treatments-xml/data/03/86/98/0386982EFF8FFD67FF57FAFDDDE5FE3F.xml

<document id="BA2AC2E186CD5F44C5608A1F8BC4B9D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="30058" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4420.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99b4382f-ea1b-4cb9-83d0-556c1bdef865" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1250865" ID-ZooBank="ADEEC06D-F245-479D-B01A-B6519B7FC826" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1526992720873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ross, Jenna L., Pieterse, Annika, Malan, Antoinette P. &amp; Ivanova, Elena" docDate="2018" docId="0386982EFF8FFD67FF57FAFDDDE5FE3F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4420.3.5.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4420 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phasmarhabditis safricana Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova 2018" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="401" masterDocId="FFBFE056FF8BFD6DFFC0FFA1DF15FF92" masterDocTitle="Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="404" masterPageNumber="391" pageNumber="395" updateTime="1698544455329" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="B67C25E31641C9E2F3712646B36B7444" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="F6283D1164843E56DB2E070D1BB3D147">
<mods:title id="4DADB317F89F12BC5BEC4ED3058F3B53">Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3EADB6EA680F54DEB3ABE203E600D8CE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="20321EE7F29E4FF7E2FC7FED19F44C0F">
<mods:roleTerm id="DBEF0C0FB1655902EE82F5E37DC71EBB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B04ED2A24F55795CDF2458E47BB5AAB5">Ross, Jenna L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6B882A0C24FDD6A5FC0BC90033A263A6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AD915D88520F6CEC87B217377EED7D20">
<mods:roleTerm id="DF09B71F447B3E9869AD1018E5917C9F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E8A6F69357241A7EB272F4C6683DEBEF">Pieterse, Annika</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9520D5A6FDE772081A3EFA56C7C044DC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EB3DC7ABBADE7544E51C13F299E91C36">
<mods:roleTerm id="61CDABE25A1DE6EB954175155CF6CD29">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="890194FBA2376AD8D280AE5440034093">Malan, Antoinette P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DD5213F0BC5E0A9E557B8D0499C2FEBA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="686FF2D418F42E977093CD5F8EC9B507">
<mods:roleTerm id="5A4AB518A699C4824D437CF4A5802F55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9649E1970FBE93C040DDE02CF62EBBD7">Ivanova, Elena</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="5F98A0DC0232905D54958DF29997B8B9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="AD7AF745477ABF210E270635E6A6F932" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="CDD7D755E46C558DE04C52919092A83F">
<mods:title id="035B9C22B6553D3BE98E183C14416805">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="7DA1145ED99E45384F9351349A5E637B">
<mods:date id="C5688E0DD1DEC9A09EB3E99AE5670676">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="4ED371E1C3B601BA557CC084F90DAAE9" type="volume">
<mods:number id="ED3778AD7B4CBF4490EDAC0B81BFD156">4420</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="64EBC86E60990282C585330EA5AD5C11" type="issue">
<mods:number id="82DF281CB37E773A890278BBEF0669A2">3</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="95844E7DF4ED2193D34F3DD0D73FF6CE" unit="page">
<mods:start id="6ABD1595D526B41B814E2FDAF7844F45">391</mods:start>
<mods:end id="43DA9C26D77CB7316A5DA4FCC98929C8">404</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="51E048B4A275F93C9B8E95E317383459">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D8926CAF00115D28F336C7CD0BC4B579" type="CLB-Dataset">30058</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B36AAADD5EC0D717F411BC2650E75743" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4420.3.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D0916DB1A0FDCF3EBEC538BF818D16BF" type="GBIF-Dataset">99b4382f-ea1b-4cb9-83d0-556c1bdef865</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7F8BF2B4D87C5FB7600CBA0FCB88894E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DB784CE4E65B646CCC75485889AF474E" type="Zenodo-Dep">1250865</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="90F7203832F66B76515E984AD89F23B5" type="ZooBank">ADEEC06D-F245-479D-B01A-B6519B7FC826</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0386982EFF8FFD67FF57FAFDDDE5FE3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5964031" ID-GBIF-Taxon="144065213" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5964031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386982EFF8FFD67FF57FAFDDDE5FE3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386982EFF8FFD67FF57FAFDDDE5FE3F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="401" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF8FFD69FF57FAFDDD3AFAE4" box="[151,559,1369,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8FFD69FF57FAFDDD3AFAE4" blockId="4.[151,686,1369,1432]" box="[151,559,1369,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8FFD69FF57FAFDDEC8FAE4" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,477,1372,1398]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FF57FAFDDEC8FAE4" bold="true" box="[151,477,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<specimenCount id="9D29E2B1FF8FFD69FE1DFAF8DD11FAE4" box="[477,516,1369,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" type="generic">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FE1DFAF8DD11FAE4" bold="true" box="[477,516,1369,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">1 n.</emphasis>
</specimenCount>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF8FFD69FF57FA21DDBBFA0A" box="[151,686,1407,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8FFD69FF57FA21DDBBFA0A" blockId="4.[151,686,1369,1432]" box="[151,686,1407,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8FFD69FF6DFADEDE79FA05" ID-CoL="fc994a37-88bd-4015-b725-6bd97c3aab3b" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[173,364,1407,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FF6DFADEDE79FA05" box="[173,364,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FEB3FADEDEA7FA0A" bold="true" box="[371,434,1407,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8FFD69FEB3FADEDEA7FA0A" box="[371,434,1407,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
SA2 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF8FFD69FE32FA21DDBBFA0A" box="[498,686,1407,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" refId="ref7749" refString="Ross, J. L., Ivanova, E. S., Sirgel, W. F., Malan, A. P. &amp; Wilson, M. J. (2012) Diversity and distribution of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Helminthology, 86, 215 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 11000277" type="journal article">
Ross 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FDF0FA21DD74FA05" box="[560,609,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF8FFD6BFF57FA63DDD6FACF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8FFD69FF57FA63DC43FA48" blockId="4.[151,1437,1474,1967]" box="[151,854,1474,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FF57FA63DE58FA49" bold="true" box="[151,333,1474,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Measurements.</emphasis>
Reference to morphometrics given in 
<tableCitation id="C6AD1C83FF8FFD69FD3CFA63DC45FA48" box="[764,848,1474,1499]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometrics of Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. Measurements are in µm and in the form mean (range)" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8FFD69FF07FA47DB9FF83D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1474,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FF07FA47DEA0FA6D" bold="true" box="[199,437,1510,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Description. Adults.</emphasis>
Body 
<quantity id="4CD784DDFF8FFD69FE3FFA46DD93FA6C" box="[511,646,1511,1535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.1">1.1–2.2 mm</quantity>
long; straight when relaxed, slightly tapering to anterior. Cuticle about 1 µm thick, often loose; bearing rows of transverse and longitudinal striations. Lateral fields with central band and four equal ridges running along each side of band (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8FFD69FD10F98FDC3DF9D5" box="[720,808,1582,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Head truncate, lip region short, slightly offset. Six lips arranged in three groups, each lip bearing a small, short labial papilla in apical position. Each sublateral lip bearing small cephalic papilla located slightly posterior to labial one (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8FFD69FC97F9D7DCA7F91D" box="[855,946,1654,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Pore-like amphids situated close to labial papillae on lateral lips. Mouth aperture triangular. Stoma tubular, relatively wide and short (about 1.5 diam. long in lip region). Cheilostom not cuticularised. Gymnostom walls nearly parallel, thickened. Stegostom with glottoid apparatus, isomorphic, isotropic, metarhabdions thickened, with three minute warts or denticles. Pharyngeal collar covering about half of stoma length. Cheilostom: gymnostom: stegostom ratio 1:1.1:1.5. Pharynx muscular, consisting of corpus expanded posteriorly, short, relatively broad isthmus and rounded or pear-shaped terminal bulb slightly wider than metacorpal expansion. Terminal bulb with valve and haustrulum. Nerve ring encircling posterior half of isthmus. Excretory pore opposite base of terminal bulb. Excretory duct weakly cuticularised. Cardia prominent; intestine with wide walls; rectal glands present. Deirids not observable.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8343536FF8FFD69FF57F87ADB82F863" box="[151,1175,2011,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8FFD69FF57F87ADB82F863" blockId="4.[151,1175,2011,2033]" box="[151,1175,2011,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">
1. Epithet derived from the locality of the first 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8FFD69FD47F87ADC21F863" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[647,820,2011,2033]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="395" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8FFD69FD47F87ADC21F863" box="[647,820,2011,2033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="395">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described for South Africa
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="DF5079B0FF8EFD68FF57FF39DA9CFF3D" box="[151,1417,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8EFD68FF57FF39DA9CFF3D" blockId="5.[151,1417,151,175]" box="[151,1417,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8EFD68FF57FF39DE1FFF3D" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8EFD68FE18FF36DDEFFF3D" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[472,762,151,175]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8EFD68FE18FF36DDEFFF3D" box="[472,762,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8EFD68FCC0FF39DC29FF3D" bold="true" box="[768,828,152,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8EFD68FCC0FF39DC29FF3D" box="[768,828,152,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Measurements are in µm and in the form mean (range)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8EFD68FF5FFF6BDC3CF976" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<table id="F92FDB98FF8E0292FF5FFF6BDA84F976" box="[159,1425,202,1764]" gridcols="5" gridrows="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFF6BDA84FF6D" box="[159,1425,202,255]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFF6BDEB5FF6D" box="[159,416,202,255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Character</th>
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FF6BDD51FF6D" box="[486,580,202,255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Female</th>
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFF6BDB88FF6D" box="[942,1181,202,255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Male</th>
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFF6BDA84FF6D" box="[1230,1425,202,255]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Dauer larva (ensheated)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFEB3DA84FEBA" box="[159,1425,274,296]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1">
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FEB3DD51FEBA" box="[486,580,274,296]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Holotype</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFEB3DC9BFEBA" box="[671,910,274,296]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Paratypes</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFEB3DB88FEBA" box="[942,1181,274,296]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Paratypes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFE9BDA84FEC2" box="[159,1425,314,336]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFE9BDC9BFEC2" box="[671,910,314,336]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">11</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFE9BDB88FEC2" box="[942,1181,314,336]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">14</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFE9BDA84FEC2" box="[1230,1425,314,336]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFEC2DA84FEEB" box="[159,1425,355,377]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFEC2DEB5FEEB" box="[159,416,355,377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">L</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FEC2DD51FEEB" box="[486,580,355,377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">2120</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFEC2DC9BFEEB" box="[671,910,355,377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">1598±300 (1160–2071)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFEC2DB88FEEB" box="[942,1181,355,377]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">1477±139 (1220–1702)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFEC2DA84FEEB" box="[1230,1425,355,377]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">543±71 (497–648)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFE2DDA84FE30" box="[159,1425,396,418]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFE2DDEB5FE30" box="[159,416,396,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">a</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FE2DDD51FE30" box="[486,580,396,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">19.6</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFE2DDC9BFE30" box="[671,910,396,418]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">15.6±1.4 (13.2–17.8)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFE2DDB88FE30" box="[942,1181,396,418]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">22.6±2.0 (20.7–29.9)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFE2DDA84FE30" box="[1230,1425,396,418]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">24.1±1.7 (22–25.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFE14DA84FE59" box="[159,1425,437,459]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFE14DEB5FE59" box="[159,416,437,459]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">b</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FE14DD51FE59" box="[486,580,437,459]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">8.2</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFE14DC9BFE59" box="[671,910,437,459]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">7.9±0.8 (6.7–9.3)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFE14DB88FE59" box="[942,1181,437,459]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">7.6±0.8 (6.8–9.6)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFE14DA84FE59" box="[1230,1425,437,459]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4.7±0.8 (4–5.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFE7CDA84FE61" box="[159,1425,477,499]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFE7CDEB5FE61" box="[159,416,477,499]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">c</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FE7CDD51FE61" box="[486,580,477,499]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">29.4</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFE7CDC9BFE61" box="[671,910,477,499]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">26.6±5.6 (18.3–37.4)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFE7CDB88FE61" box="[942,1181,477,499]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">38.7±7.8 (29.4–56.7)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFE7CDA84FE61" box="[1230,1425,477,499]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">9.8±0.9 (8.7–9.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFDA7DA84FD8E" box="[159,1425,518,540]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFDA7DEB5FD8E" box="[159,416,518,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">c'</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FDA7DD51FD8E" box="[486,580,518,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">1.7</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFDA7DC9BFD8E" box="[671,910,518,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">1.7±0.2 (1.4–2)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFDA7DB88FD8E" box="[942,1181,518,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">1.0±0.2 (0.8–1.3)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFDA7DA84FD8E" box="[1230,1425,518,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">9.8±0.9 (8.7–9.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFD8EDA84FDD7" box="[159,1425,559,581]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFD8EDEB5FDD7" box="[159,416,559,581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">V%</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FD8EDD51FDD7" box="[486,580,559,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">46.5</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFD8EDC9BFDD7" box="[671,910,559,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">51.5±0.9 (51.1–54)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFDF9DA84FDFC" box="[159,1425,600,622]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFDF9DEB5FDFC" box="[159,416,600,622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Stoma length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FDF9DD51FDFC" box="[486,580,600,622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">23</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFDF9DC9BFDFC" box="[671,910,600,622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">20±3.2 (12–23)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFDF9DB88FDFC" box="[942,1181,600,622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">20.4±1.5 (18–24)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFDF9DA84FDFC" box="[1230,1425,600,622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">5±2.6 (3–8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFD20DA84FD05" box="[159,1425,641,663]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFD20DEB5FD05" box="[159,416,641,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Stoma diameter</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FD20DD51FD05" box="[486,580,641,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">6</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFD20DC9BFD05" box="[671,910,641,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">5.4±1.2 (4–8)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFD20DB88FD05" box="[942,1181,641,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4.2±0.4 (4–5)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFD20DA84FD05" box="[1230,1425,641,663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFD0BDA84FD52" box="[159,1425,682,704]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFD0BDEB5FD52" box="[159,416,682,704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Cheilostom length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FD0BDD51FD52" box="[486,580,682,704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">6</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFD0BDC9BFD52" box="[671,910,682,704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">5.5±0.8 (4–7)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFD0BDB88FD52" box="[942,1181,682,704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4.5±0.5 (4–5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFD73DA84FD7A" box="[159,1425,722,744]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFD73DEB5FD7A" box="[159,416,722,744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Gymnostom length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FD73DD51FD7A" box="[486,580,722,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">6</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFD73DC9BFD7A" box="[671,910,722,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">6.3±1.4 (4–9)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFD73DB88FD7A" box="[942,1181,722,744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">11.6±2.8 (6–17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFD5ADA84FC83" box="[159,1425,763,785]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFD5ADEB5FC83" box="[159,416,763,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Stegostom length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FD5ADD51FC83" box="[486,580,763,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">9</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFD5ADC9BFC83" box="[671,910,763,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">8.3±2 (4–11)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFD5ADB88FC83" box="[942,1181,763,785]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4.4±2 (2–9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFC85DA84FCA8" box="[159,1425,804,826]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFC85DEB5FCA8" box="[159,416,804,826]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FC85DD51FCA8" box="[486,580,804,826]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">257</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFC85DC9BFCA8" box="[671,910,804,826]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">202±33 (147–259)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFC85DB88FCA8" box="[942,1181,804,826]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">195±13 (169–210)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFC85DA84FCA8" box="[1230,1425,804,826]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">117±9 (110–129)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFCECDA84FCF1" box="[159,1425,845,867]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFCECDEB5FCF1" box="[159,416,845,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Corpus length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FCECDD51FCF1" box="[486,580,845,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">150</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFCECDC9BFCF1" box="[671,910,845,867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">120 ± 20 (86–150)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFCECDB88FCF1" box="[942,1181,845,867]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">116±10 (100–130)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFCECDA84FCF1" box="[1230,1425,845,867]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">84 ± 12 (75–92)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFCD4DA84FC19" box="[159,1425,885,907]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFCD4DEB5FC19" box="[159,416,885,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Width at mid-corpus</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FCD4DD51FC19" box="[486,580,885,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">27</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFCD4DC9BFC19" box="[671,910,885,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">27.3±4.5 (18–34)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFCD4DB88FC19" box="[942,1181,885,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">20±4 (16–23)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFCD4DA84FC19" box="[1230,1425,885,907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFC3FDA84FC26" box="[159,1425,926,948]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFC3FDEB5FC26" box="[159,416,926,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Metacorpal expansion</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FC3FDD51FC26" box="[486,580,926,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">30</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFC3FDC9BFC26" box="[671,910,926,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">32 ± 1.6 (29–34)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFC3FDB88FC26" box="[942,1181,926,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">22 ± 2 (20–25)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFC3FDA84FC26" box="[1230,1425,926,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFC66DA84FC4F" box="[159,1425,967,989]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFC66DEB5FC4F" box="[159,416,967,989]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Isthmus length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FC66DD51FC4F" box="[486,580,967,989]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">50</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFC66DC9BFC4F" box="[671,910,967,989]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">43 ± 10 (30–60)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFC66DB88FC4F" box="[942,1181,967,989]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">37±4 (30–45)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFC66DA84FC4F" box="[1230,1425,967,989]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">15 ± 7 (10–20)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFC51DA84FB94" box="[159,1425,1008,1030]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFC51DEB5FB94" box="[159,416,1008,1030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Isthmus width</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FC51DD51FB94" box="[486,580,1008,1030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">12</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFC51DC9BFB94" box="[671,910,1008,1030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">14 ± 4 (10–20)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFC51DB88FB94" box="[942,1181,1008,1030]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">13±2 (11–18)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFC51DA84FB94" box="[1230,1425,1008,1030]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">4.5±0.6 (4–5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFBB8DA84FBBD" box="[159,1425,1049,1071]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFBB8DEB5FBBD" box="[159,416,1049,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Bulb length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FBB8DD51FBBD" box="[486,580,1049,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">50</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFBB8DC9BFBBD" box="[671,910,1049,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">42 ± 8 (30–54)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFBB8DB88FBBD" box="[942,1181,1049,1071]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">39±3 (32–42)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFBB8DA84FBBD" box="[1230,1425,1049,1071]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">19 ± 7 (15–27)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFBE3DA84FBCA" box="[159,1425,1090,1112]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFBE3DEB5FBCA" box="[159,416,1090,1112]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Bulb width</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FBE3DD51FBCA" box="[486,580,1090,1112]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">40</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFBE3DC9BFBCA" box="[671,910,1090,1112]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">36 ± 5 (28–43)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFBE3DB88FBCA" box="[942,1181,1090,1112]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">32±2 (28–36)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFBE3DA84FBCA" box="[1230,1425,1090,1112]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">10 ± 2 (8–12)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFBCBDA84FB12" box="[159,1425,1130,1152]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFBCBDEB5FB12" box="[159,416,1130,1152]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Head to excretory pore</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FBCBDD51FB12" box="[486,580,1130,1152]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">237</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFBCBDC9BFB12" box="[671,910,1130,1152]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">178±31 (140–235)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFBCBDB88FB12" box="[942,1181,1130,1152]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">174±17 (140–190)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFBCBDA84FB12" box="[1230,1425,1130,1152]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">111±8 (105–116)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFB32DA84FB3B" box="[159,1425,1171,1193]" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFB32DEB5FB3B" box="[159,416,1171,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Head to nerve ring</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FB32DD51FB3B" box="[486,580,1171,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">170</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFB32DC9BFB3B" box="[671,910,1171,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">145±22 (106–183)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFB32DB88FB3B" box="[942,1181,1171,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">142±12 (113–160)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFB32DA84FB3B" box="[1230,1425,1171,1193]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">80±15 (65–95)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFB1DDA84FB40" box="[159,1425,1212,1234]" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFB1DDEB5FB40" box="[159,416,1212,1234]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Mid–body diam.</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FB1DDD51FB40" box="[486,580,1212,1234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">108</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFB1DDC9BFB40" box="[671,910,1212,1234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">104±26 (65–155)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFB1DDB88FB40" box="[942,1181,1212,1234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">65±5 (55–74)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFB1DDA84FB40" box="[1230,1425,1212,1234]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">23±2 (20–25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFB44DA84FB69" box="[159,1425,1253,1275]" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFB44DEB5FB69" box="[159,416,1253,1275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Anal body diam.</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FB44DD51FB69" box="[486,580,1253,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">43</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFB44DC9BFB69" box="[671,910,1253,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">37±7 (28–50)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFB44DB88FB69" box="[942,1181,1253,1275]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">39±5 (30–48)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFB44DA84FB69" box="[1230,1425,1253,1275]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">±</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFAACDA84FAB1" box="[159,1425,1293,1315]" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFAACDEB5FAB1" box="[159,416,1293,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Head to testis reflexion</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFAACDB88FAB1" box="[942,1181,1293,1315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">314 ± 27 (280–362)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFA97DA84FADE" box="[159,1425,1334,1356]" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFA97DEB5FADE" box="[159,416,1334,1356]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Testis flexure length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFA97DB88FADE" box="[942,1181,1334,1356]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">338±32 (305–410)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFAFEDA84FAE7" box="[159,1425,1375,1397]" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFAFEDEB5FAE7" box="[159,416,1375,1397]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Tail length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FAFEDD51FAE7" box="[486,580,1375,1397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">72</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFAFEDC9BFAE7" box="[671,910,1375,1397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">61±13 (46–87)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EFAFEDB88FAE7" box="[942,1181,1375,1397]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">39±6 (30–51)</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EFAFEDA84FAE7" box="[1230,1425,1375,1397]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">57±4 (52–60)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFA29DA84FA0C" box="[159,1425,1416,1438]" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFA29DEB5FA0C" box="[159,416,1416,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Vagina length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FA29DD51FA0C" box="[486,580,1416,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">40</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFA29DC9BFA0C" box="[671,910,1416,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">41 ± 14 (23–65)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFA10DA84FA55" box="[159,1425,1457,1479]" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFA10DEB5FA55" box="[159,416,1457,1479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Head to-anterior ovary</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FA10DD51FA55" box="[486,580,1457,1479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">420</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFA10DC9BFA55" box="[671,910,1457,1479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">333 ± 77 (225–490)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FFA7BDA84FA62" box="[159,1425,1498,1520]" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FFA7BDEB5FA62" box="[159,416,1498,1520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Tail tip to posterior ovary</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26FA7BDD51FA62" box="[486,580,1498,1520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">380</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FFA7BDC9BFA62" box="[671,910,1498,1520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">967 ± 374 (380–1418)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF9A3DA84F98A" box="[159,1425,1538,1560]" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF9A3DEB5F98A" box="[159,416,1538,1560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Spicule length (chord)</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EF9A3DB88F98A" box="[942,1181,1538,1560]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">61±8 (53–83)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF98ADA84F9D3" box="[159,1425,1579,1601]" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF98ADEB5F9D3" box="[159,416,1579,1601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Gubernaculum length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FC6EF98ADB88F9D3" box="[942,1181,1579,1601]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">32±3 (25–34)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF9F5DA84F9F8" box="[159,1425,1620,1642]" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF9F5DEB5F9F8" box="[159,416,1620,1642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Tail spike length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26F9F5DD51F9F8" box="[486,580,1620,1642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">42</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FF9F5DC9BF9F8" box="[671,910,1620,1642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">31 ± 6 (23–43)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF9DCDA84F901" box="[159,1425,1661,1683]" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF9DCDEB5F901" box="[159,416,1661,1683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Phasmid to tip</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FB0EF9DCDA84F901" box="[1230,1425,1661,1683]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">31±6 (22–35)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF904DA84F929" box="[159,1425,1701,1723]" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF904DEB5F929" box="[159,416,1701,1723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Egg length</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26F904DD51F929" box="[486,580,1701,1723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">57</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FF904DC9BF929" box="[671,910,1701,1723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">56±7 (50–67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351F2B7AFF8E0292FF5FF96FDA84F976" box="[159,1425,1742,1764]" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76CE4206FF8E0292FF5FF96FDEB5F976" box="[159,416,1742,1764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Egg width</th>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FE26F96FDD51F976" box="[486,580,1742,1764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">36</td>
<td id="76CE4206FF8E0292FD5FF96FDC9BF976" box="[671,910,1742,1764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">36±4 (30–40)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8EFD6BFF07F885DC92FE58" blockId="5.[151,1437,1828,2030]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8EFD68FF07F885DE25F8AF" bold="true" box="[199,304,1828,1853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="396">Females.</emphasis>
Body 1160–2120 µm long. Stoma 5.4 ± 1.2 (4–8) µm wide and 20 ± 3.2 (12–23) µm long. Cheilostom 5.5 ± 0.8 (4–7) µm long, gymnostom 6.3 ± 1.4 (4–9) µm long, stegostom 8.3 ± 1.9 (4–11) µm long. Corpus 120 ± 20 (86–150) µm long, or corresponding to 48–60 (58)% of pharynx length, 14–18 wide at anterior, metacorpal expansion 32 ± 1.6 (29–34) µm wide; isthmus 43 ± 10 (30–60) µm long and 14 ± 4 (10–20) µm wide; terminal bulb 42 ± 8 (30–54) µm long and 36 ± 5 (28–43) µm wide. Excretory pore situated at 183 ± 34 (140–237) µm from anterior body end. Ovoviviparous. Gonads amphidelphic, ovaries reflexed on dorsal side. Anterior ovary branch slightly longer than posterior one, with longer reflexion nearly reaching the vulva region in most specimens examined. Oocytes arranged in two or three rows with large, prominent nuclei. Oviduct short, composed of several large cells. Spermathecae distinct, filled with 15–20 sperm cells. Uterus spacious, containing 20– 
<specimenCount id="9D29E2B1FF8DFD6BFB2BFF7EDA50FF65" box="[1259,1349,223,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" type="egg">30 eggs</specimenCount>
, 56 ± 6 (50–67) µm long and 36 ± 3 (30–40) µm wide, or juveniles. Vagina straight, muscular, less than half corresponding body diam. long or 41 ± 14 (23–65) µm. Vulva median, a wide transverse slit with flat lips. Perivulval area large, demarcated by different cuticle pattern (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFDA9FEE6DDD7FEF2" box="[617,706,327,352]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). Prerectum absent. Rectum narrow, about corresponding body diameter long. Anus an arcuate slit. Tail end dome-shaped, with spike 31 ± 6 (23–43) µm long, corresponding to 50% of total tail length (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFE75FE2FDD04FE35" box="[437,529,398,423]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
). Cuticle thickened at the base of the terminus, making fingerprint-like pattern (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFF5FFE10DFECFE58" box="[159,249,433,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Phasmids not projecting, located at spike base (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFCE0FE10DC6FFE58" box="[800,890,433,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07FE75DFFAFC6E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFF07FE75DE03FE7F" bold="true" box="[199,278,468,493]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Males.</emphasis>
Slightly shorter, and much slimmer, than females. Stoma 4.2 ± 0.4 (4–5) µm wide and 20.4 ± 1.5 (18– 24) µm long. Corpus 116 ± 10 (100–130) µm long, or corresponding to 59% of pharynx length. Pharyngeal lumen often having wavy appearance throughout length of corpus. Metacorpal expansion 22 ± 2 (20–25) µm wide. Isthmus 37 ± 4 (30–45) µm long and 13 ± 2 (11–18) µm wide. Basal bulb 32 ± 2 (28–36) µm wide, and 39 ± 3 (32– 43) µm long. Excretory pore opening at 174 ± 17 (140–190) µm from anterior body end. Single testis reflexed at 314 ± 27 (280–362) µm from anterior, flexure 338 ± 32 (305–410) µm long. Sperm cells ca. 6 µm in diameter. Bursa open, wide, peloderan. Nine pairs of pedunculate genital papillae (GPs) incorporated into bursa (formula 1+1+1+2/1+3+ph) (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFEB9FD6ADD11FD71" box="[377,516,715,740]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3C, 3E</figureCitation>
). First GP pair the shortest, distanced from GP2, stronger than sequential pairs. GP8 and GP9 very close. GP4 and GP8 longest and opening dorsally. GP5–7 and GP9 not reaching the edge of bursa. Tail tip usually reaching the edge of bursa, rarely not. Phasmids short, posterior to GP9. Three pericloacal papillae present: precloacal papilla located on the anterior cloacal lip in median or submedian position, and two prominent, process-like papillae situated at lateral margins of cloacal opening (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFBC7FCF6DB74FCE2" box="[1031,1121,855,880]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Spicules nearly straight, at least twice as long as the corresponding body diameter, not distinctly cephalate, shape of manubria varying from rounded to angular. Laminae as wide as manubria. Velum extending from spicule neck to distal tips present. Distal tips rounded. Gubernaculum boat-shaped, about twice shorter than spicules; small dorsal process sometimes present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07FBA6DDD6FACF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFF07FBA6DEB8FBB2" bold="true" box="[199,429,1031,1056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Infective juveniles.</emphasis>
Body short, slender, tapering gently towards both ends. Cuticle with transverse and longitudinal striations; head rounded, lip region flat, not offset from body contour; six cephalic papillae; single cephalic tooth, 1.5–2 µm high, present on dorsal sector of head; amphidial apertures inconspicuous. Stoma 2 µm long and 5 ± 2.6 (3–8) µm wide; cheilostom not cuticularised, gymnostom weakly cuticularised, stegostom slightly funnel-shaped. Pharynx comprising straight, narrow (6 µm wide) corpus 84 ± 12 (75–92) µm long, slightly thinner isthmus 15 ± 7 (10–20) µm long and pear-shaped, valvular basal bulb 19 ± 7 (15–27) µm long and 10 ± 2 (8–12) µm wide. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Cardia prominent, protruding into intestine. Excretory pore situated closely to bulb base. Deirids inconspicuous. Tail conoid, attenuated; hyalin portion developed, occupying attenuated part of tail corresponding to half-length of tail. Hyalin presented as line of drops. Phasmids pore-like, situated at base of attenuated part of tail (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF8DFD6BFDA5FAE5DDA0FACF" box="[613,693,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1277,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF8DFD6BFF07FAC6DB5EF9A2" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07FAC6DE69FA55" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFF07FAC6DECEFA12" bold="true" box="[199,475,1383,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<typeStatus id="5494979AFF8DFD6BFF07FAC6DE17FA12" box="[199,258,1383,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Type</typeStatus>
host and locality.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFE25FAC9DC0DFA12" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[485,792,1384,1408]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFE25FAC9DC0DFA12" box="[485,792,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFCE2FAC6DC71FA12" bold="true" box="[802,868,1383,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8DFD6BFCE2FAC6DC71FA12" box="[802,868,1383,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was isolated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFB86FAC8DBFEFA12" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1094,1259,1384,1408]" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFB86FAC8DBFEFA12" box="[1094,1259,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">D. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected near George, 
<collectingRegion id="49EBE7DAFF8DFD6BFEC0FA2DDD0EFA36" box="[256,539,1419,1444]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Western Cape province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33869A8FF8DFD6BFDF0FA2ADDDCFA36" box="[560,713,1419,1444]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(33°99'46''S; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B4FFFFF8DFD6BFCBAFA2ADCE8FA36" box="[890,1021,1419,1444]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" precision="15" value="22.870834">22°52'15''E</geoCoordinate>
). The slug was collected from a commercial nursery.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07FA70DB5EF9A2" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFF07FA70DE6FFA78" bold="true" box="[199,378,1489,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<typeStatus id="5494979AFF8DFD6BFF07FA70DE17FA78" box="[199,258,1489,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="5494979AFF8DFD6BFE47FA70DEFAFA78" box="[391,495,1489,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(first-generation female), 
<typeStatus id="5494979AFF8DFD6BFCE8FA73DC9CFA78" box="[808,905,1490,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males and dauer larvae isolated from slugs, deposited under NCN 
<quantity id="4CD784DDFF8DFD6BFE61FA55DEF3F99F" box="[417,486,1524,1549]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2840589" metricValueMax="1.2840716" metricValueMin="1.2840462" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" unit="in" value="50553.5" valueMax="50554.0" valueMin="50553.0">50553</quantity>
–50554 in the National Collection of Nematodes, Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, 
<collectingCountry id="F33869A8FF8DFD6BFC73F9B6DB53F9A2" box="[947,1094,1559,1584]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF8DFD64FF07F99ADB43FE42" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07F99ADA44F92F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFF07F99ADD37F9C6" bold="true" box="[199,546,1595,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Diagnosis and relationships.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFDF0F99ADC73F9C1" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[560,870,1595,1619]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFDF0F99ADC73F9C1" box="[560,870,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFCB3F99ADCACF9C6" bold="true" box="[883,953,1595,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8DFD6BFCB3F99ADCACF9C6" box="[883,953,1595,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is recognisable by its morphometrics, a cupola-shaped female tail with a spike, small, non-projecting phasmids, a fingerprint-like pattern of cuticle covering female tail, lateral field structure, expressed as central band, flanked by four ridges on each side; dauer larvae possessing toothlike cephalic structures, and the distinct molecular characteristics of the new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8DFD6BFF07F968DFDBF845" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
In having cupola-shaped spiked female tail, the new species can be compared with 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFB23F968DE3EF891" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFB23F968DA66F972" authorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1251,1395,1736,1760]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosa">P. papillosa</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFA47F968DE3EF891" authorityName="Nermut, Puza, Mekete &amp; Mracek" authorityYear="2016" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bonaquaense">P. bonaquaense</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFEF9F94DDEF3F891" box="[313,486,1771,1795]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFEF9F94DDEF3F891" box="[313,486,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFDDCF94DDDD0F891" authorityName="Ivanova &amp; Spiridonov" authorityYear="2017" box="[540,709,1771,1795]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFDDCF94DDDD0F891" box="[540,709,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">P. meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From all these species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFC1CF94DDB77F891" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[988,1122,1771,1795]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFC1CF94DDB77F891" box="[988,1122,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFBA9F94ADBBCF896" bold="true" box="[1129,1193,1771,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8DFD6BFBA9F94ADBBCF896" box="[1129,1193,1771,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differs in the form of having smaller, non-projecting phasmids. From 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFD79F8AEDC2BF8B4" authorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[697,830,1806,1830]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFD79F8AEDC2BF8B4" box="[697,830,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">P. papillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differentiated in having generally larger size, flat 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFA44F8AEDA8EF8B4" box="[1412,1435,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
inflated vulval lips, and a differently patterned lateral field (lacking the central band in the case of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFACCF893DA87F8DB" authorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1292,1426,1841,1865]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFACCF893DA87F8DB" box="[1292,1426,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">P. papillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF8DFD6BFF5EF8F5DD14F8FF" box="[158,513,1876,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" refId="ref7967" refString="Tandingan De Ley, I., Holovachov, O., McDonnell, R. J., Bert, W., Paine, T. D. &amp; De Ley, P. (2016) Description of Phasmarhabditis californica n. sp. and first report of P. papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from invasive slugs in the USA. Nematology, 18, 175 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002952" type="journal article">
Tandingan De Ley 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFEBBF8F4DEB8F8FF" box="[379,429,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). From 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFD9AF8F4DCB4F8FF" box="[602,929,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFD9AF8F4DC18F8FF" authorityName="Nermut, Puza, Mekete &amp; Mracek" authorityYear="2016" box="[602,781,1877,1901]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bonaquaense">P. bonaquaense</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8DFD6BFCDAF8F4DCB4F8FF" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[794,929,1877,1901]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">P. safricana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFC69F8F5DCFFF8FF" bold="true" box="[937,1002,1876,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8DFD6BFC69F8F5DCFFF8FF" box="[937,1002,1876,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="397" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is also differentiated by a lateral field structure (with the central band and four equal ridges running along each side of a band 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFB4AF8D8DBB4F802" box="[1162,1185,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
with 11 incisions and three prominent central wrinkled bands with 4 or 5 indistinct incisions) and much shorter dauer larvae (543 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8DFD6BFA93F83DDA7FF821" box="[1363,1386,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
902 µm).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5079B0FF8CFD6AFF57F82CDDEEF872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250871/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="398" startId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" targetBox="[314,1277,193,1921]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF8CFD6AFF57F82CDDEEF872" blockId="7.[151,1436,1933,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8CFD6AFF57F82CDE01F830" bold="true" box="[151,276,1933,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="398">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF8CFD6AFEDCF82CDD24F831" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[284,561,1933,1955]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="398" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8CFD6AFEDCF82CDD24F831" box="[284,561,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="398">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF8CFD6AFDF9F82CDD61F830" bold="true" box="[569,628,1933,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="398">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF8CFD6AFDF9F82CDD61F830" box="[569,628,1933,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="398" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5079B0FF83FD65FF57FBC0DBD9FB26" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250873/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" startId="8.[151,250,1121,1143]" targetBox="[547,1107,215,1070]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF57FBC0DBD9FB26" blockId="8.[151,1436,1121,1205]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FF57FBC0DE00FBE4" bold="true" box="[151,277,1121,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FD94FBC0DC14FBE5" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[596,769,1121,1143]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD94FBC0DC14FBE5" box="[596,769,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, along with other related 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FBA4FBC0DB81FBE5" authorityName="Dougherty" authorityYear="1977" box="[1124,1172,1121,1143]" class="Chromadorea" family="Agfidae" genus="Agfa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FBA4FBC0DB81FBE5" box="[1124,1172,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Agfa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FB0BFBC3DA51FBE5" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1845" box="[1227,1348,1122,1143]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FB0BFBC3DA51FBE5" box="[1227,1348,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Angiostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, based on analysis of the D2–D3 LSU rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FB64FB21DA5AFB04" box="[1188,1359,1152,1174]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tipulae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FB64FB21DA5AFB04" box="[1188,1359,1152,1174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Oscheius tipulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FA43FB20DE1DFB27" baseAuthorityName="Korner" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="insectivora">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FA43FB20DE1DFB27" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">O. insectivora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07FB40DC22FA8F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
From 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FECBFB40DEA2FB6B" box="[267,439,1249,1273]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FECBFB40DEA2FB6B" box="[267,439,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FE2EFB40DD82FB6B" authorityName="Ivanova &amp; Spiridonov" authorityYear="2017" box="[494,663,1249,1273]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FE2EFB40DD82FB6B" box="[494,663,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FD65FB40DC3EFB6B" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[677,811,1249,1273]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD65FB40DC3EFB6B" box="[677,811,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCF2FB41DC67FB6B" bold="true" box="[818,882,1248,1273]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF83FD65FCF2FB41DC67FB6B" box="[818,882,1248,1273]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
generally differs by having a sturdier and shorter tail spike in females (
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FE48FAA4DE8AFA8E" box="[392,415,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
a thread-like terminal part of a tail).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07FA88DC0CFA42" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FF07FA88DEEEFAD3" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,507,1321,1345]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FF07FA88DEEEFAD3" box="[199,507,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FDC6FA89DD5CFAD3" bold="true" box="[518,585,1320,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF83FD65FDC6FA89DD5CFAD3" box="[518,585,1320,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
additionally resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FCA0FA88DB04FAD3" box="[864,1041,1321,1345]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCA0FA88DB04FAD3" box="[864,1041,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a similarly shaped and sized stoma and similarly sized spicules, differing, however, in the shape of the distal tip, with the former being narrowly rounded 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FEACFAD0DE96FA1A" box="[364,387,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
obtuse, with shallow indentation. The lateral field structure is different in the two species concerned, having a wider middle band flanked by narrow ridges in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FC54FA34DB0FFA3F" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[916,1050,1429,1453]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FC54FA34DB0FFA3F" box="[916,1050,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FBE1FA35DB75FA3F" bold="true" box="[1057,1120,1428,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF83FD65FBE1FA35DB75FA3F" box="[1057,1120,1428,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and three bands flanked by ridges (incisures) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FEBCFA18DC07FA43" authority="(Huang et al., 2015)" authorityName="Huang et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[380,786,1464,1489]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FEBCFA18DD3CFA43" box="[380,553,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF83FD65FDF7FA18DC1FFA43" box="[567,778,1464,1489]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" refId="ref6535" refString="Huang, R. - E., Ye, W., Ren, X. &amp; Zhao, Z. (2015) Morphological and molecular characterization of Phasmarhabditis huizhouensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new Rhabditid nematode from South China. PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144386. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144386" type="journal article">
Huang 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD4AFA18DDAEFA43" box="[650,699,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07FA7CDBD1F9F3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FF07FA7CDEECFA67" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,505,1501,1525]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FF07FA7CDEECFA67" box="[199,505,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FDC2FA7DDD56FA67" bold="true" box="[514,579,1500,1525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF83FD65FDC2FA7DDD56FA67" box="[514,579,1500,1525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FDBDFA7CDC3CFA67" authorityName="Ivanova &amp; Spiridonov" authorityYear="2017" box="[637,809,1501,1525]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FDBDFA7CDC3CFA67" box="[637,809,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be additionally differentiated by the structure of a lateral field in adult nematodes (with the central band and four equal ridges running along each side of a band in 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FA47F9A0DE35F9AE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FA47F9A0DE14F9AF" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana">P. safricana</taxonomicName>
vs
</emphasis>
a simple, narrow band with 2 marginal ridges in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FC92F984DCEEF9AF" authorityName="Ivanova &amp; Spiridonov" authorityYear="2017" box="[850,1019,1573,1597]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FC92F984DCEEF9AF" box="[850,1019,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the body length of dauer larva (av. 543 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FF08F9E8DFCAF9F2" box="[200,223,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
839 µm) and the presence 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FDCFF9E8DD33F9F2" box="[527,550,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
absence of a tooth-like structure on a head of a dauer larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07F9CCDE1FF95F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
In having the gonochoristic mode of reproduction and a dome-shaped 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FC16F9CCDCF8F916" box="[982,1005,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
conoid female tail, the present species can be differentiated from the hermaphroditic species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FCD2F930DCC1F93B" box="[786,980,1681,1705]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hermaphrodita">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCD2F930DCC1F93B" box="[786,980,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. hermaphrodita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FBCAF930DE13F95F" authority="(Tandingan De Ley et al., 2016)" authorityName="Tandingan De Ley et al." authorityYear="2016" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FBCAF930DBB4F93B" box="[1034,1185,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. californica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF83FD65FB6FF931DFEAF95F" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" refId="ref7967" refString="Tandingan De Ley, I., Holovachov, O., McDonnell, R. J., Bert, W., Paine, T. D. &amp; De Ley, P. (2016) Description of Phasmarhabditis californica n. sp. and first report of P. papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from invasive slugs in the USA. Nematology, 18, 175 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002952" type="journal article">
Tandingan De Ley 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FA48F930DFB8F95F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07F978DC18F8AB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
In having dauer larvae of similar body length, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FD19F978DC4EF963" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[729,859,1753,1777]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD19F978DC4EF963" box="[729,859,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCA7F979DCBDF963" bold="true" box="[871,936,1752,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF83FD65FCA7F979DCBDF963" box="[871,936,1752,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is comparable with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FB4FF978DA0CF963" box="[1167,1305,1753,1777]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bohemica">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FB4FF978DA0CF963" box="[1167,1305,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. bohemica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(av. 543 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FA44F978DA8EF962" box="[1412,1435,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
620), but it can be differentiated by means of the presence 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCF5F95CDC59F886" box="[821,844,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
absence of a cephalic tooth in the dauer larvae, and shorter spicules (av. 61 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FE60F880DEA2F8AA" box="[416,439,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
74–75) (Nermuť 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FDBEF880DDBAF8AB" box="[638,687,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
., 2017).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD65FF07F8E4DC3BF85B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
Apart from the absence of the cephalic structures in the dauer larvae, the dauer larvae in all the other species with a conoid tail, namely 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FE0BF8C8DDE7F813" box="[459,754,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FE0BF8C8DD6EF813" box="[459,635,1897,1921]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="neopapillosa">P. neopapillosa</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FD48F8C8DDE7F813" box="[648,754,1897,1921]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tawfiki">P. tawfiki</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FCECF8C8DC8BF813" box="[812,926,1897,1921]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FCECF8C8DC8BF813" box="[812,926,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are characterised by a nearly twice-as-large body length (av. 
<quantity id="4CD784DDFF83FD65FE9FF82CDEACF837" box="[351,441,1932,1957]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5654" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" unit="in" value="1010.0">1010 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FE04F82CDD6EF837" box="[452,635,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FE04F82CDD62F837" box="[452,631,1933,1957]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="neopapillosa">P. neopapillosa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CD784DDFF83FD65FD46F82DDDC7F837" box="[646,722,1932,1957]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4511" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" unit="in" value="965.0">965 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD1CF82CDC5AF837" box="[732,847,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FD1CF82CDC5EF837" box="[732,843,1933,1957]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tawfiki">P. tawfiki</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 812 or 
<quantity id="4CD784DDFF83FD65FC26F82DDB27F837" box="[998,1074,1932,1957]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.50444" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" unit="in" value="986.0">986 in</quantity>
different strains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FADFF82CDA86F837" box="[1311,1427,1933,1957]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FADFF82CDA86F837" box="[1311,1427,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">P. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF83FD65FF5EF810DE68F85B" box="[158,381,1969,1993]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" refId="ref6458" refString="Hooper, D. J., Wilson, M. J., Rowe, J. A. &amp; Glen, D. M. (1999) Some observations on the morphology and protein profiles of the slug - parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. neopapillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). Nematology, 1 (2), 173 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854199508144" type="journal article">
Hooper 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FF3BF810DE3EF85B" box="[251,299,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF83FD65FE48F810DD35F85B" box="[392,544,1969,1993]" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" refId="ref6165" refString="Azzam, K. M. (2003) Description of the nematode Phasmarhabditis tawfiki n. sp. isolated from Egyptian terrestrial snails and" type="book">Azzam, 2003</bibRefCitation>
; Nermuť 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FD4CF810DDABF85B" box="[652,702,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
., 2016 a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF83FD64FF07F875DDC1FF47" blockId="8.[151,1437,1248,2029]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">
Several morphological traits of the new species seem to be unique for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF83FD65FB85F874DA11F87F" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1093,1284,2005,2029]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="399" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF83FD65FB85F874DA11F87F" box="[1093,1284,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="399">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possessing a fingerprint-like pattern of cuticle on the female tail, and with the dauer larvae possessing toothlike cephalic structures and a developed hyalin region in the tail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF07FF7EDCECFEF7" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
The cuticular ornamentation (the tessellated appearance) and the lateral field structure of the new species is reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE86FEA4DD19FE8E" box="[326,524,260,284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hermaphrodita">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE86FEA4DD19FE8E" box="[326,524,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. hermaphrodita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD8AFEA4DDEFFE8E" box="[586,762,260,284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="neopapillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD8AFEA4DDEFFE8E" box="[586,762,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. neopapillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as demonstrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF82FD64FC30FEA4DBF7FE8E" box="[1008,1250,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" refId="ref6458" refString="Hooper, D. J., Wilson, M. J., Rowe, J. A. &amp; Glen, D. M. (1999) Some observations on the morphology and protein profiles of the slug - parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. neopapillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). Nematology, 1 (2), 173 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854199508144" type="journal article">
Hooper 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB8EFEA4DB96FE8E" box="[1102,1155,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">et al</emphasis>
. (1999)
</bibRefCitation>
. The tessellated cuticle, together with the dorsal cephalic tooth of the dauer larvae, is reminiscent of such traits in the same stage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FF57FEEDDE5DFEF6" authorityName="Poinar" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,328,332,356]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heterorhabditidae" genus="Heterorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF57FEEDDE5DFEF6" box="[151,328,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Heterorhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF82FD64FEBEFEEDDD37FEF6" box="[382,546,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" refId="ref7323" refString="Nguyen, K. B. (2007) Methodology, morphology and identification. In: Nguyen, K. B. &amp; Hunt, D. (Eds.), Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Systematics Phylogeny and Bacterial Symbionts. Brill, Leiden, pp. 59 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / ej. 9789004152939. i- 816.25" type="book chapter">Nguyen, 2007</bibRefCitation>
), as well as is the hyalin region in the tail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF07FECEDB43FE42" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF07FECEDC79FE1A" bold="true" box="[199,876,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
The sequences that were obtained for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FAD7FED0DA89FE1A" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1303,1436,368,392]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FAD7FED0DA89FE1A" box="[1303,1436,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF57FE35DFCCFE3F" bold="true" box="[151,217,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF82FD64FF57FE35DFCCFE3F" box="[151,217,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were deposited in the NCBI GenBank, under HQ116061 for the SSU and 
<accessionNumber id="947CB4DBFF82FD64FBFDFE35DBACFE3F" box="[1085,1209,404,429]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF806606" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">MF806606</accessionNumber>
for the LSU rRNA gene. Sequencing of the ITS1, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B4FFFFF82FD64FE31FE16DD33FE42" box="[497,550,439,464]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" precision="5555" value="-5.8">5.8S</geoCoordinate>
, ITS2 rRNA, and 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD32FE19DC2BFE5D" box="[754,830,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">mtCOI</emphasis>
genes was unsuccessful.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF82FD64FF07FE7DDB35FC5A" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF07FE7DDFECFDF2" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the SSU and LSU rRNA genes of nematode taxa representing the genera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FF30FDA1DE30FD8A" authorityName="Dougherty" authorityYear="1977" box="[240,293,512,536]" class="Chromadorea" family="Agfidae" genus="Agfa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF30FDA1DE30FD8A" box="[240,293,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Agfa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FEF3FDA1DEACFD85" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1845" box="[307,441,512,535]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FEF3FDA1DEACFD85" box="[307,441,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Angiostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE07FDA1DD93FD8A" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[455,646,512,536]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE07FDA1DD93FD8A" box="[455,646,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD04FDA1DC22FD8A" box="[708,823,512,536]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Pellioditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD04FDA1DC22FD8A" box="[708,823,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Pellioditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FC84FDA1DB15FD8A" box="[836,1024,512,536]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tipulae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC84FDA1DB15FD8A" box="[836,1024,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Oscheius tipulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBF7FDA1DBC3FD85" baseAuthorityName="Korner" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1079,1238,512,535]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="insectivora">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBF7FDA1DBC3FD85" box="[1079,1238,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">O. insectivora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
functioned as the outgroup. Although a representative ML tree is presented, bootstrap support is included for each method of analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF07FDCDDC25FCAA" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU placed 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD6CFDCCDC20FD16" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[684,821,620,644]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD6CFDCCDC20FD16" box="[684,821,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC80FDCDDC96FD17" bold="true" box="[832,899,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF82FD64FC80FDCDDC96FD17" box="[832,899,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FC0BFDCCDB46FD16" authorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[971,1107,620,644]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC0BFDCCDB46FD16" box="[971,1107,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. papillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB52FDCDDE19FD3A" authority="(Mengert)" authorityName="Mengert" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="dentiferum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB52FDCDDA89FD16" box="[1170,1436,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Angiostoma dentiferum</emphasis>
(Mengert)
</taxonomicName>
. The nematodes, along with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD89FD30DDADFD3A" box="[585,696,656,680]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD89FD30DDADFD3A" box="[585,696,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD05FD30DC64FD3A" box="[709,881,656,680]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD05FD30DC64FD3A" box="[709,881,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FCBEFD30DB38FD3A" authorityName="Nermut, Puza, Mekete &amp; Mracek" authorityYear="2016" box="[894,1069,656,680]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bonaquaense">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FCBEFD30DB38FD3A" box="[894,1069,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. bonaquaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBFAFD30DBC5FD3A" box="[1082,1232,656,680]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBFAFD30DBC5FD3A" box="[1082,1232,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB1DFD31DA89FD3A" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1245,1436,656,680]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB1DFD31DA89FD3A" box="[1245,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. EM434, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE98FD14DEF1FD5E" box="[344,484,692,716]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bohemica">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE98FD14DEF1FD5E" box="[344,484,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. bohemica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, created a sister group to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FCD7FD14DCC9FD5E" box="[791,988,692,716]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hermaphrodita">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FCD7FD14DCC9FD5E" box="[791,988,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. hermaphrodita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FC2DFD14DB88FD5E" box="[1005,1181,692,716]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="neopapillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC2DFD14DB88FD5E" box="[1005,1181,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. neopapillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB6EFD15DD0CFD7D" authority="Ross, Haukeland, Hatteland &amp; Ivanova" authorityName="Ross, Haukeland, Hatteland &amp; Ivanova" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="norvegicum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB6EFD15DA40FD5E" box="[1198,1365,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. norvegicum</emphasis>
Ross, Haukeland, Hatteland &amp; Ivanova
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FDE9FD79DCE7FD7D" authority="Ross, Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityName="Ross, Malan &amp; Ivanova" box="[553,1010,727,752]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="margaretae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FDE9FD79DDD8FD62" box="[553,717,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. margaretae</emphasis>
Ross, Malan &amp; Ivanova
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBF6FD79DBE0FD62" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1078,1269,728,752]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBF6FD79DBE0FD62" box="[1078,1269,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SA1. The aforementioned nematodes formed a sister group to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD2CFD5DDCE7FC87" authority="(Dujardin)" authorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[748,1010,764,789]" class="Chromadorea" family="Agfidae" genus="Agfa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="flexilis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD2CFD5DDC61FC86" box="[748,884,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Agfa flexilis</emphasis>
(Dujardin)
</taxonomicName>
(99/99/99), with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB7CFD5DDFEEFCAA" authority="Dujardin" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1845" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="limacis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB7CFD5DDA89FC86" box="[1212,1436,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Angiostoma limacis</emphasis>
Dujardin
</taxonomicName>
being in the basal position (100/100/100) (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF82FD64FD1EFCBEDC36FCAA" box="[734,803,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[547,1107,215,1070]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[479,1107,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Phasmarhabditis species, along with other related Agfa and Angiostoma species, based on analysis of the D2–D3 LSU rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. Oscheius tipulae and O. insectivora are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250873/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF07FCE5DB35FC5A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
Phylogenetic analysis of the LSU grouped 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD6AFCE4DC25FCCE" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[682,816,836,860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD6AFCE4DC25FCCE" box="[682,816,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FCF7FCE5DC62FCCF" bold="true" box="[823,887,836,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF82FD64FCF7FCE5DC62FCCF" box="[823,887,836,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FC77FCE4DB2EFCCE" authorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[951,1083,836,860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosa">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC77FCE4DB2EFCCE" box="[951,1083,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. papillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBB3FCE4DBFFFCCE" box="[1139,1258,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBB3FCE4DBF3FCCE" box="[1139,1254,836,860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">P. apuliae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The nematodes described, together with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE6AFCC8DD55FC12" box="[426,576,872,896]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE6AFCC8DD55FC12" box="[426,576,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FDB5FCC8DC31FC12" authorityName="Nermut, Puza, Mekete &amp; Mracek" authorityYear="2016" box="[629,804,872,896]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bonaquaense">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FDB5FCC8DC31FC12" box="[629,804,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. bonaquaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, formed sister groups to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBFAFCC9DBECFC12" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1082,1273,872,896]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBFAFCC9DBECFC12" box="[1082,1273,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. EM434, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FA47FCC8DE31FC36" authorityName="Ivanova &amp; Spiridonov" authorityYear="2017" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FA47FCC8DE31FC36" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FEF3FC2CDD76FC36" box="[307,611,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FEF3FC2CDEAAFC36" box="[307,447,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bohemica">P. bohemica</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE0BFC2DDD76FC36" box="[459,611,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="dentiferum">A. dentiferum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FDB2FC2DDDF6FC36" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1845" box="[626,739,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="limacis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FDB2FC2DDDF6FC36" box="[626,739,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. limacis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD31FC2CDCA1FC36" box="[753,948,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hermaphrodita">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD31FC2CDCA1FC36" box="[753,948,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. hermaphrodita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FC03FC2DDB72FC36" box="[963,1127,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="norvegicum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FC03FC2DDB72FC36" box="[963,1127,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. norvegicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBB5FC2DDA03FC36" box="[1141,1302,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="margaretae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBB5FC2DDA03FC36" box="[1141,1302,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. margaretae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FAE4FC2DDA80FC36" box="[1316,1429,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="milacis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FAE4FC2DDA80FC36" box="[1316,1429,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. milacis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FF57FC10DE56FC5A" box="[151,323,944,968]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="huizhouensis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF57FC10DE56FC5A" box="[151,323,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">P. huizhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE91FC11DEFDFC5A" box="[337,488,944,968]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glandicola">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE91FC11DEFDFC5A" box="[337,488,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. glandicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FE36FC11DD64FC55" box="[502,625,944,967]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tauricus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FE36FC11DD64FC55" box="[502,625,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD6EFC11DC0DFC5A" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[686,792,944,968]" class="Chromadorea" family="Agfidae" genus="Agfa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="flexilis">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD6EFC11DC0DFC5A" box="[686,792,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">A. flexilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(100/100/100) (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF82FD64FC0EFC0EDB06FC5A" box="[974,1043,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[441,1204,1036,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[373,1214,1021,1928]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Phasmarhabditis species, along with other related Agfa and Angiostoma species, based on analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. Oscheius tipulae and O. insectivora are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250875/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5079B0FF82FD64FF57F83CDA03F863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250875/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" startId="9.[151,250,1949,1971]" targetBox="[441,1204,1036,1915]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF82FD64FF57F83CDA03F863" blockId="9.[151,1436,1949,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF57F83CDE00F821" bold="true" box="[151,277,1949,1971]" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FD94F83CDC14F821" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[596,769,1949,1971]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FD94F83CDC14F821" box="[596,769,1949,1971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Phasmarhabditis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, along with other related 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FBA4F83CDB81F821" authorityName="Dougherty" authorityYear="1977" box="[1124,1172,1949,1971]" class="Chromadorea" family="Agfidae" genus="Agfa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FBA4F83CDB81F821" box="[1124,1172,1949,1971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Agfa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB0BF83FDA51F821" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1845" box="[1227,1348,1950,1971]" class="Chromadorea" family="Angiostomatidae" genus="Angiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB0BF83FDA51F821" box="[1227,1348,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Angiostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, based on analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FB31F81DDA8EF840" box="[1265,1435,1980,2002]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tipulae">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FB31F81DDA8EF840" box="[1265,1435,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">Oscheius tipulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF82FD64FF02F87ADE47F863" baseAuthorityName="Korner" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[194,338,2011,2033]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="400" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="insectivora">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF82FD64FF02F87ADE47F863" box="[194,338,2011,2033]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="400">O. insectivora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3357AB3FF81FD67FF07FF36DDE5FE3F" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B902938FF81FD67FF07FF36DB76FE8E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FF07FF36DE51FF22" bold="true" box="[199,324,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">Life cycle.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FE8EFF39DD97FF22" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[334,642,152,176]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FE8EFF39DD97FF22" box="[334,642,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">Phasmarhabditis safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FD4DFF36DDDAFF22" bold="true" box="[653,719,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF81FD67FD4DFF36DDDAFF22" box="[653,719,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has been reared over the long term, under laboratory culture conditions, on freeze-killed slugs belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FD7DFF1CDC76FF46" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[701,867,188,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FD7DFF1CDC76FF46" box="[701,867,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">D. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, demonstrating the nematode’s ability to live on decaying organic material. However, like 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FDADFF40DC25FF6A" box="[621,816,224,248]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="hermaphrodita">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FDADFF40DC25FF6A" box="[621,816,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">P. hermaphrodita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is likely that the pathogenicity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FB10FF40DA43FF6A" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[1232,1366,224,248]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FB10FF40DA43FF6A" box="[1232,1366,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FA9CFF7EDA89FF6A" bold="true" box="[1372,1436,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF81FD67FA9CFF7EDA89FF6A" box="[1372,1436,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is strongly influenced by the associated bacteria (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF81FD67FD7CFEA5DC83FE8F" box="[700,918,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" refId="ref8172" refString="Wilson, M. J., Glen, D. M., Pearce, J. D. &amp; Rodgers, P. B. (1995) Monoxenic culture of the slug parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with different bacteria in liquid and solid phase. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 18, 159 - 166." type="journal article">
Wilson 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FCD5FEA4DC53FE8E" box="[789,838,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">et al</emphasis>
., 1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE54C9FF81FD67FC62FEA4DB42FE8E" box="[930,1111,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" refId="ref7605" refString="Rae, R. G., Tourna, M. &amp; Wilson, M. J. (2010) The slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita associates with complex and variable bacterial assemblages that do not affect its virulence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104, 222 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jip. 2010.04.008" type="journal article">
Rae 
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FC14FEA4DB06FE8E" box="[980,1043,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">et al.,</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B902938FF81FD67FF07FE86DDE5FE3F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FF07FE86DE54FED2" bold="true" box="[199,321,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">Virulence.</emphasis>
Virulence tests demonstrated that 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FD02FE88DC52FED2" authority="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova, 2018" authorityName="Ross &amp; Pieterse &amp; Malan &amp; Ivanova" authorityYear="2018" box="[706,839,296,320]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Phasmarhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="safricana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FD02FE88DC52FED2" box="[706,839,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">P. safricana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FC8DFE86DC9EFEAD" bold="true" box="[845,907,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2684851FF81FD67FC8DFE86DC9EFEAD" box="[845,907,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
caused mortality to the European invasive slug 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F52BBFF81FD67FF57FEECDE2DFEF6" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[151,312,332,356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="401" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FF57FEECDE2DFEF6" box="[151,312,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">D. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the length of time and the 
<typeStatus id="5494979AFF81FD67FD60FEECDDC5FEF7" box="[672,720,333,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">type</typeStatus>
of treatment having a significant effect on mortality (
<emphasis id="B95BF52AFF81FD67FAE6FEECDA22FEF6" box="[1318,1335,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) (
<figureCitation id="131435BDFF81FD67FF5FFECEDFF0FE1A" box="[159,229,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,492,1383]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,481,1396]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Number of dead slugs (n = 60) over 12 days in Petri dish experiments without nematodes (▲), or with 2000 infective juveniles of Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. (■), at 17°C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1250877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="401">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). After 5 days, half of the inoculated slugs were dead, with, by day 12, 100% mortality being recorded. Infection was confirmed by dissecting the dead slugs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>