518 lines
76 KiB
XML
518 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document id="61EA478CC61ABE2E794647704D2265C2" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad100" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240583" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1716362515296" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="McCurry, Matthew R., Frese, Michael & Raven, Robert" docDate="2024" docId="039F8D08790FFFE2FC2342C821FAFEC6" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad100.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad100" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Megamonodontium McCurry & Frese & Raven 2024, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1032" masterDocId="FFA6F570790EFFE4FF9940612241FF83" masterDocTitle="A large brush-footed trapdoor spider (Mygalomorphae: Barychelidae) from the Miocene of Australia" masterLastPageNumber="1033" masterPageNumber="1026" pageNumber="1027" updateTime="1716818101284" updateUser="jonas">
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<mods:title id="58890BDBBF07B16A73029924A61C74E3">A large brush-footed trapdoor spider (Mygalomorphae: Barychelidae) from the Miocene of Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A470E2A478770B6E0A0AD438F9378CF6">McCurry, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0C4FA12D566ABBBA424B18BF8B8FED40">Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia & Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EB1C7D15617BA4445BAB2CDCD24BA8BC" type="email">matthew.mccurry@australian.museum</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="32C207C333230AE673C21315683B9C2B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1CFCDC77958CD105E71D87EBA6555BAB">Frese, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="750C42B1C60087D9D2AC7A27299909B2">Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia & Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8F5CF116CCEB5EBBFA85B7BD7AD9C1FC">Raven, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B24B8F8AB7F829024927362022C25FE">Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="199F2E493A50644AF7615E918748F786">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="10367D402F711311DB8AE632867F8F60">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E2A3DED40E5AEA72FB580BF6C50824F8">
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<mods:date id="4EEA13035DD6844403621DBD12AAA034">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="60F28A31DEFEB800A5E0B0EB3F95D197">2023-09-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="613AF42B0644D508DDF7F2AB78C69F2D">200</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="AACFAB5832C8570E9D64B4F329C53B7F">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad100</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="AC5F3517905192E526D1F67092315357" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad100</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4875B3958C141E5F7C6D5436DD5F501D" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039F8D08790FFFE2FC2342C821FAFEC6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F8D08790FFFE2FC2342C821FAFEC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F8D08790FFFE2FC2342C821FAFEC6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1032" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">
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<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790FFFE5FC2342C82700FD47" box="[954,1345,681,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790FFFE5FC2342C82700FD47" blockId="1.[954,1345,681,708]" box="[954,1345,681,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">
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<heading id="D0C18B72790FFFE5FC2342C82700FD47" bold="true" box="[954,1345,681,708]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FC2342C82700FD47" bold="true" box="[954,1345,681,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790FFFE5FB9D42C826A0FD47" authority="McCurry & Frese & Raven, 2024" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[1028,1249,681,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FB9D42C826A0FD47" bold="true" box="[1028,1249,681,708]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2715D77790FFFE5FB7C42CB2700FD47" box="[1253,1345,682,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790FFFE0FCA0428B231FFA4F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="1030" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790FFFE6FCA0428B202DF979" blockId="1.[825,1474,746,864]" lastBlockId="2.[113,763,1699,1974]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1028" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FCA0428B21D6FC81" box="[825,919,746,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Remarks:</emphasis>
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The similarity in the length of the legs (
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<figureCitation id="130D209B790FFFE5FAB7428B2726FC81" box="[1326,1383,746,770]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[114,179,1627,1651]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1598]" captionTargetId="figure-202@2.[114,1458,144,1600]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Annotated composite line drawing of AM F.145559, created using the part and counterpart of the fossil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240589/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) suggest that the genus belongs to the Tuberculotae
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FB61436B276AFCA2" box="[1272,1323,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790FFFE5FAA8436B2783FCA2" author="Raven RJ" box="[1329,1474,777,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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and amongst them, shows the strongest affinities with the
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<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790FFFE5FCA0432921FEFCE3" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[825,959,840,864]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
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, which also have truncated-looking tarsi (
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<figureCitation id="130D209B790FFFE5FAF6432927FBFCE3" box="[1391,1466,840,864]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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; see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790CFFE6FF0146C52355F93F" author="Raven RJ" box="[152,276,1700,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: Tarsal Extremity, p. 313 and fig. 12A–Q). The fluted ridges on setae on the legs are also consistent with those in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790CFFE6FF014683235DF979" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[152,284,1762,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790CFFE6FEC84682238BF979" author="Raven RJ" box="[337,458,1762,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 21F, 22A).
