420 lines
58 KiB
XML
420 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3F393A5A50D0380BE4C16388DC9CF9BE">Three new species and four new species records of earthworms of the genus Moniligaster Perrier, 1872 (Clitellata: Moniligastridae) from Kerala region of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot, India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F17947D84DD848F3094D96A84FE67DED">Narayanan, S. Prasanth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C5626F63D6193D7FC86474FBEF94E25">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam - 686560, Kerala, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6BFF6FD6D6ADE579F74D337DB3626734">Sathrumithra, S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0AF8DC2DFFE8F466C83BFAD9699BE16D">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam - 686560, Kerala, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FE7849B454080DD0C98EF11DC5F61E7A">Anuja, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D4AE22E7F618124BB9C3201CB72EA218">School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam - 686560, Kerala, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B67F7A7A6DC80287EF5C690796C46FCD">Christopher, G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8D57647950600F4A8201F9D013EAB01A">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam - 686560, Kerala, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="48652D7C08D563E05081B2032965E1BA">Thomas, A. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D313E9AA0BD9A979EF99E3A61B6A0AAF">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam - 686560, Kerala, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0CFFD8CB37CBFB23F83988B58C651F74">Julka, J. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="35D741440C32D6883F078B51FD3B0C1B">School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan- 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="C11220ED7BD45D2681D9E53FC126AA5F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4E811034A55E961CC366D9A2C5DCCA19">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DE3E2AE90CFFF6DACCFF35CE86FC68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636266" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180876792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4636266" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE3E2AE90CFFF6DACCFF35CE86FC68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE3E2AE90CFFF6DACCFF35CE86FC68" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DACCFF35C85AFF10" authority="Manazhy, 2011" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,603,151,178]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DACCFF35C85AFF10" bold="true" box="[151,603,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DACCFF35CB99FF10" bold="true" box="[151,408,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster ivaniosi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DBC4FF35C85AFF10" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[415,603,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">Manazhy, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C36DDCB7E90CFFF7DACCFF19CB09FF77" box="[151,264,187,214]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DACCFF19CB09FF77" blockId="12.[151,603,151,214]" box="[151,264,187,214]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90CFFF7DAC4FF19CAFEFF77" box="[159,255,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-409@12.[154,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Moniligaster ivaniosi Manazhy, 2011, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107). A. Ventral view. B. Dissected, showing important characters.Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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)
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<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DACCFEA2C9A7FEB6" blockId="12.[151,934,255,280]" box="[151,934,255,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DACCFEA2C817FEB9" authority="Manazhy, 2011" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,534,256,280]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DACCFEA2CB71FEB6" box="[151,368,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster ivaniosi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DB2CFEA2C817FEB9" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[375,534,256,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">Manazhy, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD6A92DE90CFFF7D844FEA2C93CFEB9" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[543,829,256,280]" page="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" year="2011">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7D844FEA2C93CFEB9" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[543,829,256,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
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Manazhy
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7D8DFFEA2C8B6FEB9" box="[644,695,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
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2011: 11–12
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</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90CFFF7D91CFEA2C9A3FEB6" box="[839,930,255,280]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1777,1801]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1422,783,1746]" captionTargetBox-1="[218,1369,192,1640]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetId-0="figure-269@6.[160,1428,777,1754]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@8.[206,1381,181,1648]" captionTargetId-2="figure-409@12.[154,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Moniligaster keralensis Narayanan & Julka sp. nov. A. Ventral view. B. Prostate of right hand side, dorsal view. C. Prostatic capsule of right hand side, dorsal view. D. Spermatheca of left hand side. Abbreviations. M.H.L.—Mass of hairpin loops; Oe.—Oesophagus; Pr.C.—Prostatic capsule; Pr.—Prostate; Pr.D.—Prostatic duct; Sep.—Septum; Sp.A.—Spermathecal ampulla; Sp.Atr.G.—Spermathecal atrial gland; Sp.D.—Spermathecal duct; S.M.A.—Secondary male aperture; Sp.P.—Spermathecal pore; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Map of sampling localities of species of Moniligaster recorded in this study." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Moniligaster ivaniosi Manazhy, 2011, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107). A. Ventral view. B. Dissected, showing important characters.Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636246" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636250" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4636246/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4636250/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Figs 3–5</figureCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36DDCB7E90CFFF7DACCFEE7C8F8FE08" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DACCFEE7C8F8FE08" blockId="12.[151,1437,325,1144]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DACCFEE7CB81FEC1" bold="true" box="[151,384,325,352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DBDDFEE4CBECFEC1" box="[390,493,326,352]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7DBDDFEE4CBECFEC1" box="[390,493,326,352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: Undissected and softened amputee (ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED6617F9E90CFFF7D9E7FEE4CE12FEC1" box="[956,1043,326,352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED6617F9E90CFFF7DE40FEE4CE36FEC1" box="[1051,1079,326,352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">IR</collectionCode>
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/INV/2107).
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DE9FFEE4CAB9FE25" authority="Narayanan & Sathrumithra & Anuja & Christopher & Thomas & Julka, 2021" authorityName="Narayanan & Sathrumithra & Anuja & Christopher & Thomas & Julka" authorityYear="2021" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DE9FFEE4CAB9FE25" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster ivaniosi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DA9BFEC8CB1BFE25" bold="true" box="[192,282,362,388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A230EE55E90CFFF7DA9BFEC8CB1BFE25" box="[192,282,362,388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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, Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DB24FEC8C8EBFE25" authority=", Loc. Port Blair" authorityName="Loc. Port Blair" box="[383,746,362,388]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Moniligastridae, Loc. Port Blair</taxonomicName>
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, Andaman & Nicobar, Collr. Jaya M., Dt.
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<date id="FFC9A9FCE90CFFF7DE9CFEC8CF2BFE25" box="[1223,1322,362,388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" value="2009-10-03">3.x.2009</date>
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, Reg. No. 2107, Det. by Jaya M. (as given in the
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<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7D812FE2CC8AAFE09" box="[585,683,398,424]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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label).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36DDCB7E90CFFF7DA9CFE13C904FCF9" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DA9CFE13CF59FD05" blockId="12.[151,1437,325,1144]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DA9CFE13CB58FE6A" bold="true" box="[199,345,433,459]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
External: Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F22D9E90CFFF7D873FE10C87BFE6D" box="[552,634,434,461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F22D9E90CFFF7D8A9FE10C94AFE6D" box="[754,843,434,460]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, segments 125+, softened between segments 23 and 50. First two segments obliquely and partly ruptured towards left side. Cuticle loose, easily detachable. Clitellum indistinguishable. Spermathecal pores paired, small transverse slits, at intersegmental furrow 7/8, close to
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DF40FE59CF26FDB5" box="[1307,1319,507,532]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">c</emphasis>
|
||
setal lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90CFFF7DAFBFDBCCAFAFD98" box="[160,251,542,569]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-409@12.[154,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Moniligaster ivaniosi Manazhy, 2011, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107). A. Ventral view. B. Dissected, showing important characters.Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
); small, oval-shaped paired thickenings with definite borders in front of spermathecal pores. Male pores minute, paired, at centres of oval-shaped, slightly protuberant penes, well demarcated secondary male apertures at intersegmental furrow 10/11, between lines of setae
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7D8BAFDC4C8EEFD21" box="[737,751,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">b</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7D97DFDC5C933FD21" box="[806,818,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">c</emphasis>
|
||
, each with a tiny genital marking anterior to it. Female pores minute, paired, close to
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DBB3FD28CBF7FD05" box="[488,502,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">b</emphasis>
|
||
setal lines, at intersegmental furrow 11/12. Nephridiopores not recognizable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DA9CFD0CC904FCF9" blockId="12.[151,1437,325,1144]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
|
||
Internal: Gizzards
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F22D9E90CFFF7DBFBFD0CCBCEFD69" box="[416,463,686,712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
segments 12–14. Prostates paired, glandular, erect, somewhat club-shaped, slightly curved entally, about
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F22D9E90CFFF7DBD1FD70CBE0FD4D" box="[394,481,722,749]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90CFFF7D871FD70C882FD4C" box="[554,643,722,749]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-409@12.[154,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Moniligaster ivaniosi Manazhy, 2011, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107). A. Ventral view. B. Dissected, showing important characters.Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
); vas deferens coiled into a mass of hairpin loops, mass about half the size of testis sac, entering the ental end of the prostate directly. Spermathecal atria paired, erect, saccular, in segment 7 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90CFFF7DAEEFCB8CB0CFC94" box="[181,269,794,821]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-409@12.[154,1433,1168,1670]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Moniligaster ivaniosi Manazhy, 2011, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107). A. Ventral view. B. Dissected, showing important characters.Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
); spermathecal duct, slightly coiled in middle, piercing through septum 7/8 to discharge at the ectal end of the atrium. Genital marking glands not recognizable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36DDCB7E90CFFF6DA9CFCC0CE86FC68" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DA9CFCC0CEA8FBD9" blockId="12.[151,1437,325,1144]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DA9CFCC0CB3AFCDD" bold="true" box="[199,315,866,892]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The taxonomic description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7D8C2FCC0CE41FCDD" authority="Manazhy, 2011" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[665,1088,866,892]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7D8C2FCC0C98AFCDD" box="[665,907,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7D9C8FCC0CE41FCDD" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[915,1088,866,892]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">Manazhy, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on three specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DAC4FC24CB8FFC01" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[159,398,902,928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DB4AFC25CB4BFC01" box="[273,330,902,928]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7DB8EFC24C836FC01" box="[469,567,902,928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was deposited with the Zoological Survey of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360CFACE90CFFF7DE19FC24CE7FFC01" box="[1090,1150,902,928]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Western Ghats Regional Centre,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360CFACE90CFFF7DAABFC08CB6FFC65" box="[240,366,938,964]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Kozhikode</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B341DEE90CFFF7DB23FC08CBC2FC65" box="[376,451,938,964]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
(cat. No. ZSI/WGRC/IR-INV/2107), and two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7D996FC08CE39FC65" box="[973,1080,938,964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were retained in the Zoological Museum of Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B341DEE90CFFF7D94BFC6CC95AFC49" box="[784,859,974,1000]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
(cat. no. MICZ/AE/ANI/3-09), where the study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DACCFC50CB8BFBAD" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[151,394,1010,1036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DAA4FC51CB38FBAD" box="[255,313,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was conducted. Our examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7D90DFC50C9B9FBAD" box="[854,952,1010,1036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
showed that it was not dissected, and anatomical characteristics of the species were presumably based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7D9D6FBB4C9FAFB91" box="[909,1019,1046,1072]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, which were unavailable for the present study. We approached the authorities of Mar Ivanios College about the availability of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7DE2FFB98CEDEFBF5" box="[1140,1247,1082,1108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DF58FB99CF80FBF5" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1283,1409,1083,1108]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DF58FB99CF80FBF5" box="[1283,1409,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">M. ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Zoological Museum of the college. However, they were to unable to locate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7DE6DFBFCCEA4FBD9" box="[1078,1189,1118,1144]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF08DFB4E90CFFF7DACCF93FC9B8F95C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636252" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4636252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" startId="12.[151,250,1693,1717]" targetBox="[160,1433,1168,1670]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF7DACCF93FC9B8F95C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1693,1789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DACCF93FCB13F914" bold="true" box="[151,274,1693,1717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DB43F93FC892F914" authority="Manazhy, 2011" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[280,659,1693,1717]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DB43F93FCBF0F914" box="[280,497,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DBACF93FC892F914" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[503,659,1693,1717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">Manazhy, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype (cat. no. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2107).
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DE35F93FCE86F914" bold="true" box="[1134,1159,1693,1717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DF4DF93FCF2FF914" bold="true" box="[1302,1326,1693,1717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Dissected, showing important characters. Abbreviations. D.B.V.—Dorsal blood vessel; Giz.—Gizzard; L.H.—Lateral hearts; Pr.G.—Prostate gland; Sp.Atr.—Spermathecal atrium; T.S.—Testis sac; Vd—Vas deferens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90CFFF6DA9CF889CECDFEBC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1835,2042]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,150,969]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">
|
||
Dissection was performed on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90CFFF7D866F889C8A3F8E4" box="[573,674,1835,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and it revealed some errors in the description of the species relating to the following important taxonomic characteristics. 1) The male pores are at intersegmental furrow 10/11, not at 9/10. 2) Dichotomously branched glands in compact masses on y-shaped spermathecal atria, a distinguishing feature of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7DB06F835CBEFF810" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[349,494,1943,1969]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7DB06F835CBEFF810" box="[349,494,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are absent. 3) Copulatory sacs are stated to be paired in each of segments 6 and 7, which mean that there are two pairs of spermathecae. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90CFFF7D933F819C9F8F874" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[872,1017,1979,2005]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90CFFF7D933F819C9F8F874" box="[872,1017,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="393">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus that by definition has only one pair of spermathecae [copulatory sac is an archaic term used in older publications (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90CFFF7DEFFF87DCF43F85B" author="Benham, W. B." box="[1188,1346,2015,2042]" pageId="12" pageNumber="393" pagination="361 - 382" refId="ref12010" refString="Benham, W. B. (1893) Description of a new species of Moniligaster from India. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 138 (34), 361 - 382." type="journal article" year="1893">Benham 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for the atrial sac or the lobe at the ectal end of the spermathecal duct]; enlarged paired lateral hearts may have been mistaken for copulatory sacs as shown in the original figure of the species. 4) Prostate glands are erect and somewhat club-shaped rather than oblately hemispherical. In addition, the label of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90DFFF6D9A9FF7DCE55FF58" box="[1010,1108,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
shows 'Jaya M.' as collector, not 'Oommen V. Oommen and K. Ramachandran', as in the published description of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90DFFF6DA9CFE85CBB8FDC0" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">
|
||
Lack of dichotomously branched glands on the spermathecal atria in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90DFFF6DE55FE85CE71FEE0" box="[1038,1136,295,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DEC1FE85CF1BFEE1" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1178,1306,295,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DEC1FE85CF1BFEE1" box="[1178,1306,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">M. ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows that this species does not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DBA8FEE9C885FEC4" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[499,644,331,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DBA8FEE9C885FEC4" box="[499,644,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but rather to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D9C9FEE9C9F7FEC4" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[914,1014,331,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D9C9FEE9C9F7FEC4" box="[914,1014,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Drawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DE5FFEE9CEC8FEC4" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1028,1225,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13038" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1900) Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DE8FFEE9CF96FEC4" author="Stephenson, J." box="[1236,1431,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13691" refString="Stephenson, J. (1923) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Oligochaeta. Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp." type="book" year="1923">Stephenson 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DACCFECDCB1CFE28" author="Gates, G. E." box="[151,285,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref12469" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms, an introduction to the systematic and biology of the megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The internal features shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D8C0FECDC995FE28" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[667,916,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D956FECDC949FE28" box="[781,840,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134C93B9E90DFFF6D9F9FECDC9E6FE28" box="[930,999,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,192,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-21@8.[206,1381,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of sampling localities of species of Moniligaster recorded in this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636250/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) do not support the presence of these glands, either. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90DFFF6DB36FE31CBCEFE0C" box="[365,463,403,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has a paired, glandular, erect, club-like prostate, curved entally to a U-shape, prostatic capsule club-shaped; vas deferens coiled into a mass of hairpin loops, mass about half the size of testis sac, vas enters prostate directly at ental end; spermathecal atria paired, erect, saccular, spermathecal duct, enters at the ectal end of the atrium, owing to these key characters the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC319EE90DFFF6D8B1FE5DC94DFDB8" box="[746,844,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D92FFE5DC9F2FDB9" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[884,1011,511,536]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D92FFE5DC9F2FDB9" box="[884,1011,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">M. ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DEE1FE5DCB5EFD9C" authority="Michaelsen, 1907" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1907" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DEE1FE5DCF9DFDB8" box="[1210,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Drawida nepalensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DACCFD81CB5EFD9C" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[151,351,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="143 - 188" refId="ref13062" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 24, 143 - 188." type="journal article" year="1907">Michaelsen, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB34FD81C834FD9C" author="Stephenson, J." box="[367,565,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13691" refString="Stephenson, J. (1923) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Oligochaeta. Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp." type="book" year="1923">Stephenson 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D819FD81C8C5FD9C" author="Gates, G. E." box="[578,708,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref12469" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms, an introduction to the systematic and biology of the megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D88AFD81C955FD9C" author="Julka, J. M." box="[721,852,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="127 - 155" refId="ref12655" refString="Julka, J. M. (1982) Earthworm fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 80, 127 - 155." type="journal article" year="1982">Julka, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) a widespread peregrine moniligastrid in the Andaman Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB77FDE5CBADFDC0" author="Julka, J. M." box="[300,428,583,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="127 - 155" refId="ref12655" refString="Julka, J. M. (1982) Earthworm fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 80, 127 - 155." type="journal article" year="1982">Julka 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC88F3CE90DFFF6DA9CFDC9CE86FC68" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DA9CFDC9CBBEFD24" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[199,447,619,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DB6DFDC9CB6FFD24" box="[310,366,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have incorrectly compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D8ADFDC9C974FD25" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[758,885,619,644]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D8ADFDC9C974FD25" box="[758,885,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">M. ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D9EFFDC9CF6CFD24" authority="Bourne, 1894" authorityName="Bourne" authorityYear="1894" box="[948,1389,619,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ophidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D9EFFDC9CECFFD24" box="[948,1230,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster ophidioides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DE8EFDC9CF6CFD24" author="Bourne, A. G." box="[1237,1389,619,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="307 - 384" refId="ref12145" refString="Bourne, A. G. (1894) On Moniligaster grandis, A. G. B., from the Nilgiris, S. India; together with descriptions of other species of the genus Moniligaster. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 36, 307 - 384." type="journal article" year="1894">Bourne, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DACCFD2DC883FD08" authority="Bourne, 1886" authorityName="Bourne" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,642,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sapphirinaoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DACCFD2DCBE3FD08" box="[151,482,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster sapphirinaoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DBB3FD2DC883FD08" author="Bourne, A. G." box="[488,642,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="662 - 672" refId="ref12101" refString="Bourne, A. G. (1886) On Indian earthworms. Part I. Preliminary notice of earthworms from the Nilgiris and Shevaroys. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 662 - 672." type="journal article" year="1886">Bourne, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D94DFD2DC9E6FD08" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[790,999,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13038" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1900) Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DE00FD2DCEBEFD08" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1115,1215,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DE00FD2DCEBEFD08" box="[1115,1215,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Drawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The key to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DAB2FD11CB7BFD6C" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[233,378,691,717]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DAB2FD11CB7BFD6C" box="[233,378,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DBC5FD11C896FD6C" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[414,663,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D855FD11C847FD6C" box="[526,582,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is flawed. Of the 15 species included in the key, 13 do not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DACCFD75CB29FD50" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,296,727,753]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DACCFD75CB29FD50" box="[151,296,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DB23FD75CBDDFD50" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[376,476,727,753]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DB23FD75CBDDFD50" box="[376,476,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Drawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DBB0FD75C8B0FD50" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[491,689,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13038" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1900) Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D8E7FD75C8F6FD50" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[700,759,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="103 - 253" refId="ref13093" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1909) The Oligochaeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands. The Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 1, 103 - 253." type="journal article" year="1909">1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D95FFD75C9C9FD50" author="Stephenson, J." box="[772,968,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13691" refString="Stephenson, J. (1923) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Oligochaeta. Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp." type="book" year="1923">Stephenson 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At the same time, the valid species viz.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DACCFD59C805FCB4" authority="Gates, 1940" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,516,763,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aiyeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DACCFD59CB70FCB5" box="[151,369,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster aiyeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB21FD59C805FCB4" author="Gates, G. E." box="[378,516,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="487 - 518" refId="ref12401" refString="Gates, G. E. (1940) Indian earthworms XIII. The genus Moniligaster. Records of the Indian Museum, 42, 487 - 518." type="journal article" year="1940">Gates, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D84BFD59C9C5FCB4" authority="Gates, 1962" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1962" box="[528,964,763,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cernosvitovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D84BFD59C933FCB5" box="[528,818,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster cernosvitovi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D961FD59C9C5FCB4" author="Gates, G. E." box="[826,964,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="295 - 374" refId="ref12430" refString="Gates, G. E. (1962) On some Burmese earthworms of the Moniligastrid genus Drawida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 127 (5), 295 - 374." type="journal article" year="1962">Gates, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D98BFD59CF99FCB4" authority="Stephenson, 1915" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1915" box="[976,1432,762,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gravelyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D98BFD59CEC4FCB4" box="[976,1221,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster gravelyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DE96FD59CF99FCB4" author="Stephenson, J." box="[1229,1432,762,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="35 - 108" refId="ref13660" refString="Stephenson, J. (1915) On some Indian Oligochaeta, mainly from Southern India and Ceylon. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 6, 35 - 108." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephenson, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DACCFCBDCBFFFC98" authority="Gates, 1940" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,510,799,825]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="horsti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DACCFCBDCB6EFC98" box="[151,367,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster horsti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB2DFCBDCBFFFC98" author="Gates, G. E." box="[374,510,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="487 - 518" refId="ref12401" refString="Gates, G. E. (1940) Indian earthworms XIII. The genus Moniligaster. Records of the Indian Museum, 42, 487 - 518." type="journal article" year="1940">Gates, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D852FCBDC9B4FC98" authority="Gates, 1940" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1940" box="[521,949,799,825]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="michaelseni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D852FCBDC927FC98" box="[521,806,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster michaelseni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D977FCBDC9B4FC98" author="Gates, G. E." box="[812,949,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="487 - 518" refId="ref12401" refString="Gates, G. E. (1940) Indian earthworms XIII. The genus Moniligaster. Records of the Indian Museum, 42, 487 - 518." type="journal article" year="1940">Gates, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D9E4FCBDCF68FC98" authority="Gates, 1940" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1940" box="[959,1385,799,825]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="stephensoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D9E4FCBDCEDBFC98" box="[959,1242,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster stephensoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DEBAFCBDCF68FC98" author="Gates, G. E." box="[1249,1385,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="487 - 518" refId="ref12401" refString="Gates, G. E. (1940) Indian earthworms XIII. The genus Moniligaster. Records of the Indian Museum, 42, 487 - 518." type="journal article" year="1940">Gates, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DACCFCE1C81CFCFC" authority="Jamieson, 1977" authorityName="Jamieson" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,541,835,861]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="troyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DACCFCE1CB64FCFD" box="[151,357,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster troyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB36FCE1C81CFCFC" author="Jamieson, B. G. M." box="[365,541,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref12614" refString="Jamieson, B. G. M. (1977) On the phylogeny of the Moniligastridae, with description of a new species of Moniligaster (Oligochaeta, Annelida). Evolutionary Theory, 2, 95 - 114." type="journal article" year="1977">Jamieson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are excluded from the key. These notable omissions seem to have vitiated the key and the erroneous identity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6D851FCC5C886FC21" authorityName="Manazhy" authorityYear="2011" box="[522,647,871,896]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ivaniosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D851FCC5C886FC21" box="[522,647,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">M. ivaniosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It appears that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D96DFCC5CE2AFC20" author="Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Nair, K. V. & Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V." box="[822,1067,871,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref12979" refString="Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A., Nair, K. V., Reynolds, J. W. & Oommen, O. V. (2011) New species of earthworm from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory, India. Megadrilogica, 15 (1), 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Manazhy
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6D9FEFCC5C9DDFC20" box="[933,988,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have relied on outdated works of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DACCFC29CB3BFC07" author="Bourne, A. G." box="[151,314,907,934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="662 - 672" refId="ref12101" refString="Bourne, A. G. (1886) On Indian earthworms. Part I. Preliminary notice of earthworms from the Nilgiris and Shevaroys. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 662 - 672." type="journal article" year="1886">Bourne (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB35FC29C81DFC04" author="Benham, W. B." box="[366,540,907,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="361 - 382" refId="ref12010" refString="Benham, W. B. (1893) Description of a new species of Moniligaster from India. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 138 (34), 361 - 382." type="journal article" year="1893">Benham (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for species identification while ignoring more recent and well-known taxonomic treatises on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77F4BFE90DFFF6DB46FC0DCBAFFC68" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[285,430,943,969]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B903532EE90DFFF6DB46FC0DCBAFFC68" box="[285,430,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="394">Moniligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6DB83FC0DC8ADFC68" author="Stephenson, J." box="[472,684,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" refId="ref13691" refString="Stephenson, J. (1923) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Oligochaeta. Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp." type="book" year="1923">Stephenson (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D8E3FC0DC942FC68" author="Gates, G. E." box="[696,835,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="487 - 518" refId="ref12401" refString="Gates, G. E. (1940) Indian earthworms XIII. The genus Moniligaster. Records of the Indian Museum, 42, 487 - 518." type="journal article" year="1940">Gates (1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D915FC0DC986FC68" author="Gates, G. E." box="[846,903,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref12469" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms, an introduction to the systematic and biology of the megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6F2CDE90DFFF6D99DFC0DCE82FC68" author="Jamieson, B. G. M." box="[966,1155,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="394" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref12614" refString="Jamieson, B. G. M. (1977) On the phylogeny of the Moniligastridae, with description of a new species of Moniligaster (Oligochaeta, Annelida). Evolutionary Theory, 2, 95 - 114." type="journal article" year="1977">Jamieson (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |