lin M., Guo D. H., Wang C. G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the Phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 456, vol. 2, pp. 495 - 945, China Ocean Press, Bejing. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2014">
Xu 
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., 2014: 912
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, fig. 344.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,380,945,969]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Examined material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3410574496" accessionNumber="MW528704" collectingDate="2020-01-15" collectionCode="BFLA" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" specimenCode="BFLA4302" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode box="[388,513,946,970]" collectionCode="BFLA" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">BFLA4302</specimenCode>
; 
<specimenCount box="[525,650,945,970]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; 
<date pageId="70" pageNumber="306" value="2020-01-15">
<collectingDate pageId="70" pageNumber="306" value="2020-01-15">15-JAN- 2020</collectingDate>
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; preserved in alcohol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence 
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,313,1056,1080]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Observations:</emphasis>
Bell diameter 
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, in relaxed state wider than high, relatively flat, apical jelly about 1/3 of height thinning to bell margin. Manubrium relatively small, diameter&gt;1/10 bell diameter, base irregularly star-shaped, wall with radiating vertical folds, these changing into the corners of 7 (9?) simple mouth lips (
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). About 10 radial canals originate at manubrium base and some immediately branch once or twice so that about 16 radial canals reach the circular canal. In addition to the complete radial canals about 5 developing centrifugal canals that originate from manubrium or complete radial canal (
<figureCitation box="[597,703,1409,1433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[151,186,1716,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,257,1667]" captionTargetId="figure-5@71.[151,1435,257,1667]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 43. Zygocanna cf. apapillatus, bell diameter 5 mm (A) Oral view. (B) Aboral view. (C-D) Lateral views. (E) Oral view, yellow arrow points to a developing radial canal, red arrow points to branching radial canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640058/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Fig. 43E</figureCitation>
). 14 ovoid gonads in about middle of complete radial canals, each with up to 50 oocytes, colour bright yellow with a median colourless, transparent line. 61 long, thin tentacles arising from ovoid bulbs, bulbs bright yellow, few atentaculate, small bulbs also present. One statocyst between pairs of marginal bulbs.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="306" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="70.[151,756,1647,1896]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,264,1647,1672]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">16S Data:</emphasis>
The single haplotype (
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) was used in a blastn search in GenBank and gave as best match with 94% identity 
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<emphasis box="[368,605,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Cyclocanna producta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
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) followed by several 
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and 
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with similar scores. A maximum likelihood phylogeny using a wide selection of leptomedusae also associated the sequence with the same families, but with insufficient bootstrap support (tree not shown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="306" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="70.[151,756,1919,2071]" lastBlockId="70.[832,1437,257,1369]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,265,1919,1943]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Remarks:</emphasis>
This medusa resembles closely 
<taxonomicName authority="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 2014" authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna apapillatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" box="[284,570,1951,1975]" firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="495 - 945" refId="ref76917" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q., Lin M., Guo D. H., Wang C. G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the Phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 456, vol. 2, pp. 495 - 945, China Ocean Press, Bejing. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2014">Xu, Huang &amp; Guo, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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and it could be conspecific. We were nevertheless reluctant to attribute it to this species for reasons given below. 
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna apapillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a very rare medusa only known from 
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collected off the coast of 
<collectingCountry box="[1288,1382,257,281]" name="Vietnam" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. The first description is only available in Chinese (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="495 - 945" refId="ref76917" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q., Lin M., Guo D. H., Wang C. G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the Phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 456, vol. 2, pp. 495 - 945, China Ocean Press, Bejing. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2014">
Xu 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), but an English translation and the figures are given in the WoRMS database (
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert" box="[1246,1432,353,377]" firstAuthor="Schuchert" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" refId="ref74770" refString="Schuchert P. 2020. World Hydrozoa Database. Accessed at http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa on 2020 - DEC- 11. DOI: 10.14284 / 357" type="book" year="2020">Schuchert, 2020</bibRefCitation>
; urn: lsid: marinespecies.org: taxname: 828546). Our specimen differs only minimally, having a smaller manubrium diameter, less radial canals, and a higher number of gonads. However, some incomplete, developing radial canals suggest that the final number of radial canals could be higher than observed in the only specimen we had. Based on morphology alone, traditional morphology-based systematics would have treated them as conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="70.[832,1437,257,1369]" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">
With its small stomach, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" box="[1141,1399,673,697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">
<emphasis box="[1141,1399,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna apapillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an atypical member of the genus 
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<emphasis box="[1221,1340,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
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(comp. 
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) and it likely belongs to another family. The comparison of the 16S sequence obtained from our specimen indicated a similarity and possible relationship with several 
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and 
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but without sufficient bootstrap support due to the poor resolving power of the 16S marker for relationships above the genus level. There was clearly no relationship with 
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(tree not shown). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[832,983,993,1017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mitrocomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Mitrocomidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boero, Bouillon &amp; Danovaro" authorityYear="1987" box="[1048,1173,993,1017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiaropsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Tiaropsidae</taxonomicName>
are both characterized by open statocysts, an important taxonomic trait that distinguishes them from most other leptomedusae which have either closed or no statocysts (comp. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" pagination="1 - 591" refId="ref66127" refString="Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Mus e um National d'Histoire Naturelle 194: 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, we were unable to determine if it had open statocysts (a microscopic examination of living tissue or of histologic sections is needed for this). Without this information a correct identification of the species is impossible. This also holds true for the original description of 
<emphasis box="[1083,1339,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" box="[1083,1334,1281,1305]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">Zygocanna apapillatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Because of this uncertainty we identified our specimen only as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Huang &amp; Guo" authorityYear="2014" box="[832,1114,1345,1369]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" genus="Zygocanna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="70" pageNumber="306" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="apapillatus">
<emphasis box="[832,951,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">Zygocanna</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[991,1114,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">apapillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1114,1118,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="306">.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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