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF496C96790FFFE5FF1847C3218EF838" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240585" box="[129,975,1954,1979]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" startId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" targetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790FFFE5FF1847C3218EF838" blockId="1.[129,975,1954,1979]" box="[129,975,1954,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FF1847C32299F838" bold="true" box="[129,216,1954,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Part (A) and counterpart (B) of
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<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790FFFE5FD9447C3216FF839" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[525,814,1954,1978]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mccluskyi">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FD9447C3216FF839" bold="true" box="[525,814,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">Megamonodontium mccluskyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790FFFE5FCA447C221FEF838" box="[829,959,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1027">AM F.145559</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF496C96790CFFE6FFEB463A26DCF9F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240589" box="[114,1181,1627,1652]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240589/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028" startId="2.[114,179,1627,1651]" targetBox="[116,1456,146,1598]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790CFFE6FFEB463A26DCF9F7" blockId="2.[114,1181,1627,1652]" box="[114,1181,1627,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790CFFE6FFEB463A228BF9F0" bold="true" box="[114,202,1627,1651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Annotated composite line drawing of
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790CFFE6FDA8463D20F5F9F7" box="[561,692,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">AM F.145559</emphasis>
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, created using the part and counterpart of the fossil.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790CFFE6FF14476026BEF8F4" blockId="2.[113,763,1699,1974]" lastBlockId="2.[810,1460,1699,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">
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The parts studied have cleaved through the carapace and abdomen, meaning that, as noted, the chelicerae, eyes, fovea, sternum and spinnerets are unknown, as are the distal ends of the first, third and fourth legs on the counterpart. Much of the specimen shows the body wall from the inside of the specimen; only in some areas are external details of the body evident. The specimen is compressed but shows some three-dimensional relief. Almost all of what we know about this spider derives from the morphology of the legs. However, of the 185 characters used by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790CFFE6FCD147632196F89A" author="Raven RJ" box="[840,983,1793,1817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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, 42 are based upon the legs including the claws and spines, excluding the male palp and coupling spurs. The fossil surface visible seems to be that immediately below the cuticle, with only setal scars evident (
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<figureCitation id="130D209B790CFFE6FB15473E26AEF8F4" box="[1164,1263,1887,1911]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">Fig. 3F, G</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790CFFE0FCDC471E2399FDBC" blockId="2.[810,1460,1699,1974]" lastBlockId="4.[113,763,144,1484]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="1030" pageId="2" pageNumber="1028">
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Despite the limited number of characters, we can still place the specimen reliably within the brush-footed trapdoor spiders.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FFE840F12340FF2B" author="Raven RJ" box="[113,257,144,168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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posited that the mygalomorphs form two groups, based upon the relative sizes of their legs. The Atypoidea and Rastelloidina (Fornicephale) all have noticeably weaker front (I and II) legs than rear (III and IV) legs (
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<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FDB7408F20D8FE85" box="[558,665,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[129,194,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,149,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[161,1441,149,1850]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. A–C, Fornicephalae (females) showing reduced length and diameter of legs I and II, as depicted by Raven (1985): A, Conothele Thorell, 1878(Eromanga, Queensland), Halonoproctidae; B, Missulena bradleyi Rainbow, 1914 (Brisbane, Queensland), Actinopodidae; C, Migas plomleyi Raven and Churchill, 1989 (Launceston, Tasmania), Migidae.D–F, Tuberculotae (females) showing similar length and diameter of legs I, II–IV: D, Idiommata Ausserer, 1971 (Gladstone, Queensland), Barychelidae; E, Cethegus Thorell, 1881 (Normanton, Queensland), Euagridae; F, Hadronyche formidabilis Rainbow, 1914 (Bunya Mountains, Queensland), Atracidae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240595/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 4A–C</figureCitation>
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); also, in Atypoidea and Rastelloidina, the spination of the distal segments (tibia to tarsi) of legs I and II is very strong; the spines on the third leg are the strongest and those on the fourth leg are the weakest ventrally. Although a number of other characters, such as the presence of digging spines (rastellum) on the chelicerae, the reduction of the eye tubercle, the absence of dense hair (scopula) on the legs, and the steeply elevated head region or caput are not discernible on this specimen, we assume that they are present, because they are strongly correlated with the spination characters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FED442492386FDBC" author="Raven RJ" box="[333,455,551,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF496C96790DFFE7FFE647582355F826" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1029" startId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" targetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B893C1E790DFFE7FFE647582355F826" blockId="3.[127,1455,1848,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1029">
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<emphasis id="B942E00C790DFFE7FFE647582299F8D2" bold="true" box="[127,216,1849,1873]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1029">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Scanning electron micrographs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790DFFE7FDBE4759210EF8D3" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[551,847,1848,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="1029" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mccluskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790DFFE7FDBE4759210EF8D3" bold="true" box="[551,847,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1029">Megamonodontium mccluskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FF144226205BFCFA" blockId="4.[113,763,144,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
Raven’s second group are the Tuberculotae, which are characterized by eyes raised on a common tubercle, a lower head region, and often hirsute distal leg segments. The Tuberculotae have legs of similar thickness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FE3842C52046FD3E" box="[417,519,676,701]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[129,194,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,149,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[161,1441,149,1850]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. A–C, Fornicephalae (females) showing reduced length and diameter of legs I and II, as depicted by Raven (1985): A, Conothele Thorell, 1878(Eromanga, Queensland), Halonoproctidae; B, Missulena bradleyi Rainbow, 1914 (Brisbane, Queensland), Actinopodidae; C, Migas plomleyi Raven and Churchill, 1989 (Launceston, Tasmania), Migidae.D–F, Tuberculotae (females) showing similar length and diameter of legs I, II–IV: D, Idiommata Ausserer, 1971 (Gladstone, Queensland), Barychelidae; E, Cethegus Thorell, 1881 (Normanton, Queensland), Euagridae; F, Hadronyche formidabilis Rainbow, 1914 (Bunya Mountains, Queensland), Atracidae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240595/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 4D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and weak, if any spines on the legs apart from the third and fourth leg, and it is to this group that this species clearly belongs. Further correlated with those legs are the reduction in size of the third or middle claw on the legs and the development of a pair of pads around the claws, claw tufts, as found in the tarantulas and the brush-footed trapdoor spiders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FF6243012054FCFA" authority="(Raven 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[251,533,864,889]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Barychelidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FE0943002048FCFA" author="Raven RJ" box="[400,521,865,889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FF1443E120BAFBB7" blockId="4.[113,763,144,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
The inclusion of this species in the brush-footed trapdoor spiders is challenged by the apparent absence of claw tufts on the tarsi. The only fossil relative of brush-footed trapdoor spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FFE543BF2329FC75" authority="Simon, 1889" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[124,360,990,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalistops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FFE543BF2299FC75" box="[124,216,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Psalistops</emphasis>
|
||
Simon, 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FE6A43BF20CBFC75" box="[499,650,990,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FD0143BF22B5FB96" author="Mori A & Bertani R" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="1 - 132" refId="ref4783" refString="Mori A, Bertani R. Revision and cladistic analysis of Psalistops Simon, 1889, Trichopelma Simon, 1888 and Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) based on a cladistic analysis of relationships of Theraphosidae, Barychelidae and Paratropididae. Zootaxa 2020; 4873: 1 - 132." type="journal article" year="2020">Mori and Bertani 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) had its affinities recognized because a preservation in amber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FF41447D23C7FBB6" author="Wunderlich J" box="[216,390,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="1 - 378" refId="ref5346" refString="Wunderlich J. Die fossilen Spinnen im dominikanischen Bernstein. Beitrage zur Araneologie 1988; 2: 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1988">Wunderlich 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) made it possible to observe the tufts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FF14445D231FFA4F" blockId="4.[113,763,144,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
Within the Tuberculotae, the Crassitarsae were so named for those with hirsute matts (scopula) of setae on the ventral metatarsi and tarsi, at least of legs I and II (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FD95441A20C9FB11" author="Raven RJ" box="[524,648,1146,1170]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The best developed of those scopulae are found in the tarantulas and the brush-footed trapdoor spiders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FE7844D82024FB52" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[481,613,1209,1233]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FDE144DB20B4FB52" author="Raven RJ" box="[632,757,1209,1233]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FFE844B922E4FB73" author="Raven RJ" box="[113,165,1240,1264]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In those families, the relative lengths of the leg segments are a taxonomically useful character: as in most other spiders, the patella of the first and second leg of females is usually the shortest segment, but in many brush-footed trapdoor spiders, the patellae of legs I and II are longer than their respective tibiae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FFE5451422BAFA0E" author="Raven RJ" box="[124,251,1397,1421]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with the usually short patellae in females of their putative sister group, the tarantulas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FD2345F4229DFA4F" author="Raven RJ" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven 1985: 311</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FF7F45D22313FA4F" author="Raven RJ" box="[230,338,1459,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="15 - 28" refId="ref5012" refString="Raven RJ. A new tarantula species from northern Australia (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 2005; 1004: 15 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">2005: 311</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790AFFE0FFE845922035F90B" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FFE845922035F90B" blockId="4.[113,763,1523,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3643790AFFE0FFE845922035F90B" collectionCode="AM" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" specimenCode="F.145559" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FFE84592228BF988" box="[113,202,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D82BC790AFFE0FFE84592228BF988" box="[113,202,1523,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FF7B45922330F988" box="[226,369,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED27A4DB790AFFE0FF7B45922348F989" box="[226,265,1523,1546]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB909465790AFFE0FE8845922330F988" box="[273,369,1523,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">F.145559</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FE2245922046F988" box="[443,519,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-350@1.[129,1473,931,1926]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Part (A) and counterpart (B) of Megamonodontium mccluskyi (AM F.145559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and counterpart (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FD4D459222CDF9A9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-350@1.[129,1473,931,1926]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Part (A) and counterpart (B) of Megamonodontium mccluskyi (AM F.145559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
) of a single compressed specimen, registered and housed in the palaeontology collection of the Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia (LSID Urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
|
||
<uuid id="FF9006CB790AFFE0FFE846112028F90B" box="[113,617,1648,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">51339D5C-590D-424B-B3FD-0CCF02126C44</uuid>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790AFFE0FFE846D12302F885" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FFE846D12302F885" blockId="4.[113,762,1712,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FFE846D12298F94B" box="[113,217,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The genus name alludes to the nearest living relatives, tiny litter-dwelling brush-footed trapdoor spiders of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FF2B468F237CF885" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[178,317,1774,1798]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FF2B468F237CF885" box="[178,317,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790AFFE0FFE8474920BBF83E" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FFE8474920BBF83E" blockId="4.[113,763,1832,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FFE847492286F8C3" box="[113,199,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Locality:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D82BC790AFFE0FF6547492319F8C3" box="[252,344,1832,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
derives from McGraths Flat, a fossil site that is located ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE91FB790AFFE0FE8F47262318F8DC" box="[278,345,1863,1887]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
north-east of Gulgong, MSW,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3217C8E790AFFE0FD00472620B6F8DC" box="[665,759,1863,1887]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The fossil is preserved in a finely bedded goethite matrix with low levels of silica present, which has been dated to the Miocene (11–16 Mya), based on pollen and spores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FDB847C420A8F83E" author="McCurry MR & Cantrill DJ & Smith PM" box="[545,745,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="1406" refId="ref4749" refString="McCurry MR, Cantrill DJ, Smith PM et al. A Lagerstatte from Australia provides insight into the nature of Miocene mesic ecosystems. Science Advances 2022; 8: eabm 1406." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
McCurry
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FD1C47C720F3F83E" box="[645,690,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790AFFE0FCB340F121FEFDBC" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FCB340F121FEFDBC" blockId="4.[810,1459,143,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCB340F121D1FF24" box="[810,912,144,167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Unlike most brush-footed trapdoor spiders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCB340CE21A9FF44" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[810,1000,175,199]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCB340CE21A9FF44" box="[810,1000,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has females with patella I shorter than tibia I (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FCDA40AF213DFF65" box="[835,892,206,230]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-350@1.[129,1473,931,1926]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Part (A) and counterpart (B) of Megamonodontium mccluskyi (AM F.145559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and teeth on both the palpal claw (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FB6840AF2714FF65" box="[1265,1365,206,230]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the outer face of the paired tarsal claws of females.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB6C408C27F2FE86" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[1269,1459,237,261]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB6C408C27F2FE86" box="[1269,1459,237,261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC35416F26A8FEA6" authority="Raven, 1994" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1994" box="[940,1257,269,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Tungari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenwayae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC35416F261EFEA6" box="[940,1119,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Tungari kenwayae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FBFE416C26A8FEA6" author="Raven RJ" box="[1127,1257,269,293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Raven,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE91FB790AFFE0FB2C416C26A8FEA6" box="[1205,1257,269,293]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06476" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" unit="in" value="1994.0">1994</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the first leg is longer than the second and from all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FABE414D27D9FEC7" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1990" box="[1319,1432,300,324]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Zophorame" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FABE414D27D9FEC7" box="[1319,1432,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Zophorame</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that its legs are robust, that it lacks well-developed scopulae, and that its head and abdomen are less slender.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB6C410A27F2FE00" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[1269,1459,363,387]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB6C410A27F2FE00" box="[1269,1459,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from its putative sister genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB2E41EB2703FE21" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[1207,1346,394,418]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB2E41EB2703FE21" box="[1207,1346,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having the carapace shape asymmetrical around the midpoint, with the widest point in the posterior third;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB0441A82769FE62" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[1181,1320,457,481]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB0441A82769FE62" box="[1181,1320,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the carapace asymmetrical around the midpoint (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FB4441882718FD83" author="Raven RJ" box="[1245,1369,488,512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref5037" refString="Raven RJ. A revision of the mygalomorph spider genus Monodontium Kulczynski (Barychelidae: Araneae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2008; 56: 29 - 44." type="journal article" year="2008">Raven 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8A, C); it is also about five times the size of known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FAB1426627F2FD9C" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[1320,1459,519,543]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FAB1426627F2FD9C" box="[1320,1459,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10 vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE91FB790AFFE0FCED424621F2FDBC" box="[884,947,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F95790AFFE2FCB34201202FFEA6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1032" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE0FCB342012725F901" blockId="4.[810,1460,608,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCB342012612FDFB" box="[810,1107,608,632]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
Remarks:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC0C42012612FDFB" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[917,1107,608,632]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megamonodontium</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
does not have visible scopulae, a condition that is considered one of the key features of the Crassitarsae. Putatively, the most plesiomorphic genus in the Crassitarsae is the barychelid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB2D42DF211FFD75" authority="Kulczyski, 1908" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB2D42DF277EFD55" box="[1204,1343,702,726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
Kulczyski, 1908
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FC4142BF262AFD75" author="Raven RJ" box="[984,1131,734,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref5037" refString="Raven RJ. A revision of the mygalomorph spider genus Monodontium Kulczynski (Barychelidae: Araneae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2008; 56: 29 - 44." type="journal article" year="2008">Raven (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although a brush-footed trapdoor spider,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC20429C2605FC96" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[953,1092,765,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC20429C2605FC96" box="[953,1092,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has several highly plesiomorphic characters, including hardly developed scopulae and claw tufts. Amongst its species, most females have relatively long patellae I and II, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC03433A26BEFCF0" authority="Raven, 2008" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="2008" box="[922,1279,859,883]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarawak">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC03433A263AFCF0" box="[922,1147,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Monodontium sarawak</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FB19433A26BEFCF0" author="Raven RJ" box="[1152,1279,859,883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref5037" refString="Raven RJ. A revision of the mygalomorph spider genus Monodontium Kulczynski (Barychelidae: Araneae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2008; 56: 29 - 44." type="journal article" year="2008">Raven, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a female with short patellae I and II (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FB85431B26D6FC11" author="Raven RJ" box="[1052,1175,890,914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref5037" refString="Raven RJ. A revision of the mygalomorph spider genus Monodontium Kulczynski (Barychelidae: Araneae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2008; 56: 29 - 44." type="journal article" year="2008">Raven 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Equally, in
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FABB431B27F2FC11" box="[1314,1459,890,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FABB431B27EEFC11" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[1314,1455,890,914]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monodontium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
not only the males, but also the females have biserially dentate, paired claws.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC2943D8262FFC52" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[944,1134,953,977]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC2943D8262FFC52" box="[944,1134,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares this trait, having teeth on the outer face of the paired tarsal claws of females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FAA543B927E3FC6C" box="[1340,1442,984,1008]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC7A439926F2FB8C" authority="Raven, 1994" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1994" box="[995,1203,1015,1039]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Tungari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC7A43992671FB8C" box="[995,1072,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Tungari</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FBAD439926F2FB8C" author="Raven RJ" box="[1076,1203,1015,1039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the New Caledonian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCB3447626A1FBAC" authority="Raven, 1994" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1994" box="[810,1248,1047,1071]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Barycheloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluviophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCB34476267EFBAC" box="[810,1087,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Barycheloides alluviophilus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FBCA447626A1FBAC" author="Raven RJ" box="[1107,1248,1047,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FAB74476265CFBCD" authority="Raven, 1994" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1994" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Barycheloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiropterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FAB7447621D4FBCD" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Barycheloides chiropterus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FC054457265CFBCD" author="Raven RJ" box="[924,1053,1078,1102]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, females have teeth on the paired claws of the first leg but none on the palpal claw. In species from the Cape York Peninsular in Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3217C8E790AFFE0FB3A44142741FB0E" box="[1187,1280,1141,1165]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FA97441421EBFB2F" authority="Raven, 1994" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1994" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Tungari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenayae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FA97441427F2FB0E" box="[1294,1459,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Tungari kenayae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FCB344F521EBFB2F" author="Raven RJ" box="[810,938,1172,1196]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="291 - 706" refId="ref4984" refString="Raven RJ. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994; 35: 291 - 706." type="journal article" year="1994">Raven, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FBFD44F5271DFB2F" authority="Raven, 1990" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1990" box="[1124,1372,1172,1196]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Zophorame" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FBFD44F52694FB2F" box="[1124,1237,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Zophorame</emphasis>
|
||
Raven, 1990
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, females also have teeth on the palpal claw and on the paired claws of the first leg, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC4644B226DCFB68" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[991,1181,1235,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC4644B226DCFB68" box="[991,1181,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from these species in many other ways, including the length and proportions of the legs, the shape of the cephalothorax and the shape of the abdomen. In other barychelids, the paired claws of females are either edentate or have only few teeth and then medially, not in a row on each face of the claw.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FBE845112742FA04" author="Raven RJ" box="[1137,1283,1391,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
posited that this condition derived from the sister group of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FA8545EF27F2FA25" box="[1308,1459,1422,1446]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCC045CF219CFA45" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[857,989,1454,1478]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FBBD45CF26FEFA45" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[1060,1215,1454,1478]" class="Arachnida" family="Paratropididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paratropididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB6545CF2734FA45" box="[1276,1397,1454,1478]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemesiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now split into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC0345AC2645FA66" box="[922,1028,1485,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Anamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anamidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB8C45AC26D9FA66" box="[1045,1176,1485,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Bemmeridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bemmeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FB4045AC2719FA66" box="[1241,1368,1485,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemesiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCB3458D21E2F987" box="[810,931,1516,1540]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemesiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC34458D2187F987" box="[941,966,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
, both males and females of all but one genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCAC466D21E5F9A0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[821,932,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Bemmeridae" genus="Spiroctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCAC466D21E5F9A0" box="[821,932,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Spiroctenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have the paired claws biserially dentate. In the tarantulas, males of the plesiomorphic Ischnocolinae are like those of most brush-footed trapdoor spiders and have biserially dentate paired claws, whereas females have little or no teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790AFFE2FCDC46E8202FFEA6" blockId="4.[810,1460,608,1979]" lastBlockId="6.[113,763,144,294]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1032" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">
|
||
The most recent phylogeny of spiders that includes both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCB346C921EFF943" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[810,942,1704,1728]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FC4646C92637F943" box="[991,1142,1704,1728]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FB4F46C92640F963" author="Goloboff-Szumik VE & Rios-Tamayo D" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="249 - 55" refId="ref4640" refString="Goloboff-Szumik VE, Rios-Tamayo D. Description of the female of Melloina gracilis (Schenkel, 1953) (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) with comments on the familial placement of Melloina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 2022; 24: 249 - 55." type="journal article" year="2022">Goloboff-Szumik and Ríos-Tamayo (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based upon the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FA9B46A92134F97C" author="Mori A & Bertani R" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="1 - 132" refId="ref4783" refString="Mori A, Bertani R. Revision and cladistic analysis of Psalistops Simon, 1889, Trichopelma Simon, 1888 and Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) based on a cladistic analysis of relationships of Theraphosidae, Barychelidae and Paratropididae. Zootaxa 2020; 4873: 1 - 132." type="journal article" year="2020">Mori and Bertani (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This study places the brush-footed trapdoor spiders as the sister group of the tarantulas but widely disperses other taxa with biserial dentition of the paired tarsal claws, intermixing them with small-bodied or monoserially dentate taxa. Older studies have yielded similar results (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FB0847052713F8FF" author="Wheeler WC & Coddington JA & Crowley LM" box="[1169,1362,1892,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="574 - 616" refId="ref5307" refString="Wheeler WC, Coddington JA, Crowley LM et al. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 2017; 33: 574 - 616." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wheeler
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FB744704275AF8FF" box="[1261,1307,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790AFFE0FAC2470521D1F81F" author="Opatova V & Hamilton CA & Hedin M" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" pagination="671 - 707" refId="ref4922" refString="Opatova V, Hamilton CA, Hedin M et al. Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology 2020; 69: 671 - 707." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Opatova
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FCB347E52119F81F" box="[810,856,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within the Tuberculotae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B790AFFE0FB2947E52757F81F" box="[1200,1302,1924,1948]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">Fig. 3D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
), the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FAC847E527F2F81F" box="[1361,1459,1924,1948]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Idiopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790AFFE0FCE447C221B7F838" box="[893,1014,1955,1979]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemesiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790AFFE0FC6547C22654F838" box="[1020,1045,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1030">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
can be eliminated by the highly reduced leg spination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D7908FFE2FE8F40F12395FF2B" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[278,468,144,168]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FE8F40F12395FF2B" box="[278,468,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Megamonodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to the dentition of the palpal claw. Hence, by a process of elimination, using only the leg characters in the species, we conclude that this species is a close relative of the brush-footed trapdoor spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D7908FFE2FDF0408F20B5FE85" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[617,756,238,262]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Monodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FDF0408F20B5FE85" box="[617,756,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Monodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a tropical genus of dipterocarp rainforest dwellers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF496C96790BFFE1FF18473726E0F85D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240595/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" startId="5.[129,194,1878,1902]" targetBox="[161,1441,149,1850]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E790BFFE1FF18473726E0F85D" blockId="5.[129,1415,1878,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FF1847372299F8ED" bold="true" box="[129,216,1878,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A–C, Fornicephalae (females) showing reduced length and diameter of legs I and II, as depicted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF790BFFE1FB1847372746F8ED" author="Raven RJ" box="[1153,1287,1878,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" refId="ref4957" refString="Raven RJ. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1985; 182." type="book" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: A,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FAB4473722BFF809" authority="Thorell, 1878" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FAB4473727C6F8ED" box="[1325,1415,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Conothele</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell, 1878
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eromanga, Queensland),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FE62471320E1F809" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[507,672,1906,1930]" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halonoproctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FD58471321BDF809" authority="Rainbow, 1914" authorityName="Rainbow" authorityYear="1914" box="[705,1020,1906,1930]" class="Arachnida" family="Actinopodidae" genus="Missulena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bradleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FD5847132128F809" box="[705,873,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Missulena bradleyi</emphasis>
|
||
Rainbow, 1914
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brisbane, Queensland),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FB76471327C1F809" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1892" box="[1263,1408,1906,1930]" class="Arachnida" family="Actinopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Actinopodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; C,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FF0247EE2067F825" authority="Raven and Churchill, 1989" authorityName="Raven and Churchill" authorityYear="1989" box="[155,550,1934,1958]" class="Arachnida" family="Migidae" genus="Migas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plomleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FF0247EE2362F825" box="[155,291,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Migas plomleyi</emphasis>
|
||
Raven and Churchill, 1989
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Launceston, Tasmania),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FC8247EF212AF825" box="[795,875,1934,1958]" class="Arachnida" family="Migidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Migidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. D–F, Tuberculotae (females) showing similar length and diameter of legs I, II–IV:
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FEF547CA233CF841" box="[364,381,1963,1986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FE1E47CB203AF841" authority="Ausserer, 1971" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1971" box="[391,635,1962,1986]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Idiommata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FE1E47CB23AAF841" box="[391,491,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Idiommata</emphasis>
|
||
Ausserer, 1971
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gladstone, Queensland),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FCE547CB21BBF841" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[892,1018,1962,1986]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FB8347CB26AEF841" authority="Thorell, 1881" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1881" box="[1050,1263,1962,1986]" class="Arachnida" family="Euagridae" genus="Cethegus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FB8347CB262AF841" box="[1050,1131,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Cethegus</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell, 1881
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Normanton, Queensland),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FE9E47A72328F85D" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1979" box="[263,361,1990,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Euagridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; F,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FE1E47A720B9F85D" authority="Rainbow, 1914" authorityName="Rainbow" authorityYear="1914" box="[391,760,1990,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Hadronyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formidabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C790BFFE1FE1E47A72024F85D" box="[391,613,1990,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031">Hadronyche formidabilis</emphasis>
|
||
Rainbow, 1914
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bunya Mountains, Queensland),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D790BFFE1FBD947A726DCF85D" box="[1088,1181,1990,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Atracidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F957908FFE2FFE84126201DFEDD" box="[113,604,327,351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E7908FFE2FFE84126201DFEDD" blockId="6.[113,604,327,351]" box="[113,604,327,351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FFE84126204AFEDC" box="[113,523,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">
|
||
Type species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D7908FFE2FF724126204AFEDC" authority="McCurry & Frese & Raven, 2024" authorityName="McCurry & Frese & Raven" authorityYear="2024" box="[235,523,327,351]" class="Arachnida" family="Atracidae" genus="Megamonodontium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mccluskyi" status="sp. nov.">Megamonodontium mccluskyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2715D777908FFE2FD894126201DFEDD" box="[528,604,327,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F957908FFE2FFE841E12303FE34" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E7908FFE2FFE841E12303FE34" blockId="6.[113,762,384,439]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FFE841E12298FE1B" box="[113,217,384,408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The species is named after Simon McClusky, who found the specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F957908FFE2FFE841B82069FE72" box="[113,552,473,497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E7908FFE2FFE841B82069FE72" blockId="6.[113,552,473,497]" box="[113,552,473,497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FFE841B82296FE73" box="[113,215,473,496]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The diagnosis is as for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C6F957908FFE2FFE8427221FAFEC6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B893C1E7908FFE2FFE8427221FAFEC6" blockId="6.[113,763,530,1149]" lastBlockId="6.[810,1459,144,325]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FFE8427222A9FDA9" box="[113,232,531,554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Almost complete part and counterpart of an adult female spider. Moderately large spider (carapace length, ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE91FB7908FFE2FD46425022DFFDEA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with stout legs. The femora of legs I and II are thicker than those of III and IV. Palpal claw with three teeth distally on the claw (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FF6442EE2325FD24" box="[253,356,655,679]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
); pedal claws (at least on leg III) with at least three teeth on one face of paired tarsal claws, presumably on both faces. Several spines on the prolateral face of the palpal tarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FE98428C2324FC86" box="[257,357,749,773]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and at least one on prolateral tibia III; few spines present on legs; no spines on pedal tarsi. Setae with anastomosed ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FECD434D2384FCC0" box="[340,453,812,836]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen ovate, with pustules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FF2A432A2357FCE0" box="[179,278,843,867]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[127,193,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[161,1437,146,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@3.[159,1439,144,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Megamonodontium mccluskyi. A, B, pedipalp with tarsal claw. C, D, seta located on the pedipalp. E, F, internal structure of abdominal setae attachments. G, setal attachments on the internal cuticle surface, showing impressions of setae projecting on the outside of the cuticle. H, close-up of a seta base. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, E); 100 µm (B, G); 50 µm (C, F); 25 µm (H); 5 µm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240593/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) across the dorsal and posterior surface; a pair of book lungs evident. Chelicerae, eyes, fovea, sternum, spinnerets and male unknown. Additional measurements are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B409A57908FFE2FF4143C82305FC42" box="[216,324,937,961]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[115,170,1199,1223]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric measurements." pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Table 1. A</tableCitation>
|
||
paired set of book lungs can be observed within the anterior portion of the abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FDA743A9203BFC62" box="[574,634,968,993]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-350@1.[129,1473,931,1926]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Part (A) and counterpart (B) of Megamonodontium mccluskyi (AM F.145559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FD1F43A820D2FC62" box="[646,659,969,993]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[114,179,1627,1651]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1598]" captionTargetId="figure-202@2.[114,1458,144,1600]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Annotated composite line drawing of AM F.145559, created using the part and counterpart of the fossil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240589/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a light-yellow-coloured structure around the midline of the anterior portion of the cephalothorax. This structure appears in the approximate position of the epipharyngeal ganglion, but there are no morphological features present to confirm its identity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FFE5440422FDFBFE" box="[124,188,1125,1149]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[129,194,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,933,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-350@1.[129,1473,931,1926]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Part (A) and counterpart (B) of Megamonodontium mccluskyi (AM F.145559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240585/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D209B7908FFE2FF5244042299FBFE" box="[203,216,1125,1149]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[114,179,1627,1651]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1598]" captionTargetId="figure-202@2.[114,1458,144,1600]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Annotated composite line drawing of AM F.145559, created using the part and counterpart of the fossil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240589/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, another fossil spider has been found at McGraths Flat that provides further evidence for the preservation of neuronal tissues.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA741EF7908FFE2FBD540CE2712FF44" author="Richardson BJ & McCurry MR & Frese M" box="[1100,1363,175,199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" refId="ref5120" refString="Richardson BJ, McCurry MR, Frese M. Description and evolutionary biogeography of the first Miocene jumping spider (Aranaea: Salticidae) from a southern continent. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2023. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlad 105" type="book" year="2023">
|
||
Richardson
|
||
<emphasis id="B942E00C7908FFE2FB5540D12741FF44" box="[1228,1280,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report a jumping spider (Aranaeae:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C36479D7908FFE2FBDE40AF26ECFF65" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1841" box="[1095,1197,206,230]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="1032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Salticidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that contains ‘a putative neuropile’ composed of ‘semi-parallel bundles of mostly hollow tubes with a diameter of 0.5–1 μm that have the general appearance of axons’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |