331 lines
31 KiB
XML
331 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287785" ID-ZooBank="D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A" checkinTime="1460978373835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Łukowiak, Magdalena" docDate="2015" docId="2125D91F1B36296D7ED9C253F0C7F83F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03917p065.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3c794a36" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Clionaidae d'Orbigny 1851" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="DD1CA1671B20297B7E4EC039F41BFF89" masterDocTitle="Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1645026518126" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3917</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">287785</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108561" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108561" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B36296D7ED9C253F0C7F83F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B36296D7ED9C253F0C7F83F" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[151,593,618,644]" box="[151,593,618,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,593,618,644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,593,618,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authority="d'Orbigny, 1851" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1851" box="[246,593,618,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
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Clionaidae d’Orbigny,
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<number box="[534,593,618,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1851.0">1851</number>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,689,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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In the studied material there are numerous mucronate tylostyles found (
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<figureCitation box="[968,1061,689,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1437,193,1567]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spicules of sponges of the order Hadromerida; A – C—Mucronate tylostyles of Cliona cf. mucronata, family Clionaidae; D – F—Tylostyles of the order Hadromerida; G, H—Tylostyles of Terpios sp., family Suberitidae; I, J, P, R—Anthasters of Diplastrella cf. megastellata, family Spirastrellidae; K – M—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 1, family Polymastiidae; L – O—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 2, family Polymastiidae; Q—Microsclere spiraster of family Spirastrellidae or Clionaidae; S – Y—Verticillate strongyles of Dotona pulchella Carter, 1880, family Clionaidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Figs.
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<number box="[1033,1061,690,714]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
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</figureCitation>
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A–C). These spicules, with clubshaped shaft and the other end pointed, resemble in their morphology those of the Recent clionaid
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<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1878" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1878" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Mucronata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cliona mucronata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[283,426,761,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1878) On two new and remarkable species of Cliona. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 1 (1), 54 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682289" type="journal article" year="1878">
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Sollas,
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<number box="[370,426,762,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1878.0">1878</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(compare, i.e. with
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<bibRefCitation author="Calcinai" box="[668,904,761,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G. & Cerrano, C. (2005) Excavating Sponge Species from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Zoological Studies, 44, 5 - 18." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Calcinai
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<emphasis box="[773,827,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
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||
.
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<number box="[845,904,761,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2005.0">2005</number>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
; figs.
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<number box="[981,996,761,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="4.0">4</number>
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f, i; and
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<figureCitation box="[1102,1196,761,786]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1242,1264]" captionTargetBox="[522,1068,654,1226]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[518,1073,649,1231]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Spicules of recent representants of the order Hadromerida; A—Subtylostyle of Cliona mucronata (redrawn from Calcinai 2005); B—subtylostyle of Cliona mucronata (redrawn from Vacelet & Vasseur 1971); C—Club-shaped spicules of Sphaerotylus vanhoeffeni (described as S. capitatus; redrawn from Hentschel 1914; size from 504 to 1080 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287797/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Figs.
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<number box="[1168,1196,762,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="12.0">12</number>
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</figureCitation>
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A, B). However, the described here fossil mucronate tylostyles are much bigger (about
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<number box="[900,942,798,822]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="900.0">900</number>
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µm) and more slender than those described by
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<bibRefCitation box="[192,450,833,858]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G. & Cerrano, C. (2005) Excavating Sponge Species from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Zoological Studies, 44, 5 - 18." type="journal article">
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Calcinai
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<emphasis box="[299,355,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
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. (
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<number box="[384,443,833,858]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2005.0">2005</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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from the Indo-Pacific Ocean and those noted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet" box="[1061,1367,833,858]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, 1, 51 - 126." type="journal article" year="1971">
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Vacelet & Vasseur (
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<number box="[1302,1360,834,858]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1971.0">1971</number>
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||
)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry box="[151,286,869,894]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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(that exceed
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<number box="[436,478,870,894]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="100.0">100</number>
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||
µm in length). There are no other present-day sponges having this very characteristic
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<typeStatus box="[151,199,906,930]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
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||
of spicule recognized anywhere else in the world. The most adjacent area to the north of
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<collectingCountry box="[1197,1300,905,930]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
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from where
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<taxonomicName box="[151,303,942,965]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Mucronata">
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<emphasis box="[151,303,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C. mucronata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is noted is the Banda Sea (
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent" box="[606,762,942,966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">
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Topsent
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<number box="[703,762,942,966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1897.0">1897</number>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
; van
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<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[821,1013,941,966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Soest
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||
<emphasis box="[889,938,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
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||
<number box="[952,1013,942,966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2013.0">2013</number>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,689,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
The spicules belonging to the family Clionaide have already been described from the geological record (for more details see Wiedenmayer
|
||
<number box="[501,558,1014,1038]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1994.0">1994</number>
|
||
) but this is the first fossil occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1010,1249,1013,1038]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Mucronata">
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||
<emphasis box="[1010,1087,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cliona</emphasis>
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||
cf.
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||
<emphasis box="[1129,1249,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">mucronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,689,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
Very characteristic, about
|
||
<number box="[492,590,1049,1074]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300–500</number>
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||
µm long, verticillate acanthostrongyles found in the studied material (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1437,193,1567]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spicules of sponges of the order Hadromerida; A – C—Mucronate tylostyles of Cliona cf. mucronata, family Clionaidae; D – F—Tylostyles of the order Hadromerida; G, H—Tylostyles of Terpios sp., family Suberitidae; I, J, P, R—Anthasters of Diplastrella cf. megastellata, family Spirastrellidae; K – M—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 1, family Polymastiidae; L – O—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 2, family Polymastiidae; Q—Microsclere spiraster of family Spirastrellidae or Clionaidae; S – Y—Verticillate strongyles of Dotona pulchella Carter, 1880, family Clionaidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Figs.
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||
<number box="[151,178,1086,1110]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
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||
S–Y) are here also assigned to hadromerids. The cylindrical, curved shafts of these acanthostrongyles are rounded at the tips that are microspined. The whole spicule is covered with spirally coiled rows of tubercles. The number of whorls of tubercles over the spicule may vary from
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||
<number box="[884,984,1158,1182]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="14.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 19</number>
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||
. The large variability in number of the whorls and in size of these spicules may suggest that they belong to more than one species, or that they belong to a species with a high intraspecific variability of these spicules. Another single verticillate acanthostrongyle-like spicule (
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<figureCitation box="[245,325,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1680,1702]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1658]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,445,1658]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 31. Other demosponge spicules and their hypothetical assignment; A—Strongyle-like spicule of unidentified sponge; B – F—Different types of fusiform spicules of unidentified sponge; G; H—Styles of unidentified sponge; I—Club-shaped spicule of unidentified sponge; J, K—Rhabdostyles of unidentified sponge; L—Comma spicule of unidentified sponge; M—Sculptured, acanthostrongyle-like spicule of unidentified sponge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287816/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
Fig.
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||
<number box="[298,325,1266,1290]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="31.0">31</number>
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||
</figureCitation>
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||
M) may be also related to the mentioned acanthostrongyles, however not without doubts. This
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<typeStatus box="[1388,1436,1266,1290]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
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||
of verticillate acanthostrongyles was described for the first time by
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[928,1082,1302,1326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, 129 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893" type="journal article" year="1880">
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Carter (
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||
<number box="[1016,1074,1302,1326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1880.0">1880</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
from Gulf of Manaar and was assigned to the excavating clionaid
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" box="[556,901,1337,1362]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Pulchella">
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||
<emphasis box="[556,752,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dotona pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[761,901,1338,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, 129 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893" type="journal article" year="1880">
|
||
Carter,
|
||
<number box="[845,901,1338,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1880.0">1880</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent" box="[1016,1171,1338,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852" type="journal article" year="1904">
|
||
Topsent
|
||
<number box="[1112,1171,1338,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1904.0">1904</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[1213,1243,1337,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="12.0">12</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[1302,1316,1338,1362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
B and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1880,1902]" captionTargetBox="[610,976,625,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[610,977,625,1865]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11. Verticillate acanthostrongyle of Dotona pulchella (redrawn from Calcinai et al. 2001)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287796/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[151,180,1374,1398]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Today, sponges of this species are recorded only from the Azores and
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||
<collectingCountry box="[1004,1062,1373,1398]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[1128,1324,1373,1398]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis box="[1197,1247,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[1263,1324,1374,1398]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is also another
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,525,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[304,388,1410,1433]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dotona</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[416,525,1409,1434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Davidi">D. davidi</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkpatrick" box="[544,1120,1409,1434]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1900) Description of Sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6 (34), 345 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678387" type="journal article" year="1900">
|
||
Kirkpatrick,
|
||
<number box="[694,753,1410,1434]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1900.0">1900</number>
|
||
; described as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[925,1120,1409,1434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dyscliona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Davidi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1120,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dyscliona davidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that inhabits today South Pacific Ocean and possess similar scleres. However, its spicules do not have microspined tips (compare with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkpatrick" box="[151,346,1481,1506]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1900) Description of Sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6 (34), 345 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678387" type="journal article" year="1900">
|
||
Kirkpatrick
|
||
<number box="[287,346,1482,1506]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1900.0">1900</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[393,423,1482,1506]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="14.0">14</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[480,491,1482,1506]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,689,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
There are also very similar spicules in other demosponge genera, heteroxyid
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bowerbank, 1866" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1866" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Halicnemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1166,1436,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Halicnemia verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank" box="[158,366,1553,1578]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, 380 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2038" type="book" year="1866">
|
||
Bowerbank,
|
||
<number box="[306,366,1553,1578]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1866.0">1866</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reported from the Azores and coelosphaerid
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi, 1976" authorityName="Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi" authorityYear="1976" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Atoxa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[904,1139,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Paracornulum atoxa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 49, 1 - 116." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi,
|
||
<number box="[151,207,1589,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1976.0">1976</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[now
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[291,492,1589,1614]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Fuliginosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,492,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Zyzzya fuliginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[513,678,1589,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Carter, H. J. (1879 b) Contributions to our Knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 3 (17), 284 - 304, 343 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908694101" type="journal article" year="1879" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Carter,
|
||
<number box="[604,663,1589,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1879.0">1879</number>
|
||
b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); compare with pl.
|
||
<number box="[919,949,1590,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="28.0">28</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[1008,1022,1589,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
; described as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1197,1427,1589,1614]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Suberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Fuliginosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1197,1427,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Suberites fuliginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] recorded from Tulear as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas 1966" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1966" box="[511,855,1625,1650]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Papillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[511,695,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Zyzzya papillata</emphasis>
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<number box="[799,855,1625,1650]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1966.0">1966</number>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted from South
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1064,1121,1625,1650]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1175,1285,1625,1650]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<number box="[190,249,1662,1686]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; compare with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas" box="[433,590,1661,1686]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Thomas, P. A. (1968) Studies on Indian sponges-II. Two new species of silicious sponges belonging to the genera Aka de Laubenfels and Damirina Burton. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2), 250 - 254." type="journal article" year="1968">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<number box="[534,590,1661,1686]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1968.0">1968</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
fig.
|
||
<number box="[649,664,1661,1686]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
B; described as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[852,1073,1661,1686]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Damirina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Papillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,1073,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Damirina papillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In all of these cases spicules possess sculptured heads but are less regularly spined and the spicules of clionaid
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1071,1266,1697,1722]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1071,1266,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dotona pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most resemble those described here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,689,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
This spicule morphotype has already been described as fossils by Mostler from the Jurassic of the Alps (
|
||
<number box="[1372,1432,1770,1794]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1990.0">1990</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[187,201,1806,1830]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[261,292,1805,1830]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="15.0">15</number>
|
||
). This same author also described similar spicules from the Lower Carboniferous and Permian (
|
||
<number box="[1371,1431,1806,1830]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1994.0">1994</number>
|
||
; pl.
|
||
<number box="[189,205,1842,1866]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
<number box="[279,353,1841,1866]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="14.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="13.0">13–16</number>
|
||
), but attributed them to agelasids. Similar spicules are also described from the Cretaceous by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schrammen" box="[151,466,1877,1902]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Schrammen, A. (1924) Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. III und letzter Teil. Mit Beitragen zur Stammesgeschichte. Monographien zur Geologie und Palaontologie, 1, 1 - 159. [Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1924">
|
||
Schrammen (
|
||
<number box="[299,359,1878,1902]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1924.0">1924</number>
|
||
, pl. 4.19)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Verticillate strongyles are also known from the Miocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1138,1280,1877,1902]" name="Bahamas" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bukry" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Bukry, D. (1978) Cenozoic coccolith, silicoflagellate, and diatom stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 44. In: Benson, W. E., Sheridan, R. E. et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 44, pp. 807 - 864. [U. S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 44.137.1978" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Bukry
|
||
<number box="[1373,1432,1878,1902]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1978.0">1978</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[186,216,1914,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="13.0">13</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[273,288,1914,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and from the Late Eocene of Norseman,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[756,859,1913,1938]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hinde" box="[873,1157,1913,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Hinde, G. J. (1910) On the fossil sponge spicules in a rock from deep Lead at Princess Royal Township, Norseman District, Western Australia. Bulletin of Geological Survey of Western Australia, 36, 7 - 24." type="journal article" year="1910">
|
||
Hinde
|
||
<number box="[950,1009,1914,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1910.0">1910</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[1055,1069,1914,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[1127,1157,1914,1938]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from the same deposits as studied here.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[331,526,1949,1974]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Dotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis box="[331,526,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dotona pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, has never been described from fossil material before.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |