treatments-xml/data/33/BB/D7/33BBD7F4A2C1F4ACE869EA8DC26C26D0.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.229.3678" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9485508-cc84-4cb3-b45e-723dc25f296b" ID-PMC="PMC3494006" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-229-111" ID-PubMed="23166475" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-229-111" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 229" ModsDocTitle="A new fossil cricket of the genus Proanaxipha in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Pentacentrinae)" checkinTime="1451248665209" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Heads, Sam W., Penney, David &amp; Green, David I." docDate="2012" docId="33BBD7F4A2C1F4ACE869EA8DC26C26D0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 229: 111-118" docOrigin="ZooKeys 229" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.229.3678" docTitle="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae Heads &amp; Penney, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="113" masterDocId="FFABFFE78F67C21BFFB5FFE8F7125727" masterDocTitle="A new fossil cricket of the genus Proanaxipha in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Pentacentrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="112" updateTime="1668154565090" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new fossil cricket of the genus Proanaxipha in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Pentacentrinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heads, Sam W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Penney, David</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Green, David I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>229</mods:number>
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<mods:start>111</mods:start>
<mods:end>118</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.229.3678</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.229.3678</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-229-111</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037348" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2894AEE9-AD50-48FE-918C-46D86E4F9B0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/33BBD7F4A2C1F4ACE869EA8DC26C26D0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="1" pageNumber="112">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2894AEE9-AD50-48FE-918C-46D86E4F9B0E" authority="Heads &amp; Penney" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">
<pageBreakToken pageId="1" pageNumber="112" start="start">Proanaxipha</pageBreakToken>
madgesuttonae Heads &amp; Penney
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="112">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1-8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="112" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="112">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="112">Distinguished from congeners by the following characters: (1) head capsule with distinctive posteriorly bilobed colour spot on vertex; (2) presence of crossveins in the proximal part of the mediocubital area; (3) apical field of tegmen entirely dark; and (4) median process of epiphallus short.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="1" pageNumber="112" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="112">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="112">Male: Total body length measured from fastigium verticis to abdominal apex 5.97 mm (Figs 1-2). Head capsule (length 1.26 mm) compressed dorsoventrally; vertex with distinct posteriorly bilobed colour spot (Fig. 4); fastigium verticis broadly rounded; median ocellus situated dorsally, between antennal torulae; compound eyes large, interocular distance 0.64 mm; antennae filiform, scape approximately four times larger than pedicel; maxillary palpi long with apical palpomere triangular and distally concave (see Fig. 2).Pronotum (length 1.02 mm) wider than long, with lateral and marginal areas covered with long setae; disc largely dark with a pale median line not reaching anterior margin; posterior margin sinuous and slightly wider than anterior margin; marginal areas well-demarcated with prominent carinae (Fig. 4). Thoracic sternites polygonal, plate-like and densely pilose, increasing in size posteriorly (Fig. 2). Terminalia obscured dorsally by hind wings (see Fig. 1); subgenital plate pale, broadly rounded with an indistinct median ridge flanked by shallow depressions and the posterior margin shallowly emarginate (Fig. 8); cerci densely setose; epiphallus triangular with pointed apex directed dorsally; ectoparameres lobate.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="1" pageNumber="112">
Tegmen 3.78 mm long with distinct coloration and stridulatory apparatus only partially reduced (Fig. 3); harp elongate, without multiple harp veins; mirror small, lacking dividing vein; lateral field dark with veins running parallel to the costal margin; dorsal field with six crossveins in the basalmost part of the mediocubital area with dark patches running along the stridulatory and harp veins and merging with a large dark spot encompassing most of the proximal cells in the cubital system; apical field entirely dark (Fig. 3). Hind wing long and tightly folded, extending well beyond abdominal apex, with dark remigium and hyaline anal lobe. Prothoracic leg short and robust with a single dark band on the distal half of the profemur and ovoid tympana on both sides of the protibia (Fig. 7). Mesothoracic leg longer than prothoracic leg; mesofemur with single dark band and a prominent ventral sulcus distally; mesotibiae with two dark bands. Metafemur (length 3.54 mm) with a dense covering of setae and bearing two dark spots; one situated just distad of femoral midlength and the second situated apically, encompassing the genicula (Fig. 5). Metatibia (length 2.61 mm) approximately 25% shorter than metafemur and quadrate in cross section, with two small dark spots situated basally; dorsal longitudinal carinae armed with rows of small denticles interspersed distally with stout subapical spurs (3 inner and 3 outer); metatibial apex bearing 2 inner and 3 outer apical spurs (Figs 5-6); median outer apical spur twice as long as the 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="113" start="start">other</pageBreakToken>
outer spurs. Metabasitarsus elongate with rows of sharp denticles along the dorsal longitudinal carinae and two apical spurs (1 inner and 1 outer); second metatarsomere much reduced; third metatarsomere long, slender and slightly curved (Fig. 5).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
Figures 1-2. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
Heads &amp; Penney, sp. n. Photomicrographs of holotype ♂. 1 dorsal view 2 ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
Figures 3-8. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
Heads &amp; Penney, sp. n. Drawings of holotype ♂. 3 dorsal field of right tegmen 4 head capsule and pronotum in dorsal view 5 outer view of right metathoracic leg 6 inner view of right metatibia 7 outer view of right prothoracic leg 8 terminalia in oblique ventral view. Abbreviations: CuA anterior cubitus; ecpL left ectoparamere; ecpR right ectoparamere; eph epiphallus; M media; mbt metabasitarsus; sgp subgenital plate; tym tympanum. All scale bars 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">♂: Dominican Republic: Early Miocene (Burdigalian) amber (NHM II 3048).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Etymology. Named in honour of Madge Sutton at the request of Dr Susan Shawcross.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
is clearly congeneric with the type species 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
, sharing the partially reduced stridulatory apparatus, a long and straight metabasitarsus, similar metatibial armature and the presence of auditory tympana on bot 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="114" start="start">h</pageBreakToken>
faces of the protibia (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
differs markedly from 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
in its colouration. The new species is altogether darker than 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
, bearing a distinctive posteriorly bilobed colour spot on the vertex of the head capsule (Fig. 4) and a much darker tegmen. The apical field of the tegmen in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
is either pale or bears a few diffuse dark patches (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov 2010</bibRefCitation>
, p. 443, fig. 6). In contrast, the apical field in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
is entirely dark (Fig. 3). The holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
bears two dark spots on the vertex between the eyes but the rest of the head capsule is pale (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Vickery, VR" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="13 - 22" title="Crickets (Grylloptera: Grylloidea) in Dominican amber." url="10.4039/Ent12613-1" volume="126" year="1994">Vickery and Poinar 1994</bibRefCitation>
, p. 21, fig. 9). 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov (2010)</bibRefCitation>
briefly described a number of additional specimens that he tentatively assigned to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
. However, all of these differ from the holotype in coloration and Gorochov (op. cit.,p. 444) remarked that they likely represent a complex of distinct species. While the original colouration of the specimen cannot be known with certainty, arthropod colour patterns are often extremely well preserved in amber (
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, GO" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="145 - 159" title="Insects in amber." url="10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001045" volume="46" year="1993">Poinar 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Grimaldi and Engel 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Penney, D" journalOrPublisher="Siri Scientific Press, Manchester" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" title="Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits." year="2010">Penney 2010</bibRefCitation>
and contributions therein). Given the remarkable preservation of the specimen as well as the obvious symmetry of the patterns, it is highly unlikely that they have been altered taphonomically. Morphologically, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
is very similar to the holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
and to the specimens recently described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov (2010)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the tegminal venation of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
differs in the presence of six crossveins in the basal half of the mediocubital area (Fig. 3). The tegmina are not clearly illustrated in the original description of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha latoca</taxonomicName>
making it impossible to determine whether or not these crossveins are present. However, the illustrations of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha latoca" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latoca">Proanaxipha?latoca</taxonomicName>
presented by 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov (2010)</bibRefCitation>
show no mediocubital crossveins. The distal parts of the phallic complex visible in the holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 8) are very similar to those illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Gorochov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="70 - 87" title="New and little known orthopteroid insects (Polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 3." volume="2010" year="2010">Gorochov (2010)</bibRefCitation>
though the median process of the epiphallus is shorter in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Proanaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proanaxipha madgesuttonae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madgesuttonae">Proanaxipha madgesuttonae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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