461 lines
50 KiB
XML
461 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.35929/RSZ.0049" ID-GBIF-Dataset="172fa5c5-c0c4-4bd7-b710-d608237b8458" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5639938" checkinTime="1635892563566" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schuchert, Peter & Collins, Richard" docDate="2021" docId="D0118A7C5B190003FC67FE46FAC179B8" docLanguage="en" docName="RevSuisseZool.128.2.237-356.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 128 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256.2:RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Protiaropsis anonyma" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="259" masterDocId="2C28F2045B0C0014FFCFFF96FFDB7820" masterDocTitle="Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream" masterLastPageNumber="356" masterPageNumber="237" pageNumber="257" updateTime="1683579073239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">peter.schuchert@ville-ge.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Collins, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>880 NE 33 rd Street, Boca Raton, Florida, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rc6684@icloud.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Revue suisse de Zoologie</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-10-21</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>128</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<mods:start>237</mods:start>
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<mods:end>356</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.35929/RSZ.0049</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">172fa5c5-c0c4-4bd7-b710-d608237b8458</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0035-418</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5639938</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190510830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710590" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D0118A7C5B190003FC67FE46FAC179B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D0118A7C5B190003FC67FE46FAC179B8" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<subSubSection box="[936,1331,464,488]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[936,1331,464,521]" box="[936,1331,464,488]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<heading bold="true" box="[936,1331,464,488]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4N49W" ID-ENA="2805971" authority="(Maas, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[936,1331,464,488]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[936,1331,464,488]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[936,1178,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Protiaropsis anonyma</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Maas" box="[1192,1324,464,488]" firstAuthor="Maas" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref71059" refString="Maas O. 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expeditie. Siboga Expeditie 10: 1 - 84, pls 1 - 14. DOI: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11301" type="journal article" year="1905">Maas, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1071,1197,496,521]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[936,1331,464,521]" box="[1071,1197,496,521]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<figureCitation box="[1071,1146,496,521]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[151,186,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,257,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[151,1435,257,1806]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 12. Protiaropsis anonyma, specimen BFLA4037, bell height 12 mm. (A) Lateral view of animal with amphipod prey in its stomach. (B) Manubrium at other angle, note cruciform base. (C) Bell margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5639972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5639972/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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A-C
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,542,1054]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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<treatmentCitation author="Maas O." box="[831,1222,542,564]" page="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3LF33" authority="Maas, 1905: 19" authorityName="Maas" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1905" box="[831,1222,542,564]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Heterotiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
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<emphasis box="[831,1045,543,564]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Heterotiara anonyma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Maas" box="[1058,1222,542,564]" firstAuthor="Maas" page="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref71059" refString="Maas O. 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expeditie. Siboga Expeditie 10: 1 - 84, pls 1 - 14. DOI: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11301" type="journal article" year="1905">Maas, 1905: 19</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3 figs 19-21. –
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<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[907,1107,571,593]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="216" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Albatross " from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909: 216</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 41 figs 12-14. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Vanhoffen E." page="216" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation author="Vanhoffen E." firstAuthor="Vanhoffen" page="211" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref75888" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1911. Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition Valdivia 19 (5): 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911: 211</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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pls 12-13. –
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<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1133,1324,600,622]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="382" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="363 - 442" refId="ref65028" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1918. Some Medusae and Siphonophora from the western Atlantic. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology of Harvard College 62: 363 - 442, pls 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1918">Bigelow, 1918: 382</bibRefCitation>
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. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Bigelow H. B." page="287" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1928">
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<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow H. B." firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="287" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="279 - 362" refId="ref65098" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1928. Hydromedusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the " Albatross " Philippine Expedition. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent region. Bulletin United States National Museum 100 (1): 279 - 362, pls 39 - 43." type="journal article" year="1928">Bigelow, 1928: 287</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Russell F. S." box="[1046,1235,628,651]" page="516" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell" box="[1046,1235,628,651]" firstAuthor="Russell" page="516" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="515 - 523" refId="ref74134" refString="Russell F. S. 1940. On the nematocysts of Hydromedusae III. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 24: 515 - 523." type="journal article" year="1940">Russell, 1940: 516</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs 5-7. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." page="17, 125" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1959">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp P. L." firstAuthor="Kramp" page="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1959a: 17</bibRefCitation>
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, 125
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 131. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[1161,1338,657,679]" page="122" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1961">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[1161,1338,657,679]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="122" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 469" refId="ref69868" refString="Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 40: 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp, 1961: 122</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." page="41" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1965">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp P. L." firstAuthor="Kramp" page="41" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref69926" refString="Kramp P. L. 1965. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Dana Report 63: 1 - 162." type="book chapter" year="1965">Kramp, 1965: 41</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[1019,1182,686,708]" page="53" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1968">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[1019,1182,686,708]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="53" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref69950" refString="Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1968">Kramp, 1968: 53</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 138. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Schmidt H. E." page="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1973">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt H. E." firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref74294" refString="Schmidt H. E. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungs Ergebnisse 15: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt, 1973: 22</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Schmidt & Klinker" box="[964,1257,715,737]" page="34" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1974">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt & Klinker" box="[964,1254,715,737]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="34" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="29 - 38" refId="ref74325" refString="Schmidt H. - E., Klinker J. 1974. Hydromedusae (Coelenterata) from the Indian Ocean. Meteor Forschungsergebnisse 18: 29 - 38." type="journal article" year="1974">Schmidt & Klinker, 1974: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Bouillon J." page="314" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1980">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon J." firstAuthor="Bouillon" page="314" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="307 - 344" refId="ref65707" refString="Bouillon J. 1980. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck. (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie 3: Anthomedusae - Filifera (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21 (3): 307 - 344." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouillon, 1980: 314</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. –
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Brinckmann-Voss & Arai" box="[973,1315,744,766]" page="41" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1989">Brinckmann-Voss & Arai, 1989: 41</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs 1b, 1e.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,542,1054]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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||
not
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||
<emphasis box="[869,1103,773,794]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3LF33" authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[869,1080,773,794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Heterotiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">Heterotiara anonyma</taxonomicName>
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||
. –
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Bigelow H. B." box="[1110,1291,772,795]" page="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1913">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1110,1291,772,795]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref64929" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1913. Medusae and Siphonophora collected by the U. S. steamer " Albatross " in the Northwestern Pacific. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44: 1 - 119, pls 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1913">Bigelow, 1913: 25</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, records North Pacific. [=
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Naumov, 1960" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" box="[1012,1354,801,823]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Bythotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">
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||
<emphasis box="[1012,1205,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Bythotiara depressa</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Naumov" box="[1211,1354,801,823]" firstAuthor="Naumov" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" refId="ref72700" refString="Naumov D. 1960. See: Naumov D. V. 1969. Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Israel Program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, pp. 463, 30 plates." type="book" year="1960">Naumov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
]
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,542,1054]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
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||
in part
|
||
<emphasis box="[897,1124,831,852]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3LF33" authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[897,1105,831,852]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Heterotiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">Heterotiara anonyma</taxonomicName>
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||
. –
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Arai & Brinckmann-Voss" page="69" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arai M. N. & Brinckmann-Voss A." firstAuthor="Arai" page="69" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 192" refId="ref64599" refString="Arai M. N., Brinckmann-Voss A. 1980. Hydromedusae of British Columbia and Puget Sound. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 204: 1 - 192." type="journal article" year="1980">Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980: 69</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 40. [in part
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Naumov, 1960" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" box="[1090,1430,858,880]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Bythotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1090,1282,859,880]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Bythotiara depressa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naumov" box="[1288,1430,858,880]" firstAuthor="Naumov" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" refId="ref72700" refString="Naumov D. 1960. See: Naumov D. V. 1969. Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Israel Program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, pp. 463, 30 plates." type="book" year="1960">Naumov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,542,1054]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis box="[831,1065,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4N49W" baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[831,1045,888,909]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">Protiaropsis anonyma</taxonomicName>
|
||
. –
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Stechow E." box="[1069,1257,888,910]" page="150" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1919">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stechow" box="[1069,1257,888,910]" firstAuthor="Stechow" page="150" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 172" refId="ref75122" refString="Stechow E. 1919. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauer'sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 42 (1): 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow, 1919: 150</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, new combination. –
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Schuchert P." box="[925,1137,917,939]" page="338" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert" box="[925,1133,917,939]" firstAuthor="Schuchert" page="338" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="337 - 555" refId="ref74528" refString="Schuchert P. 2010. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 117 (3): 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert, 2010: 338</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,542,1054]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Uchida T." box="[831,1205,945,967]" page="103" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1947">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4JJPQ" authority="Uchida, 1947: 103" authorityName="Uchida" authorityPageNumber="103" authorityYear="1947" box="[850,1205,945,967]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Kanaka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pelagica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[850,1015,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Kanaka pelagica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida" box="[1022,1205,945,967]" firstAuthor="Uchida" page="103" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="297 - 319" refId="ref75700" refString="Uchida T. 1947. Some medusae from the Central Pacific. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Zoology 7 (3): 297 - 319." type="journal article" year="1947">Uchida, 1947: 103</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1282,1294,946,967]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">–</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." page="123" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp P. L." firstAuthor="Kramp" page="123" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 469" refId="ref69868" refString="Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 40: 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp, 1961: 123</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. –
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[973,1139,974,996]" page="58" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1968">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[973,1139,974,996]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="58" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref69950" refString="Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1968">Kramp, 1968: 58</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 153. –
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[1253,1432,974,996]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref74294" refString="Schmidt H. E. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungs Ergebnisse 15: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt, 1973: 22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, could be a young
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[1096,1307,1004,1025]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Heterotiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1096,1307,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Heterotiara anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. –
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Bouillon J." page="316" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon J." firstAuthor="Bouillon" page="316" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="307 - 344" refId="ref65707" refString="Bouillon J. 1980. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck. (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie 3: Anthomedusae - Filifera (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21 (3): 307 - 344." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouillon, 1980: 316</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, could be
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[1104,1310,1032,1053]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Heterotiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1104,1310,1032,1053]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Heterotiara anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,1077,1197]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,1089,1077,1101]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Examined material:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3410574464" collectingDate="26 - MAR- 2019" collectionCode="BFLA" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="BFLA4037" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1119,1247,1077,1101]" collectionCode="BFLA" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">BFLA4037</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1281,1432,1077,1101]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate box="[831,995,1109,1133]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<date box="[831,858,1109,1133]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" value="2019-03-26">26</date>
|
||
-MAR-2019
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
; size
|
||
<quantity box="[1071,1154,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
high; part preserved in formalin and deposited as UF-013457, small part in alcohol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1291,1423,1173,1197]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW528657" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">MW528657</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,1220,1756]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,992,1220,1244]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Observations:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[1001,1146,1220,1244]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bythotiaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
medusa
|
||
<quantity box="[1246,1323,1220,1244]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, bell cylindrical, not compressed laterally, mesoglea thick, especially apical jelly which is about 1/3 of the total bell height; bell margin with regular furrows in which lie the tentacles. Manubrium 2/3 the height of the subumbrella, shaped like inverted cone, section cross-shaped, interradial wall smooth, mouth cruciform, rather small, four red strands run along the interradial corners of the manubrium. Four thin radial canals, no mesenteries; circular canal thin. 10 tentacles, length about half the height of the bell, originating from under circular canals without formation of a distinct tentacle bulb but with an epidermal swelling at the junction of tentacle and circular canal, proximal part of tentacles curving adnate around bell margin in furrows, tapering only slightly distally, ending in bright orange, spherical to ovoid knob, diameter about 0.3 mm. No ocelli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1436,1779,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,949,1779,1803]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">16S Data:</emphasis>
|
||
A blastn search in GenBank with the sole 16S (
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[898,1032,1811,1835]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW528657" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">MW528657</accessionNumber>
|
||
) gave mostly species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[1349,1428,1811,1835]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="350" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cornelius" authorityYear="1992" box="[831,990,1843,1867]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but all below 90% identity and thus precluding any conclusions on relationships.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="257" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[831,1437,1922,2073]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,980,1922,1946]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Widespread in warm parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, usually in depths of
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 600 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arai & Brinckmann-Voss" box="[928,1298,1986,2010]" firstAuthor="Arai" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 192" refId="ref64599" refString="Arai M. N., Brinckmann-Voss A. 1980. Hydromedusae of British Columbia and Puget Sound. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 204: 1 - 192." type="journal article" year="1980">Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; corrections in Brinckmann-Voss & Arai, 1989).
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1276,1330,2018,2042]" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[831,937,2049,2073]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="257">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[949,1049,2049,2073]" degrees="0.2933" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" precision="5" value="-0.2933">0.2933°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1061,1190,2049,2073]" degrees="129.2418" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" precision="5" value="129.2418">129.2418°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[1201,1304,2049,2073]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="257" unit="m" value="500.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="0.0">0-1000 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5639972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5639972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5639972/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="258" startId="22.[151,186,1852,1874]" targetBox="[151,1435,257,1806]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,1852,1903]" pageId="22" pageNumber="258">
|
||
Fig. 12.
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,457,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[235,453,1853,1874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="22" pageNumber="258" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">Protiaropsis anonyma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimen BFLA4037, bell height 12 mm. (A) Lateral view of animal with amphipod prey in its stomach. (B) Manubrium at other angle, note cruciform base. (C) Bell margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="259" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,264,257,281]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Most illustrations of this species do not show the terminal swellings of the tentacles (e.g. in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1959a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[242,300,321,345]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref69950" refString="Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a typical character of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[608,756,321,345]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bythotiaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
medusae. These are almost invariably lost in specimens caught with a plankton net, but they are normally present in this species (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[512,670,418,442]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref69634" refString="Kramp P. L. 1948. Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae from the " Michael Sars " North Atlantic deep-sea Expedition 1910, with additions on Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, and Scyphomedusae. Report on the scientific results of the " Michael Sars " north Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910... 5 (9): 1 - 23, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1948">Kramp, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[694,751,417,441]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref69926" refString="Kramp P. L. 1965. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Dana Report 63: 1 - 162." type="book chapter" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[151,309,450,474]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref74294" refString="Schmidt H. E. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungs Ergebnisse 15: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arai & Brinckmann-Voss" box="[319,663,450,474]" firstAuthor="Arai" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 192" refId="ref64599" refString="Arai M. N., Brinckmann-Voss A. 1980. Hydromedusae of British Columbia and Puget Sound. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 204: 1 - 192." type="journal article" year="1980">Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
The size of the examined medusa was at the lower end of the range usually given for this species (
|
||
<quantity box="[635,752,514,538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="12.0">12-20 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maas" box="[151,280,546,570]" firstAuthor="Maas" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref71059" refString="Maas O. 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expeditie. Siboga Expeditie 10: 1 - 84, pls 1 - 14. DOI: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11301" type="journal article" year="1905">Maas, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[293,452,546,570]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Albatross " from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vanhoffen" box="[464,646,546,570]" firstAuthor="Vanhoffen" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref75888" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1911. Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition Valdivia 19 (5): 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="363 - 442" refId="ref65028" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1918. Some Medusae and Siphonophora from the western Atlantic. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology of Harvard College 62: 363 - 442, pls 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1918">Bigelow (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found somewhat smaller (up to
|
||
<quantity box="[639,718,578,602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
) in the nearby
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[271,369,610,634]" name="Bermuda" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
region, likewise
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[556,728,610,634]" firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="307 - 344" refId="ref65707" refString="Bouillon J. 1980. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck. (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie 3: Anthomedusae - Filifera (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21 (3): 307 - 344." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouillon (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in animals from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[299,509,642,666]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
The interradial red strands are rather conspicuous in the living and preserved animal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[516,595,706,730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[151,186,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,257,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[151,1435,257,1806]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 12. Protiaropsis anonyma, specimen BFLA4037, bell height 12 mm. (A) Lateral view of animal with amphipod prey in its stomach. (B) Manubrium at other angle, note cruciform base. (C) Bell margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5639972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5639972/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B), but they have been mentioned only rarely so far. Only
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vanhoffen" firstAuthor="Vanhoffen" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref75888" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1911. Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition Valdivia 19 (5): 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed them in an animal caught near the Nias Islands (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[241,351,802,826]" name="Indonesia" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
The nematocysts have been described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Russell" firstAuthor="Russell" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="515 - 523" refId="ref74134" refString="Russell F. S. 1940. On the nematocysts of Hydromedusae III. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 24: 515 - 523." type="journal article" year="1940">Russell (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[289,557,866,890]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="203 - 224" refId="ref65958" refString="Bouillon J., Seghers G., Boero F. 1988 a. Note sur les cnidocystes des hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie- Nouvelle Guinee). Indo-Malayan Zoology 5 (2): 203 - 224." type="journal article" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,457,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1988a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The species has large desmonemes which are typical for the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,300,930,954]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bythotiaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
The taxonomic scope of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[438,680,963,986]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,680,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Protiaropsis anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not yet fully clear as there are other similar species, some of which which could prove to be conspecific (see also discussions in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[307,466,1059,1083]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref74294" refString="Schmidt H. E. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungs Ergebnisse 15: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Vanhoffen, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Vanhoffen" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,592,1091,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,366,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Protiaropsis minor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vanhoffen" box="[392,584,1091,1115]" firstAuthor="Vanhoffen" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref75888" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1911. Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition Valdivia 19 (5): 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat smaller (
|
||
<quantity box="[249,355,1123,1147]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6-12 mm</quantity>
|
||
), has perhaps a shorter manubrium, and 16 to 24 tentacles (see description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pages" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pages" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref73113" refString="Pages F., Gili J. M., Bouillon J. 1992. Medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa) of the Benguela Current (southeastern Atlantic). Scientia Marina 56 (Suppl. 1): 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Pagès
|
||
<emphasis box="[693,750,1155,1179]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[229,480,1187,1211]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="203 - 224" refId="ref65958" refString="Bouillon J., Seghers G., Boero F. 1988 a. Note sur les cnidocystes des hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie- Nouvelle Guinee). Indo-Malayan Zoology 5 (2): 203 - 224." type="journal article" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis box="[332,381,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1988a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found both morphotypes in sympatry and kept them distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Uchida, 1947" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1947" box="[151,496,1251,1275]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Kanaka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pelagica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,337,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Kanaka pelagica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida" box="[348,496,1251,1275]" firstAuthor="Uchida" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="297 - 319" refId="ref75700" refString="Uchida T. 1947. Some medusae from the Central Pacific. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Zoology 7 (3): 297 - 319." type="journal article" year="1947">Uchida, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has eight tentacles but is much smaller (1.8 mm). It was based on a single specimen which was likely a juvenile.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[598,756,1315,1339]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="259 - 322" refId="ref69698" refString="Kramp P. L. 1953. Hydromedusae. Scientific Report of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 6 (4): 259 - 322." type="journal article" year="1953">Kramp (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought it might belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Vanhoffen" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[427,516,1348,1371]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,516,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">P. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[591,756,1347,1371]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref74294" refString="Schmidt H. E. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungs Ergebnisse 15: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[197,369,1379,1403]" firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="307 - 344" refId="ref65707" refString="Bouillon J. 1980. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck. (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie 3: Anthomedusae - Filifera (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21 (3): 307 - 344." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouillon (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
think it is referrable to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Protiaropsis anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Xu & Huang, 1994" authorityName="Xu & Huang" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,718,1443,1468]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Gymnogonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zhengzhongii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,466,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Gymnogonium zhengzhongii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu & Huang" box="[482,718,1443,1468]" firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="149 - 153" refId="ref76664" refString="Xu Z. Z., Huang J. Q. 1994. A new genus and two new species of Hydroidomedusae from Taiwan Strait. Journal Xiamen University (Natural Science) 33 (Suppl.): 149 - 153." type="journal article" year="1994">Xu & Huang, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is small (2.2 mm), has a short manubrium, and a pair of branched radial canals, resulting in six canals in total. The manubrium of the only observed specimen had gonads.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[241,530,1571,1596]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bouillon" page="182" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 591" refId="ref66127" refString="Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Mus e um National d'Histoire Naturelle 194: 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis box="[342,397,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006: 182)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought that it could belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[266,507,1604,1627]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[266,507,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Protiaropsis anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As the the species is based on a single specimen, it cannot be excluded that the branched radial canals were a developmental aberration. New material has to prove the validity of the species, but as the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[223,269,1732,1756]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen was apparently mature at 2.2 mm, the genus and species should be retained as valid for the moment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,757,257,2076]" lastBlockId="23.[831,1436,257,408]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[151,327,1828,1852]" firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="307 - 344" refId="ref65707" refString="Bouillon J. 1980. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck. (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie 3: Anthomedusae - Filifera (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21 (3): 307 - 344." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouillon (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought that also
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Naumov, 1960" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Bythotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[537,756,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Bythotiara depressa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naumov" box="[151,313,1860,1884]" firstAuthor="Naumov" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" refId="ref72700" refString="Naumov D. 1960. See: Naumov D. V. 1969. Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Israel Program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, pp. 463, 30 plates." type="book" year="1960">Naumov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[626,756,1861,1884]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[626,756,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">P. anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as he found intermediate forms.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" box="[534,756,1892,1916]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Bythotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,756,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">Bythotiara depressa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[289,415,1925,1948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,415,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">P. anonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having an irregularly folded surface of the gonads. Brinckmann-Voss & Arai (1989) examined the problem in detail and they worked out diagnostic differences of the two species (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xu" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" pagination="149 - 157" refId="ref76986" refString="Xu Z., Huang J., Mao L., Guo D., Wang C. 2016. Taxonomic notes on Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria) from South China Sea II: Family Bythotiaridae (Anthomedusae). Zoological Systematics 41 (2): 149 - 157." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some of the previous records of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[620,756,2053,2076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Protiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anyonyma">
|
||
<emphasis box="[620,756,2053,2076]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">P. anyonyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from colder waters of the North Pacific Ocean were actually
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" box="[923,1046,289,313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Bythotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[923,1046,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">B. depressa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[831,1436,257,408]" pageId="23" pageNumber="259">All these ambiguities underline the need for a comprehensive dataset of 16S DNA barcodes which will hopefully improve the species delimitations.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |