3330 lines
648 KiB
XML
3330 lines
648 KiB
XML
<document id="47A42A545937CD8ED841A5D689A59DCD" ID-CLB-Dataset="306472" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3936bc1-1a63-44dc-bc17-3a58cc6022cd" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445483" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1732848196085" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Araújo, Marcus V. G., Vaz, Diego F. B., Medeiros, Jade, Arthur, Lima, Rosa, Ricardo S., Loboda, Thiago S., B., João Paulo C. & Silva" docDate="2024" docId="039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae104.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Potamotrygonidae Garman 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFA2FFC4FFBA57152123CF2BFFA7FFDB" masterDocTitle="The neurocranium of Potamotrygonidae: morphology and phylogenetic significance" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1734094896476" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="715052E2B9071A287AC85EBEF9D449BF">The neurocranium of Potamotrygonidae: morphology and phylogenetic significance</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E2CBBC63489C881BAC8AB5BDE1A22967" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A3445B2D355287F1C2082667CAE50F6F">Araújo, Marcus V. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F90309012DDF805C83BE2D1345B4A620">Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9181BCED3C096E63B1B049DA1FFC1E1E">Vaz, Diego F. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="441B4204113B394E8B4F898EAC3FDD96">Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom & Biorepository Collaboratorium Guam EPSCoR, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6DFC283BABC0D7156AF582FAD9BF925A">Medeiros, Jade</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7932BCAD1F6357036A5199DC119240BE">Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="947375976AB803B154C543E3C90E2D98">Arthur</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0848B47AF2C1CF63D297CDC2A8BF0C06">Lima</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AD3F3B4B713B3E63A5AC2BEC269577C5">Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D928834BCDF492CAF1445F85B2991A24">Rosa, Ricardo S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FE59A3EF80DC5D2D04F9465BB4492A0E">Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="27054803884F6965408663C29E323386">Loboda, Thiago S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="80302C999058A22A8C9EEF3B62870016">Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E621BBC2D2531B668E9D7F117F8E4079">B., João Paulo C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A538254E647ECD7B93EE2144F193F087">Silva</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BAE366118DB22CE86C4081D906B0FD2C">Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="43E8C22E11D64939020085233B769D1E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4B3E87DEB4C9362C235DAB5B9E651649">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="13A878F881D8F537EE9B98F5008CE775">2024-09-21</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="32B27938006AC855B877680C052A838A">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104</mods:url>
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<treatment id="039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445487" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C3286521FFB857172250CF94FB45FF23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB857172250CF94FB45FF23" blockId="2.[883,1416,191,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172250CF94FB45FF23" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Morphological description of the neurocranium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172539CFF5FB45FF23" ID-CoL="627MW" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1050,1250,222,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3286521FFB857072515CE23FDB9F8EC" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB857172515CE23FB62FEF9" blockId="2.[1078,1221,264,290]" box="[1078,1221,264,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172515CE23FB62FEF9" box="[1078,1221,264,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ethmoid region</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB85717221ACE04FA65FC61" blockId="2.[825,1476,303,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The neurocranium in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172503CE04FB78FE9C" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1056,1247,303,327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
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||
is elongated, with its greatest width at the middle portion of the nasal capsules (ncs). The nasal capsules are located on the anteriormost region, being ventrolaterally expanded and with their openings directed ventrally. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571722B9CE86FC5FFE1F" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[922,1016,429,452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571722B9CE86FC5FFE1F" box="[922,1016,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the nasal capsules are oval and bear a median indentation in-between the convex anterior margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571724BFCEE7FCFFFDD8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S1). The same morphology is seen in the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172569CD20FB73FDF9" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1098,1236,523,546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172569CD20FB73FDF9" box="[1098,1236,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172433CD21FA20FDF9" box="[1296,1415,522,546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172433CD21FA20FDF9" box="[1296,1415,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571724BFCD21FCD5FD9A" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) (Supporting Information, Files S2, S3, S4). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717247CCD01FA1BFD9A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1375,1468,554,577]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717247CCD01FA1BFD9A" box="[1375,1468,554,577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717221ACD61FC64FDBA" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[825,963,586,609]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717221ACD61FC64FDBA" box="[825,963,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172527CD62FBDCFDBA" box="[1028,1147,585,609]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172527CD62FBDCFDBA" box="[1028,1147,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal capsules are ventromedially divided by a thin nasal septum that is one-sixth the width of the nasal aperture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717257CCDA3FB3EFD7B" box="[1119,1177,648,672]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172593CDA3FA84FD7B" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1200,1315,648,672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172593CDA3FA84FD7B" box="[1200,1315,648,672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172474CDA3FA64FD44" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1367,1475,648,671]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172474CDA3FA64FD44" box="[1367,1475,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have comparatively shorter nasal capsules anteroposteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172267CDEDFC27FD05" box="[836,896,710,734]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) (Supporting Information, Files S5, S6), with the anterior margin of the capsules also convex, but less rounded when compared to the general pattern present in the other genera. The nasal septum in
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571722FCCC0FFB48FCE7" box="[991,1263,804,828]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571722FCCC0FFBF5FCE7" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[991,1106,804,828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Heliotrygon</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725A0CC0EFB48FCE7" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1155,1263,805,828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paratrygon</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is wider, with nearly half the width of the nasal aperture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172593CC6FFB4EFC87" box="[1200,1257,836,860]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725DCCC6FFACCFC80" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1279,1387,836,859]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725DCCC6FFACCFC80" box="[1279,1387,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a small rostral projection (rpj) in-between the anterior margin of the two nasal capsules, which can also be seen in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172270CC89FC7AFC62" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[851,989,930,953]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172270CC89FC7AFC62" box="[851,989,930,953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571722CFCC89FB9FFC61" box="[1004,1080,930,954]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172561CC89FBF8FC61" box="[1090,1119,930,954]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB857172276CCEAFB2FFA8A" blockId="2.[825,1476,303,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The condyles for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage (cac) are situated laterally on the nasal capsules. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717247DCCCAFA1BFC23" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1374,1468,993,1016]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717247DCCCAFA1BFC23" box="[1374,1468,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717221ACB2BFC02FBCC" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[825,933,1024,1047]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717221ACB2BFC02FBCC" box="[825,933,1024,1047]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172570CB2BFB7AFBCC" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1107,1245,1024,1047]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172570CB2BFB7AFBCC" box="[1107,1245,1024,1047]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this condyle is bean-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571722B0CB34FBA5FBEC" box="[915,1026,1055,1079]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717252CCB34FB8CFBEC" box="[1039,1067,1055,1079]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), while on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172585CB34FABAFBEC" box="[1190,1309,1055,1079]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172585CB34FABAFBEC" box="[1190,1309,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172472CB34FA63FBEC" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1361,1476,1055,1079]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172472CB34FA63FBEC" box="[1361,1476,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this condyle is rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172517CB15FBDAFB8D" box="[1076,1149,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571725ABCB15FB02FB8D" box="[1160,1189,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anteroposteriorly flattened antorbital cartilages (anto) extend posterolaterally from the nasal capsules. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717253DCB56FBDDFB4F" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1054,1146,1149,1172]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717253DCB56FBDDFB4F" box="[1054,1146,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725A4CB55FAB6FB4E" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1159,1297,1150,1173]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725A4CB55FAB6FB4E" box="[1159,1297,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717246ECB56FA63FB4E" box="[1357,1476,1149,1173]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717246ECB56FA63FB4E" box="[1357,1476,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antorbital cartilage’s length is one-third of the width of the nasal capsules, whilst in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172566CB97FB1FFB0F" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1093,1208,1212,1236]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172566CB97FB1FFB0F" box="[1093,1208,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725D7CB97FAC7FB08" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1268,1376,1212,1235]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725D7CB97FAC7FB08" box="[1268,1376,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are smaller and not as posteriorly oriented, with its length corresponding to a quarter of the nasal capsule’s width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717241DCBD1FADBFAC9" box="[1342,1404,1274,1298]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571724ABCBD1FA32FAC9" box="[1416,1429,1274,1298]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172218CA31FC09FAE9" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[827,942,1306,1330]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172218CA31FC09FAE9" box="[827,942,1306,1330]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antorbital cartilage has a foramen (acf) that is absent on the other genera (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717251CCA12FBD0FA8B" box="[1087,1143,1337,1361]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,823,847]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,146,788]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[194,1378,144,795]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai in frontal view.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445505/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB857172276CA73FAD6F89C" blockId="2.[825,1476,303,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The nasal capsules, which are ventrally projected, form a slope in relation to the basicranium. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172582CA53FB58FA54" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1185,1279,1400,1423]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172582CA53FB58FA54" box="[1185,1279,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717241BCA53FA65FA54" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1336,1474,1400,1423]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717241BCA53FA65FA54" box="[1336,1474,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this ventral projection forms an angle of nearly 130° in relation to the basicranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717251CCA9DFB0CFA15" box="[1087,1195,1462,1486]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717243DCA9DFA32FA15" box="[1310,1429,1462,1486]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717243DCA9DFA32FA15" box="[1310,1429,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this angle is less accentuated, close to 170° (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571725F7CAFDFABBFA36" box="[1236,1308,1493,1518]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172472CAFDFA63FA35" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1361,1476,1494,1518]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172472CAFDFA63FA35" box="[1361,1476,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717224BCADDFC73F9D6" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[872,980,1526,1549]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717224BCADDFC73F9D6" box="[872,980,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the inclination is more accentuated and closer to 100° in relation to the basicranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571725C5C93FFA84F9F7" box="[1254,1315,1556,1580]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717247DC93EFA1BF9F7" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1374,1468,1557,1580]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717247DC93EFA1BF9F7" box="[1374,1468,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717221AC91FFC64F990" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[825,963,1588,1611]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717221AC91FFC64F990" box="[825,963,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571722F3C91FFBE0F997" box="[976,1095,1588,1612]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571722F3C91FFBE0F997" box="[976,1095,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725A0C91FFB51F997" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1155,1270,1588,1612]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725A0C91FFB51F997" box="[1155,1270,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is anteroventral to the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172523C959FB9AF951" box="[1024,1085,1650,1674]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB85717256BC959FBC2F951" box="[1096,1125,1650,1674]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725F7C958FAE7F951" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1236,1344,1651,1674]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725F7C958FAE7F951" box="[1236,1344,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this condyle is situated ventrally and at a level with the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB857172267C99AFC2AF912" box="[836,909,1713,1737]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172514C99AFB0DF912" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1079,1194,1713,1737]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172514C99AFB0DF912" box="[1079,1194,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the other potamotrygonins by having two pairs of condyle-like structures (nco) on the anterior face of its nasal capsules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB8571724BFC9DBFCE1F8FD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,823,847]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,146,788]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[194,1378,144,795]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai in frontal view.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445505/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). These condyles articulate with the anterior segment of the propterygium (apro) and are absent in the other genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB857112276C865FD10F815" blockId="2.[825,1476,303,1956]" lastBlockId="4.[129,778,1817,1998]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The preorbital process (prp) is posterodorsal to the nasal capsules. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB85717229AC846FBB0F85F" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[953,1047,1901,1924]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB85717229AC846FBB0F85F" box="[953,1047,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB857172507C845FB09F85E" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1060,1198,1902,1925]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB857172507C845FB09F85E" box="[1060,1198,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB8571725CAC845FAF2F85E" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1257,1365,1902,1925]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB8571725CAC845FAF2F85E" box="[1257,1365,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it extends laterally beyond the longitudinal line with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB957162017C9B0FE39F968" box="[308,414,1691,1715]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB95716208BC9B0FE64F968" box="[424,451,1691,1715]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571620D0C9B0FDCDF968" box="[499,618,1691,1715]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571620D0C9B0FDCDF968" box="[499,618,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process reaches the longitudinal line with the nasal capsules, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571621EDC9F1FEE6F929" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[206,321,1754,1778]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571621EDC9F1FEE6F929" box="[206,321,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process is shorter and does not reach that same longitudinal line at the lateral limit of the nasal capsules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB95716202DC833FEFEF8EA" box="[270,345,1816,1841]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB957162047C832FE26F8EA" box="[356,385,1817,1841]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162353C832FD69F8EB" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[624,718,1817,1840]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162353C832FD69F8EB" box="[624,718,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162152C812FF5CF88B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,251,1849,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162152C812FF5CF88B" box="[113,251,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does the preorbital process project posterolaterally, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571621EEC87CFEE5F8B4" box="[205,322,1879,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571621EEC87CFEE5F8B4" box="[205,322,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB95716206DC87CFE66F8B4" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[334,449,1879,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB95716206DC87CFE66F8B4" box="[334,449,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571620DFC873FDCFF8B4" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[508,616,1880,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571620DFC873FDCFF8B4" box="[508,616,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process projects laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB9571620A0C85DFE65F854" box="[387,450,1910,1935]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB9571620F3C85CFE7AF854" box="[464,477,1911,1935]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior foramen for preorbital canal (afpc) and the posterior foramen for preorbital canal (pfpc) pierce the base of the preorbital process dorsally, and are housed in a fossa that opens anteriorly. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162463C991FA14F909" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1344,1459,1722,1746]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162463C991FA14F909" box="[1344,1459,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB95716227AC9F0FC62F929" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[857,965,1755,1778]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB95716227AC9F0FC62F929" box="[857,965,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this fossa is placed medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB95716242BC9F1FAE3F929" box="[1288,1348,1754,1778]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other genera it is lateral and closer to the edge of the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB9571622FBC833FBB3F8EA" box="[984,1044,1816,1841]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differently from the other genera, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162209C813FC3AF88B" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[810,925,1848,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162209C813FC3AF88B" box="[810,925,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the foramen for preorbital canal is not divided into two openings. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162537C873FBD5F8B4" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1044,1138,1880,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162537C873FBD5F8B4" box="[1044,1138,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571625A3C873FAADF8B4" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1152,1290,1880,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571625A3C873FAADF8B4" box="[1152,1290,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162465C873FA15F8B4" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1350,1458,1880,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162465C873FA15F8B4" box="[1350,1458,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral opening of afpc occupies the anterior portion of the base of the preorbital process, while pfpc opens ventrally at the posterior region of the base of the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE571123C3C832FF1BF88B" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE571121E5C813FF45F88B" box="[198,226,1848,1872]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE57112074C812FE12F88B" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[343,437,1849,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE57112074C812FE12F88B" box="[343,437,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the pfpc is positioned further back beyond the base of the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE5711238FC873FD5FF8B4" box="[684,760,1879,1904]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE571121BEC85CFEB3F854" box="[157,276,1911,1935]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE571121BEC85CFEB3F854" box="[157,276,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both the foramen for anterior and posterior preorbital canal open posteroventrally at the base of the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE571121FEC89DFE82F816" box="[221,293,1973,1998]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Files S2, S7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB957162150CAD4FDD8F9B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" targetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB957162150CAD4FDD8F9B0" blockId="3.[113,1440,1535,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162150CAD4FF6DF9CC" bold="true" box="[115,202,1535,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB957162042C92BFDFCF9CC" box="[353,603,1535,1559]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB957162042C92BFDFCF9CC" box="[353,603,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571623ADCAD4FCE0F9CC" box="[654,839,1535,1559]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571623ADCAD4FCE0F9CC" box="[654,839,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB9571622BCC92BFBFCF9CC" box="[927,1115,1535,1559]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB9571622BCC92BFBFCF9CC" box="[927,1115,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFBE571121A2C956FD3CF932" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" targetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBE571121A2C956FD3CF932" blockId="4.[129,1455,1661,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE571121A2C956FF7FF94E" bold="true" box="[129,216,1661,1685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE57112053C955FDCDF94E" box="[368,618,1661,1685]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE57112053C955FDCDF94E" box="[368,618,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE571123BEC956FCF1F94E" box="[669,854,1661,1685]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE571123BEC956FCF1F94E" box="[669,854,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE5711228DC956FBCDF94E" box="[942,1130,1661,1685]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE5711228DC956FBCDF94E" box="[942,1130,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBE57102276C832FD8CFA42" blockId="4.[825,1475,1817,1998]" lastBlockId="5.[113,763,1221,1433]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The precerebral fontanelle (pcf) is rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE5711247DC832FA1BF8EB" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1374,1468,1817,1840]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE5711247DC832FA1BF8EB" box="[1374,1468,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE5711221AC812FC64F88B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[825,963,1849,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE5711221AC812FC64F88B" box="[825,963,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE571122ECC813FBE1F88B" box="[975,1094,1848,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE571122ECC813FBE1F88B" box="[975,1094,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE5711255CC812FB4DF88B" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1151,1258,1849,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE5711255CC812FB4DF88B" box="[1151,1258,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE57112473C813FA64F88B" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1360,1475,1848,1872]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE57112473C813FA64F88B" box="[1360,1475,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the precerebral fontanelle is elliptical and narrow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE57112475C873FA32F8AB" box="[1366,1429,1880,1904]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBE57112487C873FA16F8AB" box="[1444,1457,1880,1904]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior to the precerebral fontanelle there is an epiphysial process (epp), which delimits the two fontanelles of the neurocranium, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBE5711257BC89DFB11F816" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1112,1206,1974,1997]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBE5711257BC89DFB11F816" box="[1112,1206,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where this structure is absent. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571021CBCBEEFEFCFB06" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[232,347,1221,1245]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571021CBCBEEFEFCFB06" box="[232,347,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphysial process is the shortest among all genera analysed (with one-third the width of the supraorbital process) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102050CA2FFE6EFAC7" box="[371,457,1284,1308]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710231BCA2FFD65FAC0" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[568,706,1284,1307]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710231BCA2FFD65FAC0" box="[568,706,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102152CA08FF4FFAE0" box="[113,232,1315,1339]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102152CA08FF4FFAE0" box="[113,232,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the longest epiphysial process, which is longer than the supraorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF5710208ECA69FDB5FA81" box="[429,530,1346,1371]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710230ACA68FD32FA81" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[553,661,1347,1370]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710230ACA68FD32FA81" box="[553,661,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows an intermediate state and its epiphysial process has nearly the same length of the supraorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571020F7CAAAFDBDFA42" box="[468,538,1409,1433]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFBF57102152CB02FB95FB4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" targetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBF57102152CB02FB95FB4E" blockId="5.[113,1419,1065,1173]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102152CB02FF6EFB9A" bold="true" box="[113,201,1065,1089]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102042CB02FE5CFB9A" box="[353,507,1065,1089]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102042CB02FE5CFB9A" box="[353,507,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102372CB01FD5CFB9A" box="[593,763,1065,1089]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aiereba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102372CB01FD5CFB9A" box="[593,763,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratrygon aiereba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBF5710207DCA92FDAAFA09" blockId="5.[111,763,1465,1966]" box="[350,525,1465,1491]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710207DCA92FDAAFA09" box="[350,525,1465,1491]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsal optic region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBF57102152CAF4FEC7F8EA" blockId="5.[111,763,1465,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Thesupraorbitalcrest (soc) ispiercedbyaseriesofsmallforamina for the superficial ophthalmic nerve (sup). They appear posterior to the preorbital process and extend posteriorly throughout the orbital region, reaching the small (half the postorbital process length at most) and triangular supraorbital process (sp). In all genera the lateral extension of the supraorbital crest in relation to the basicranium is short, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571020DFC9B0FDC9F968" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[508,622,1691,1715]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571020DFC9B0FDC9F968" box="[508,622,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the crest is a well-developed, shelf-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102373C991FD38F908" box="[592,671,1722,1747]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF5710238DC990FD1CF908" box="[686,699,1723,1747]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[116,1454,949,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-42@9.[114,1458,923,1711]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Potamotrygon albimaculata (B) in anterior oblique views. A1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai on anterior and posterior regions. B1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Potamotrygon albimaculata on anterior and posterior regions.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; epp, epiphyseal process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; oc, occipital condyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sor, supraotic ridge; sp, supraorbital process; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; II, optic nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445507/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The supraorbital process is triangular-shaped and laterally projected, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571021FDC9D2FE9CF8CB" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[222,315,1785,1808]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571021FDC9D2FE9CF8CB" box="[222,315,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the supraorbital process is anteriorly oriented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102026C833FEE8F8EA" box="[261,335,1816,1841]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBF571021AEC813FB50F98E" blockId="5.[111,763,1465,1966]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1461,1221,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The postorbital process (pop) is posterior to the supraorbital process, being a rectangular and shelf-like plate that extends anterolaterally from the anterodorsal portion of the otic region of the neurocranium. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102076C8BDFE14F876" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[341,435,1942,1965]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102076C8BDFE14F876" box="[341,435,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the postorbital process is larger than the other four genera, with its base wider than the length of the otic region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571022CCCBCFFB9CFB26" box="[1007,1083,1252,1277]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102552CBCFFB43FB27" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1137,1252,1252,1276]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102552CBCFFB43FB27" box="[1137,1252,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal margin of the postorbital process is concave, distinct from the other four genera, in which this margin is straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571025FDCA08FA8CFAE0" box="[1246,1323,1315,1339]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In relation to its base, the distal margin of the postorbital process is only narrower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710228DCA49FB82FAA1" box="[942,1061,1378,1402]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710228DCA49FB82FAA1" box="[942,1061,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF5710251BCA49FBDAFAA1" box="[1080,1149,1378,1402]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102595CA49FAB3FAA2" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1206,1300,1378,1401]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102595CA49FAB3FAA2" box="[1206,1300,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102407CA49FA09FAA2" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1316,1454,1378,1401]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102407CA49FA09FAA2" box="[1316,1454,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102274CAA9FC64FA42" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[855,963,1410,1433]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102274CAA9FC64FA42" box="[855,963,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process surpasses anteriorly the lateral tip of the supraorbital processes, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571022F4CAEBFBEDFA03" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[983,1098,1472,1496]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571022F4CAEBFBEDFA03" box="[983,1098,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571025A7CAEBFB5CFA03" box="[1156,1275,1472,1496]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571025A7CAEBFB5CFA03" box="[1156,1275,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is horizontally aligned with the lateral tip of the supraorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF5710244CCAF4FA0AFA2C" box="[1391,1453,1503,1527]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102209CAD4FC90F9CC" box="[810,823,1535,1559]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the posterior margin of the postorbital process is straight in all genera, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571025B2C935FB4AF9EE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1169,1261,1566,1589]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571025B2C935FB4AF9EE" box="[1169,1261,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a slight convex projection near its distal tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571025BEC916FB40F98E" box="[1181,1255,1597,1621]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBF57132266C977FE50FA9C" blockId="5.[810,1461,1221,1966]" lastBlockId="6.[129,778,1295,1351]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The frontoparietal fontanelle (fpf) is slender and elongated in all genera (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571022D7C957FB93F94F" box="[1012,1076,1660,1684]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102561C957FBE8F94F" box="[1090,1103,1660,1684]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571025ABC957FB41F948" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1160,1254,1660,1683]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571025ABC957FB41F948" box="[1160,1254,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571025D7C957FAD9F948" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1268,1406,1660,1683]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571025D7C957FAD9F948" box="[1268,1406,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102209C9B0FC06F968" box="[810,929,1691,1715]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102209C9B0FC06F968" box="[810,929,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the frontoparietal fontanelle is wider anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, being somewhat triangular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571024AEC991FC90F929" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710224EC9F1FC50F92A" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[877,1015,1754,1777]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710224EC9F1FC50F92A" box="[877,1015,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the frontoparietal fontanelle bears a slight constriction at its midportion, giving it an hourglass-shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF57102216C833FCD8F8EA" box="[821,895,1816,1841]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102296C833FB8FF8EB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[949,1064,1816,1840]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102296C833FB8FF8EB" box="[949,1064,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710257FC832FB6FF8EB" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1116,1224,1817,1840]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710257FC832FB6FF8EB" box="[1116,1224,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the frontoparietal fontanelle has the same width throughout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF571025F9C813FAB1F88B" box="[1242,1302,1848,1872]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF5710246CC813FA0AF894" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1359,1453,1848,1871]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF5710246CC813FA0AF894" box="[1359,1453,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF57102209C873FC13F8B4" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,948,1880,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF57102209C873FC13F8B4" box="[810,948,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBF571022C9C87CFBC6F8B4" box="[1002,1121,1879,1903]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBF571022C9C87CFBC6F8B4" box="[1002,1121,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the width of the anterior portion of the frontoparietal fontanelle occupies approximately one-third of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBF5710240BC8BDFAC5F875" box="[1320,1378,1942,1966]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571321B8CA3BFEA0FAFC" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[155,263,1296,1319]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571321B8CA3BFEA0FAFC" box="[155,263,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132019CA24FE0AFAFC" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[314,429,1295,1319]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132019CA24FE0AFAFC" box="[314,429,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it occupies a quarter of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC5713208CCA05FE40FA9D" box="[431,487,1326,1350]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFBC571321A1CB7CFEE1FB04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" targetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBC571321A1CB7CFEE1FB04" blockId="6.[129,1463,1111,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571321A1CB7CFF7DFBB4" bold="true" box="[130,218,1111,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132053CB7CFDADFBB4" box="[368,522,1111,1135]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132053CB7CFDADFBB4" box="[368,522,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132343CB73FCADFBB4" box="[608,778,1111,1135]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aiereba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132343CB73FCADFBB4" box="[608,778,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paratrygon aiereba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBC571320A0CA4DFDA0FA5B" blockId="6.[128,780,1382,1977]" box="[387,519,1382,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571320A0CA4DFDA0FA5B" box="[387,519,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orbital region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBC571321A2CAA7FB08FA7E" blockId="6.[128,780,1382,1977]" lastBlockId="6.[824,1475,1295,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The neurocranium is pierced laterally by several foramina. Ventrally at the base of the preorbital process all genera bear two foramina for the preorbital canal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC5713233ECAE0FDFAFA38" box="[541,605,1483,1507]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC5713234FCAE0FD20FA38" box="[620,647,1483,1507]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571321A2CAC1FF53F9D9" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,244,1514,1538]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571321A2CAC1FF53F9D9" box="[129,244,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has only one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571320F5CAC1FDB8F9D9" box="[470,543,1514,1538]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132371CAC0FD17F9D9" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[594,688,1515,1538]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132371CAC0FD17F9D9" box="[594,688,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the position of the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is completely posterior to the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571320D3C902FD9DF99A" box="[496,570,1577,1601]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other genera this posterior opening is located on the posterior margin of the preorbital process. Only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571320F7C943FDECF95B" box="[468,587,1640,1664]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571320F7C943FDECF95B" box="[468,587,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both foramina for the preorbital canal are on the posterior margin of the preorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571321FEC98DFE83F965" box="[221,292,1702,1726]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anteriormost foramen on the orbital wall is the anterior cerebral vein foramen (acvf). In all genera its position is anterior to, and close to, the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen (II). Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571320ABC82FFE58F8C7" box="[392,511,1796,1820]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571320ABC82FFE58F8C7" box="[392,511,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents a different placement of this foramen, which is anterodorsal and not at the same level of the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC57132392C868FD5EF880" box="[689,761,1859,1883]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The wide (at least the same size as the orbital fissure) and oval optic nerve foramen (II) is situated centrally on the orbital wall. The trochlear nerve foramen (IV) is located dorsally to the optic nerve foramen, and may vary in its position amongst genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132218CA05FC5BFA9D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[827,1020,1326,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC5713253ECA04FBDCFA9D" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1053,1147,1327,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC5713253ECA04FBDCFA9D" box="[1053,1147,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571325A5CA04FAB7FA9D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1158,1296,1327,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571325A5CA04FAB7FA9D" box="[1158,1296,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132439CA05FA36FA9D" box="[1306,1425,1326,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132439CA05FA36FA9D" box="[1306,1425,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC5713221ACA65FC0BFABD" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[825,940,1358,1382]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC5713221ACA65FC0BFABD" box="[825,940,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is dorsal to the midportion of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571322A2CA46FC1BFA5E" box="[897,956,1389,1413]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571322E5CA46FC44FA5E" box="[966,995,1389,1413]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132531CA45FBD9FA5E" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1042,1150,1390,1413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132531CA45FBD9FA5E" box="[1042,1150,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is posterior to the midportion of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC5713257BCAA7FB39FA7F" box="[1112,1182,1420,1444]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBC57132276CA87FB4AF926" blockId="6.[824,1475,1295,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132251CA87FC77FA18" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[882,976,1452,1475]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132251CA87FC77FA18" box="[882,976,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132524CA87FBD4FA18" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1031,1139,1452,1475]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132524CA87FBD4FA18" box="[1031,1139,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance between the trochlear nerve foramen and the optic nerve foramen is less than half the height of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571325DFCAC1FAECF9D9" box="[1276,1355,1514,1538]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC57132474CAC1FAD4F9D9" box="[1367,1395,1514,1538]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132275C921FC6AF9F9" box="[854,973,1546,1570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132275C921FC6AF9F9" box="[854,973,1546,1570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this distance is equal to the height of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571322C0C902FB8BF99A" box="[995,1068,1577,1601]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132541C901FB4BF99A" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1122,1260,1578,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132541C901FB4BF99A" box="[1122,1260,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132401C902FA32F99A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1314,1429,1577,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132401C902FA32F99A" box="[1314,1429,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this distance is intermediate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC57132565C963FB30F9BB" box="[1094,1175,1608,1632]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC57132584C963FB63F9BB" box="[1191,1220,1608,1632]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior to the optic nerve foramen is the eye stalk (es), which is rounded, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132219C9ACFC0BF944" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[826,940,1671,1695]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132219C9ACFC0BF944" box="[826,940,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the eye stalk is oval (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571325C0C9ACFA8CF944" box="[1251,1323,1671,1695]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Immediately dorsal to the eye stalk is the oculomotor nerve foramen (III). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132219C9EDFC63F906" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[826,964,1734,1757]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132219C9EDFC63F906" box="[826,964,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571322D4C9EDFBCDF905" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1015,1130,1734,1758]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571322D4C9EDFBCDF905" box="[1015,1130,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the oculomotor nerve foramen is anterodorsal to the eye stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC57132545C9CEFB14F926" box="[1126,1203,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC5713259DC9CEFB7BF926" box="[1214,1244,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBC571D2276C82FFF1AF86A" blockId="6.[824,1475,1295,1977]" lastBlockId="8.[128,778,1789,1969]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The efferent spiracular artery foramen (esaf) is ventral to the eye stalk, although in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132541C80FFB67F8E0" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1122,1216,1828,1851]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132541C80FFB67F8E0" box="[1122,1216,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132423C80FFA2DF8E0" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1280,1418,1828,1851]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132423C80FFA2DF8E0" box="[1280,1418,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is anteroventral and in-between the eye stalk and the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBC571322BDC849FBA5F8A1" box="[926,1026,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The internal carotid foramen (icaf) is positioned anterior to the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen (VII) and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC57132503C88AFBDBF863" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1056,1148,1953,1976]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC57132503C88AFBDBF863" box="[1056,1148,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC571325AAC88AFAA7F862" box="[1161,1280,1953,1977]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC571325AAC88AFAA7F862" box="[1161,1280,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBC5713241FC88AFA08F862" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1340,1455,1953,1977]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBC5713241FC88AFA08F862" box="[1340,1455,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is ventrolaterally positioned, occupying the margin that divides the orbital wall and the basicranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBD571220DDC873FDCCF8AA" box="[510,619,1880,1905]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBD5712235BC873FD31F8AB" box="[632,662,1880,1904]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD5712218EC852FE90F84B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[173,311,1913,1936]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD5712218EC852FE90F84B" box="[173,311,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD57122053C852FE7BF84B" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[368,476,1913,1936]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD57122053C852FE7BF84B" box="[368,476,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present this foramen positioned ventrally on the basicranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBD571220D4C8BCFDE1F874" box="[503,582,1943,1967]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFBD57122377C8BCFDC8F874" box="[596,623,1943,1967]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The orbital fissure (obf) is situated on the posteriormost portion of the orbital region. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD571222E8C873FB9BF8AB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[971,1084,1880,1904]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD571222E8C873FB9BF8AB" box="[971,1084,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD5712256AC872FB12F8AB" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1097,1205,1881,1904]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD5712256AC872FB12F8AB" box="[1097,1205,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD571225D2C873FACFF8AB" box="[1265,1384,1880,1904]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD571225D2C873FACFF8AB" box="[1265,1384,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the orbital fissure is about the same size as the optic nerve foramen, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD5712225DC8BCFC7BF875" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[894,988,1943,1966]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD5712225DC8BCFC7BF875" box="[894,988,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD57122529C8B3FB33F874" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1034,1172,1944,1967]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD57122529C8B3FB33F874" box="[1034,1172,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is about half the size of the optic nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB2571D204AC9D6FE0FF8CE" box="[361,424,1789,1813]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB2571D2095C9D6FE64F8CE" box="[438,451,1789,1813]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Files S1, S3, S4). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D2030C836FE3AF8EF" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[275,413,1821,1844]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D2030C836FE3AF8EF" box="[275,413,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D20EEC837FDE7F8EF" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[461,576,1820,1844]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D20EEC837FDE7F8EF" box="[461,576,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the orbital fissure is covered laterally by the posterodorsal wall of the neurocranium, immediately ventral to the postorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB2571D2359C870FD6CF8A8" box="[634,715,1883,1907]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB2571D23F8C870FD5FF8A8" box="[731,760,1883,1907]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other genera the fissure is completely visible laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFBD57122153C94EFD1BF8D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" targetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFBD57122153C94EFD1BF8D2" blockId="7.[112,1453,1637,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD57122153C94EFF6FF9A6" bold="true" box="[112,200,1637,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD57122042C94DFDFCF9A6" box="[353,603,1637,1661]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD57122042C94DFDFCF9A6" box="[353,603,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD571223ADC94EFCE0F9A6" box="[654,839,1637,1661]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD571223ADC94EFCE0F9A6" box="[654,839,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFBD571222BCC94DFBFCF9A6" box="[927,1115,1637,1661]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFBD571222BCC94DFBFCF9A6" box="[927,1115,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB2571D21A2C902FD9FF916" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" targetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB2571D21A2C902FD9FF916" blockId="8.[129,1463,1577,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D21A2C902FF7FF99A" bold="true" box="[129,216,1577,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D2053C902FDADF99A" box="[368,522,1577,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D2053C902FDADF99A" box="[368,522,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D2343C901FCADF99A" box="[608,778,1577,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aiereba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D2343C901FCADF99A" box="[608,778,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paratrygon aiereba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB2571D2569C9D6FB16F8CD" blockId="8.[825,1474,1789,1977]" box="[1098,1201,1789,1815]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D2569C9D6FB16F8CD" box="[1098,1201,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Otic region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB2571F221AC808FDCBF9F9" blockId="8.[825,1474,1789,1977]" lastBlockId="10.[128,778,1263,1977]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The lateral commissure (lc) is an arch that bridges over the foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D221AC849FC30F8A2" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[825,919,1890,1913]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D221AC849FC30F8A2" box="[825,919,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB2571D22FBC849FBE8F8A1" box="[984,1103,1890,1914]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB2571D22FBC849FBE8F8A1" box="[984,1103,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral commissure is septate (bears two openings) and connects medially with the lateral wall of the otic region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB2571D251BC88BFB04F862" box="[1080,1187,1952,1977]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hyomandibular facet (hmdf), which is posterior to the lateral commissure, corresponds to a nearly elliptical and oblique depression. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F238FCA24FCADFAFD" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[684,778,1295,1318]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F238FCA24FCADFAFD" box="[684,778,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F218FCA05FE84FA9D" box="[172,291,1326,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F218FCA05FE84FA9D" box="[172,291,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hyomandibular facet is oval and not with its anterior portion wider than its posterior portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F23ACCA66FD5EFABD" box="[655,761,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F21D7CA46FEC0FA5E" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[244,359,1389,1413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F21D7CA46FEC0FA5E" box="[244,359,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only genus in which the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is somewhat arched medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F21A8CA80FF70FA18" box="[139,215,1451,1475]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F21D3CA80FEC0FA18" box="[240,359,1451,1475]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F21D3CA80FEC0FA18" box="[240,359,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all the other genera by the presence of a chondrified jugal arch (jla) that bridges laterally on the otic region, immediately posterior to the hyomandibular facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F21E2C922FEAEF9FA" box="[193,265,1545,1569]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB3571C2152CC1CFAFAFCB0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445505/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,823,847]" targetBox="[200,1374,146,788]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB3571C2152CC1CFAFAFCB0" blockId="9.[113,1386,823,875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C2152CC1CFF6EFC94" bold="true" box="[113,201,823,847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB3571C2055CC1CFDB7FC94" box="[374,528,823,847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C2055CC1CFDB7FC94" box="[374,528,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in frontal view. Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB3571C2152C9E0FE6AF850" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445507/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1739,1763]" targetBox="[116,1454,949,1710]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB3571C2152C9E0FE6AF850" blockId="9.[113,1448,1739,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C2152C9E0FF6EF938" bold="true" box="[113,201,1739,1763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB3571C2042C9E0FE5CF938" box="[353,507,1739,1763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C2042C9E0FE5CF938" box="[353,507,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB3571C2372C9E7FCECF938" box="[593,843,1739,1763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C2372C9E7FCECF938" box="[593,843,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) in anterior oblique views. A1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB3571C20F7C9CCFDC9F924" box="[468,622,1767,1791]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C20F7C9CCFDC9F924" box="[468,622,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on anterior and posterior regions. B1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB3571C201BC82FFD95F8C0" box="[312,562,1795,1819]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB3571C201BC82FFD95F8C0" box="[312,562,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on anterior and posterior regions. Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; epp, epiphyseal process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; oc, occipital condyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sor, supraotic ridge; sp, supraorbital process; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; II, optic nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB0571F21A1CB78FC31FB1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" targetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB0571F21A1CB78FC31FB1B" blockId="10.[129,1468,1107,1216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F21A1CB78FF7DFBB0" bold="true" box="[130,218,1107,1131]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2053CB7FFDCDFBB7" box="[368,618,1108,1132]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2053CB7FFDCDFBB7" box="[368,618,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotrygon albimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F23BECB7FFCF1FBB0" box="[669,854,1108,1132]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F23BECB7FFCF1FBB0" box="[669,854,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F228DCB7FFBCDFBB7" box="[942,1130,1108,1132]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F228DCB7FFBCDFBB7" box="[942,1130,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB0571F21BFC902FBAEFA38" blockId="10.[128,778,1263,1977]" lastBlockId="10.[825,1475,1263,1507]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The glossopharyngeal nerve foramen (IX) varies in its position, and is somewhere between the otic and occipital regions. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2183C94CFEB4F9A4" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[160,275,1639,1663]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2183C94CFEB4F9A4" box="[160,275,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F206FC943FE1FF9A4" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[332,440,1640,1663]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F206FC943FE1FF9A4" box="[332,440,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this foramen is visible laterally, on the posteroventral portion of the otic region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F23B8C9ACFD7FF944" box="[667,728,1671,1695]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the other three genera the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is dorsolateral to the occipital condyles and occupies the ventral lateral portion of the occipital region, being visible in posterior oblique view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F203AC82FFEF3F8C7" box="[281,340,1796,1820]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sphenopterotic ridge (spr) projects dorsally on the lateral portions of the otic region, with the supraotic ridge (sor) extending laterally from the otic region walls above the hyomandibular facet. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2332C848FDC8F8A1" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[529,623,1891,1914]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2332C848FDC8F8A1" box="[529,623,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2359C848FCA3F8A1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[634,772,1891,1914]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2359C848FCA3F8A1" box="[634,772,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F218EC8AAFE83F842" box="[173,292,1921,1945]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F218EC8AAFE83F842" box="[173,292,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the spr is as long as the lateral extension of the sor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F2192C88AFF4CF862" box="[177,235,1953,1977]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsally, a pair of endolymphatic foramina (elf) is followed posteriorly by a pair of perilymphatic foramina (plf). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2277CA24FC60FAFC" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[852,967,1295,1319]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2277CA24FC60FAFC" box="[852,967,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F22DBCA3BFB25FAFC" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1016,1154,1296,1319]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F22DBCA3BFB25FAFC" box="[1016,1154,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramina are not immediately posterior, but posterolateral and posteromedial to the endolymphatic foramina, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F2434CA66FAC0FABD" box="[1303,1383,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F2455CA65FA34FABD" box="[1398,1427,1358,1382]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F221ACA46FC0BFA5E" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[825,940,1389,1413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F221ACA46FC0BFA5E" box="[825,940,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F22C7CA46FBFCFA5E" box="[996,1115,1389,1413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F22C7CA46FBFCFA5E" box="[996,1115,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both pairs of foramina are clearly different in size, with the perilymphatic foramina being the largest in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F22A4CA80FC5DFA18" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[903,1018,1451,1475]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F22A4CA80FC5DFA18" box="[903,1018,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(three times the size of the endolymphatic foramina) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F228CCAE0FC5FFA38" box="[943,1016,1483,1507]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB0571F2517C929FB60F9C7" blockId="10.[1076,1223,1538,1564]" box="[1076,1223,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2517C929FB60F9C7" box="[1076,1223,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Occipital region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB05719221AC902FF46FEDD" blockId="10.[824,1476,1577,1977]" lastBlockId="12.[128,778,144,262]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The large and oval foramen magnum (fm) is located in-between a pair of vagus nerve foramina (X). Only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F25DFC962FAFDF9BB" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1276,1370,1609,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F25DFC962FAFDF9BB" box="[1276,1370,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the foramen magnum taller than wider, and the lateral limit of the vagus nerve foramen reaches the medial level of the sphenopterotic ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F22A1C98DFC76F965" box="[898,977,1702,1726]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The foramen magnum is the smallest (eight times the aperture of the vagus nerve foramen) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F246CC9EEFA65F906" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1359,1474,1733,1757]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F246CC9EEFA65F906" box="[1359,1474,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the largest in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F22C4C9CEFBE2F927" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[999,1093,1765,1788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F22C4C9CEFBE2F927" box="[999,1093,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F2557C9CDFB59F926" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1140,1278,1766,1789]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2557C9CDFB59F926" box="[1140,1278,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12 times the aperture of the vagus nerve foramen) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F25BDC82FFAABF8C7" box="[1182,1292,1796,1820]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 9A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F243BC82FFAE4F8C7" box="[1304,1347,1796,1820]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The vagus nerve foramen is positioned dorsal to the midportion of the foramen magnum, closer to its dorsal margin in
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F2416C868FA33F881" box="[1333,1428,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Styraruca</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB0571F221AC848FC64F8A1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[825,963,1891,1914]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB0571F221AC848FC64F8A1" box="[825,963,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F22F6C849FBE6F8A1" box="[981,1089,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other genera it is situated level with the midportion of the foramen magnum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F24BBC8AAFCF2F862" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB0571F2241C88AFCDBF862" box="[866,892,1953,1977]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve (flb) is juxtaposed to the vagus nerve foramen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E23A1C94DFD52F9A5" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[642,757,1638,1662]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E23A1C94DFD52F9A5" box="[642,757,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2152C9ADFF5CF946" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,251,1670,1693]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2152C9ADFF5CF946" box="[113,251,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2062C9ADFE1FF945" box="[321,440,1670,1694]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2062C9ADFE1FF945" box="[321,440,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E20ECC9ADFDE1F946" box="[463,582,1670,1694]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 9A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E237AC9ADFD24F945" box="[601,643,1670,1694]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2152C98EFF68F967" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[113,207,1701,1724]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2152C98EFF68F967" box="[113,207,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2022C98DFECAF966" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[257,365,1702,1725]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2022C98DFECAF966" box="[257,365,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this foramen is positioned far from the vagus nerve foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E2070C9EFFE06F907" box="[339,417,1732,1756]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E2088C9EFFE74F907" box="[427,467,1732,1756]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The articular surface (as) is located in-between a pair of occipital condyles (oc), which are horizontally arranged and immediately ventral to the foramen magnum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E21F8C809FEF5F8E1" box="[219,338,1826,1850]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E21F8C809FEF5F8E1" box="[219,338,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents the narrowest articular surface (one-third of the occipital condyle’s width), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E23A4C869FD5DF881" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[647,762,1858,1882]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E23A4C869FD5DF881" box="[647,762,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the widest in relation to the occipital condyles (two-thirds of the occipital condyle’s width) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E2095C8ABFDA4F843" box="[438,515,1920,1944]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E2333C8ABFD9CF843" box="[528,571,1920,1944]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2353C8AAFD5DF843" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[624,762,1921,1944]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2353C8AAFD5DF843" box="[624,762,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E21BCC88BFEB1F863" box="[159,278,1952,1976]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E21BCC88BFEB1F863" box="[159,278,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral margin of the occipital condyles is medially arched (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E22FFC94DFB98F9A5" box="[988,1087,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other three genera the ventral margin is straight.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E250CC9ADFB3CF946" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1071,1179,1670,1693]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E250CC9ADFB3CF946" box="[1071,1179,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E25EFC9ADFA98F945" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1228,1343,1670,1694]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E25EFC9ADFA98F945" box="[1228,1343,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have medially and laterally inclined occipital condyles, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E24AEC98EFCE3F907" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), instead of the usual horizontal orientation seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E246DC9EEFA0BF907" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1358,1452,1733,1756]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E246DC9EEFA0BF907" box="[1358,1452,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2209C9CFFC13F920" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,948,1764,1787]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2209C9CFFC13F920" box="[810,948,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E22D0C9CFFBD7F927" box="[1011,1136,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E22D0C9CFFBCBF927" box="[1011,1132,1764,1788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiotrygon</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The occipital condyles extend posteriorly from the basicranium and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2598C828FABEF8C1" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[1211,1305,1795,1818]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2598C828FABEF8C1" box="[1211,1305,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2407C82FFA09F8C0" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1316,1454,1796,1819]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2407C82FFA09F8C0" box="[1316,1454,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2279C809FC76F8E1" box="[858,977,1826,1850]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2279C809FC76F8E1" box="[858,977,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this extension is shorter than half the length of the hyomandibular facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E257FC869FB3FF881" box="[1116,1176,1858,1882]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2432C869FA23F881" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1297,1412,1858,1882]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2432C869FA23F881" box="[1297,1412,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2209C849FC31F8A2" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[810,918,1890,1913]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2209C849FC31F8A2" box="[810,918,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior extension of the condyles is greater, around two-thirds the length of the hyomandibular facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB1571E24AEC8ABFCE3F863" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2258C88BFC49F863" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[891,1006,1952,1976]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2258C88BFC49F863" box="[891,1006,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E2501C88BFB29F86C" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1058,1166,1952,1975]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2501C88BFB29F86C" box="[1058,1166,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles reach the lateral limit of the occipital region, resulting in a straighter posterior outline of the neurocranium, while in the other genera they are shorter and the shape of the occipital region is irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571921A8CFC5FF77FEDD" box="[139,208,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D6622FFB1571E2150CACDFA14F9ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" targetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB1571E2150CACDFA14F9ED" blockId="11.[113,1459,1510,1591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E2150CACDFF70FA25" bold="true" box="[115,215,1510,1534]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E204ECACDFDA0FA25" box="[365,519,1510,1534]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E204ECACDFDA0FA25" box="[365,519,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB1571E237ECACCFCAFFA25" box="[605,776,1510,1534]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aiereba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB1571E237ECACCFCAFFA25" box="[605,776,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paratrygon aiereba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719206FCE0EFD99FEE4" blockId="12.[332,574,293,319]" box="[332,574,293,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719206FCE0EFD99FEE4" bold="true" box="[332,574,293,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Character descriptions</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921A2CE67FD6FFE19" blockId="12.[129,778,332,450]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The descriptions of 60 newly proposed morphological characters based on the anatomy of the neurocranium, 15 of them consisting of multistate ordered characters, is given below. Characters are organized by regions of the neurocranium.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719205ECECAFDAAFE20" blockId="12.[381,525,481,507]" box="[381,525,481,507]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719205ECECAFDAAFE20" box="[381,525,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ethmoid region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921B8CD0CFD07FDE4" blockId="12.[155,672,551,575]" box="[155,672,551,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
1.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921E8CD0CFD07FDE4" bold="true" box="[203,672,551,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rostral projection: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921A2CD4DFEABFC4C" blockId="12.[128,778,614,920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192185CD4DFEA1FDA6" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[166,262,614,637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192185CD4DFEA1FDA6" box="[166,262,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571920BCCD4DFDBEFDA5" box="[415,537,614,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571920BCCD4DFDBEFDA5" box="[415,537,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192340CD4DFD7FFDA5" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[611,728,614,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192340CD4DFD7FFDA5" box="[611,728,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the neurocranium does not present an anteromedian rostral projection (0). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192008CD8EFE1FFD67" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[299,440,677,700]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192008CD8EFE1FFD67" box="[299,440,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the rostral projection is polymorphic, with the majority of the species lacking this structure, while the rostral projection is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719235ECDCFFF7CFCC1" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marquesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719235ECDCFFF7CFCC1" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon marquesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571921D3CC28FE74FCC1" box="[240,467,771,794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921D3CC28FE74FCC1" box="[240,467,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon signata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719233ECC28FCAEFCC0" box="[541,777,771,795]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719233ECC28FCAEFCC0" box="[541,777,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571921C5CC08FEF2FCE1" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[230,341,803,826]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921C5CC08FEF2FCE1" box="[230,341,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a small chondrified rostral projection is present in-between the anterior margin of the nasal capsules (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB65719219BCC4AFEA0FCA2" box="[184,263,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192036CC4AFE96FCA2" box="[277,305,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB6571921A2CCABFEA2FC43" author="Rosa RS" box="[129,261,896,920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19782" refString="Rosa RS. A Systematic Revision of the South American Freshwater Stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) (Batoidei, Myliobatiformes, Phylogeny, Biogeography). Williamsburg, Virginia: The College of William and Mary, 1985." type="book" year="1985">Rosa (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921B8CC94FF58FBCE" blockId="12.[155,778,958,1045]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
2.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921E8CC94FF58FBCE" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nasal septum; width: (0) one-sixth the width of the nasal aperture; (1) half the width of the nasal aperture.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921A2CB17FDD6FB2B" blockId="12.[127,778,1084,1265]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571921B9CB17FF5FFB88" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[154,248,1084,1107]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921B9CB17FF5FFB88" box="[154,248,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192054CB16FDA6FB8F" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[375,513,1085,1108]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192054CB16FDA6FB8F" box="[375,513,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192316CB17FD0BFB8F" box="[565,684,1084,1108]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192316CB17FD0BFB8F" box="[565,684,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal septum, which divides the two nasal capsules medially, is one-sixth the width of the nasal aperture (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192308CB50FDC3FB48" box="[555,612,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571923B4CB50FCADFB48" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[663,778,1147,1171]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571923B4CB50FCADFB48" box="[663,778,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192192CBB0FEBAFB69" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[177,285,1179,1202]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192192CBB0FEBAFB69" box="[177,285,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal septum is wider and about half the width of the nasal aperture (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571920E7CB92FE5BFB0A" box="[452,508,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB65719201ACBF2FDCCFB2A" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" box="[313,619,1241,1265]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921B8CA3CFDA8FA94" blockId="12.[155,777,1303,1359]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
3.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921E8CA3CFDA8FA94" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condyles on the anterior margin of the nasal capsules: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921A2CA5DFF56F9F1" blockId="12.[129,778,1397,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719218FCA5DFEADFA56" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[172,266,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719218FCA5DFEADFA56" box="[172,266,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719208ECA5DFD90FA56" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[429,567,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719208ECA5DFD90FA56" box="[429,567,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192372CA5EFD6FFA56" box="[593,712,1397,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192372CA5EFD6FFA56" box="[593,712,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571921A2CABEFF4AFA77" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[129,237,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921A2CABEFF4AFA77" box="[129,237,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal capsules do not bear condyles on their anterior margin (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192061CA9FFED9FA17" box="[322,382,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571920A9CA9FFE30FA17" box="[394,407,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192080CA9FFE18FA17" box="[419,447,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571920E9CA9FFE42FA17" box="[458,485,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719233ACA9FFD2BFA17" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[537,652,1460,1484]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719233ACA9FFD2BFA17" box="[537,652,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior margin of the nasal capsules has two pairs of condyles for the articulation with the distal segment of the propterygium (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571923C3CAD8FF39F9F1" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192189C939FF6FF9F1" box="[170,200,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571921F7C939FF46F9F2" box="[212,225,1554,1577]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,823,847]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,146,788]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[194,1378,144,795]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai in frontal view.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445505/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921B8C97AFED3F91C" blockId="12.[155,777,1616,1735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
4.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921E8C97BFED3F91C" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage; position: (0) anteroventral in relation to the preorbital process; (1) ventral in relation to the preorbital process.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB6571921A2C9C5FE61F879" blockId="12.[128,779,1773,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719218FC9C5FEADF8DE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[172,266,1774,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719218FC9C5FEADF8DE" box="[172,266,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719208EC9C6FD83F8DE" box="[429,548,1773,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719208EC9C6FD83F8DE" box="[429,548,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719231DC9C5FD6FF8DE" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[574,712,1774,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719231DC9C5FD6FF8DE" box="[574,712,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571921A2C826FF53F8FE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,244,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571921A2C826FF53F8FE" box="[129,244,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is anteroventral in relation to the preorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571921A8C860FF6FF8B8" box="[139,200,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571921F0C860FF56F8B8" box="[211,241,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192007C867FE37F8B8" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[292,400,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192007C867FE37F8B8" box="[292,400,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is ventral and vertically aligned to the preorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB65719204CC8A1FE11F879" box="[367,438,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB657192277CFBBFAE9FF1C" blockId="12.[852,1474,144,199]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
5.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922A7CFBBFAE9FF1C" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage; shape: (0) bean-shaped; (1) round.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719221ACFC5FB19FDDA" blockId="12.[825,1475,238,513]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192274CFC5FC12FEDE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[855,949,238,261]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192274CFC5FC12FEDE" box="[855,949,238,261]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192545CFC4FB75FEDD" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1126,1234,239,262]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192545CFC4FB75FEDD" box="[1126,1234,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is nearly bean-shaped (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192256CE06FC6CFE9F" box="[885,971,300,325]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571922FDCE06FC5EFE9E" box="[990,1017,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192519CE06FB63FE9F" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1082,1220,301,324]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192519CE06FB63FE9F" box="[1082,1220,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571922FECE66FB71FEBF" box="[989,1238,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922FECE66FB71FEBF" box="[989,1238,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon brachyura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571925CBCE66FA1AFEBF" box="[1256,1469,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571925CBCE66FA1AFEBF" box="[1256,1469,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon histrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192245CE47FBE2FE58" box="[870,1093,363,387]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192245CE47FBE2FE58" box="[870,1093,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon orbignyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage being round in format, while it is bean-shaped on the remaining species (0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192403CE81FA30FE19" box="[1312,1431,426,450]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192403CE81FA30FE19" box="[1312,1431,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192219CEE2FC0AFE3A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[826,941,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192219CEE2FC0AFE3A" box="[826,941,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is rounded (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192519CEC2FB22FDDB" box="[1082,1157,488,513]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571925B3CEC2FB0AFDDA" box="[1168,1197,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB657192277CD0CFAF0FD84" blockId="12.[852,1474,551,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922A7CD0CFAF0FD84" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage; depression: (0) anterior; (1) dorsal.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719221ACDADFA85FC82" blockId="12.[825,1474,645,857]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192277CDADFC15FD46" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[852,946,646,669]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192277CDADFC15FD46" box="[852,946,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage has a depression on its anterior region (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192267CDEFFC28FD07" box="[836,911,708,732]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571922E7CDEEFBE9FD07" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[964,1102,709,732]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922E7CDEEFBE9FD07" box="[964,1102,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic (0,1), with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192253CDCFFBD2FD20" box="[880,1141,740,763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pantanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192253CDCFFBD2FD20" box="[880,1141,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon pantanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bearing a dorsal depression on the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192218CC08FC00FCE1" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[827,935,803,826]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192218CC08FC00FCE1" box="[827,935,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the depression is dorsal on the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571925E8CC6AFAB6FC82" box="[1227,1297,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB657192277CCABFBCEFC2D" blockId="12.[852,1474,896,1014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
7.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922A7CCABFBCEFC2D" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Antorbital cartilage; length: (0) half the width of the nasal capsules; (1) one-third the width of the nasal capsules; (2) a quarter the width of the nasal capsules [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719221ACB36FB49FAD4" blockId="12.[825,1474,1053,1296]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719227ECB36FC1CFBEF" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[861,955,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719227ECB36FC1CFBEF" box="[861,955,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719255ECB36FB53FBEE" box="[1149,1268,1053,1077]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719255ECB36FB53FBEE" box="[1149,1268,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the length of the antorbital cartilage is one-third the width of the pair of nasal capsules (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571922E9CB70FBA0FBA8" box="[970,1031,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192537CB70FB86FBA8" box="[1044,1057,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192574CB77FB46FBA8" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1111,1249,1116,1139]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192574CB77FB46FBA8" box="[1111,1249,1116,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the antorbital cartilage can be both half or one-third the width of the nasal capsules (0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192402CBB1FA33FB69" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1313,1428,1178,1202]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192402CBB1FA33FB69" box="[1313,1428,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719221ACB91FC02FB0A" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[825,933,1210,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719221ACB91FC02FB0A" box="[825,933,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antorbital length is a quarter the width of the pair of nasal capsules (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192501CBF2FBC7FB2A" box="[1058,1120,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB65719254ECBF2FBDDFB2A" box="[1133,1146,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB657192295CBD3FB4FFACB" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" box="[950,1256,1272,1296]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB657192277CA1CFA65FA94" blockId="12.[852,1474,1334,1359]" box="[852,1474,1334,1359]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
8.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922A7CA1DFA65FA94" bold="true" box="[900,1474,1334,1359]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Antorbital cartilage foramen: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719221ACA5DFAFDFA17" blockId="12.[825,1475,1397,1484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192272CA5DFC0AFA56" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[849,941,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192272CA5DFC0AFA56" box="[849,941,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192507CA5DFB0CFA56" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1060,1195,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192507CA5DFB0CFA56" box="[1060,1195,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192596CA5EFA8EFA56" box="[1205,1321,1397,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192596CA5EFA8EFA56" box="[1205,1321,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192476CA5DFA18FA56" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1365,1471,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192476CA5DFA18FA56" box="[1365,1471,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antorbital cartilage foramen is absent (0). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719240ECABEFA3AFA76" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1325,1437,1429,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719240ECABEFA3AFA76" box="[1325,1437,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antorbital cartilage is pierced by a foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192430CA9FFAEDFA10" box="[1299,1354,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,823,847]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,146,788]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[194,1378,144,795]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai in frontal view.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445505/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB657192277CAD8FBCCF992" blockId="12.[852,1474,1522,1609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
9.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922A7CAD8FBCCF992" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nasal capsules in relation to the basicranium; angulation in lateral view: (0) 170°; (1) 130°; (2) 100° [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB65719221AC95BFA0EF879" blockId="12.[824,1476,1648,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192274C95BFC13F95C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[855,948,1648,1671]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192274C95BFC13F95C" box="[855,948,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the nasal capsules are curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 130° in relation to the basicranium (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB65719224EC984FC73F91C" box="[877,980,1710,1735]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192524C984FB28F91D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1031,1167,1711,1734]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192524C984FB28F91D" box="[1031,1167,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192279C9E4FB92F93D" box="[858,1077,1742,1766]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scobina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192279C9E4FB92F93D" box="[858,1077,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Potamotrygon scobina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal capsules form an angle of nearly 170°, while in the remaining species this angle is closer to 130° (0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB6571922ECC826FBE3F8FE" box="[975,1092,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB6571922ECC826FBE3F8FE" box="[975,1092,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal capsules are slightly curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 170° in relation to the basicranium (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB6571922DBC860FBE4F8B8" box="[1016,1091,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB65719255CC867FB4DF8B8" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1151,1258,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB65719255CC867FB4DF8B8" box="[1151,1258,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB657192406C860FA31F8B8" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1317,1430,1867,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB657192406C860FA31F8B8" box="[1317,1430,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nasal capsules are considerably curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 100° in relation to the basicranium (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB657192441C8A1FA3EF879" box="[1378,1433,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB7571821AFCFBBFDACFF1C" blockId="13.[140,762,144,199]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
10.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718219FCFBBFDACFF1C" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Preorbital process; orientation: (0) posteriorly curved; (1) laterally projected.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182152CFC5FD15FEBF" blockId="13.[113,763,238,356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821AFCFC5FF4DFEDE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[140,234,238,261]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821AFCFC5FF4DFEDE" box="[140,234,238,261]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571820B3CFC4FDBDFEDD" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[400,538,239,262]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571820B3CFC4FDBDFEDD" box="[400,538,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process is curved posteriorly (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571820ABCE26FE5EFEFE" box="[392,505,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182324CE26FDE1FEFE" box="[519,582,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718235DCE26FD52FEFE" box="[638,757,269,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718235DCE26FD52FEFE" box="[638,757,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182152CE06FF43FE9E" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[113,228,301,325]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182152CE06FF43FE9E" box="[113,228,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182002CE06FE2AFE9F" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[289,397,301,324]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182002CE06FE2AFE9F" box="[289,397,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process extends laterally without curving posteriorly (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182323CE67FDECFEBF" box="[512,587,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182376CE67FDD5FEBF" box="[597,626,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718235FCE67FD2EFEBF" box="[636,649,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571823B7CE67FD06FEBF" box="[660,673,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB7571821AFCEA0FD71FDA5" blockId="13.[140,763,394,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
11.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718219FCEA1FD71FDA5" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Preorbital process; lateral extension in relation to the nasal capsules: (0) preorbital process extends laterally beyond the longitudinal line with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules; (1) preorbital process extends laterally and is longitudinally aligned with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules; (2) preorbital process fails to reach the longitudinal line with lateral margin of the nasal capsules [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182152CD8EFEE2FBCE" blockId="13.[111,763,677,1045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821A8CD8EFF4EFD67" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[139,233,677,700]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821A8CD8EFF4EFD67" box="[139,233,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571820AECD8EFE5EFD67" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[397,505,677,700]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571820AECD8EFE5EFD67" box="[397,505,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process extends laterally beyond the longitudinal line with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718205ECDC8FE4DFD20" box="[381,490,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571820D5CDC8FDB6FD20" box="[502,529,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182365CDCFFD77FD20" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[582,720,740,763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182365CDCFFD77FD20" box="[582,720,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic, with the preorbital process extending laterally beyond or aligned with the longitudinal line with lateral margin of the preorbital process (0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718233ACC6AFD37FC82" box="[537,656,833,857]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718233ACC6AFD37FC82" box="[537,656,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the preorbital process extends laterally and is longitudinally aligned with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718215FCCB4FF64FC6C" box="[124,195,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821D5CCB4FECEFC6C" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[246,361,927,951]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821D5CCB4FECEFC6C" box="[246,361,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital process fails to reach the longitudinal line with the lateral limit of the nasal capsules (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718215FCCF5FF60FC2D" box="[124,199,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB7571823B8CCF5FE98FBCE" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB7571821AFCB17FDB3FB69" blockId="13.[140,763,1084,1202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
12.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718219FCB17FDB3FB69" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Precerebral fontanelle; development in relation to the frontoparietal fontanelle: (0) at least one-third wider than the frontoparietal fontanelle; (1) as wide as the frontoparietal fontanelle.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182152CBF2FE75FAB5" blockId="13.[113,762,1241,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821BECBF2FF5CFB2B" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821BECBF2FF5CFB2B" box="[157,251,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571820BDCBF2FD8FFB2B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[414,552,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571820BDCBF2FD8FFB2B" box="[414,552,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182361CBF2FD1EFB2A" box="[578,697,1241,1265]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182361CBF2FD1EFB2A" box="[578,697,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182152CBD2FF7AFACB" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[113,221,1273,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182152CBD2FF7AFACB" box="[113,221,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the precerebral component of the fontanelle is at least one-third wider than the frontoparietal component (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718215FCA1CFF1DFA94" box="[124,186,1335,1359]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571821E4CA1CFF45FA94" box="[199,226,1335,1359]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718203ACA1CFE2BFA94" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[281,396,1335,1359]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718203ACA1CFE2BFA94" box="[281,396,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both components of the fontanelle have the same width (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718205ACA7DFE65FAB5" box="[377,450,1366,1390]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB7571821AFCABEFE84FA17" blockId="13.[140,762,1428,1484]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
13.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718219FCABEFE84FA17" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Precerebral fontanelle; shape: (0) rounded; (1) elliptical.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182152CAD8FD50F91D" blockId="13.[113,762,1523,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821BACAD8FF50F9D1" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[153,247,1523,1546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821BACAD8FF50F9D1" box="[153,247,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571820B7CAD8FDACF9D0" box="[404,523,1523,1547]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571820B7CAD8FDACF9D0" box="[404,523,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182378CAD8FD60F9D1" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[603,711,1523,1546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182378CAD8FD60F9D1" box="[603,711,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the precerebral fontanelle is as wide as it is long, being rounded in shape (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182025C91AFEE2F992" box="[262,325,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182071C91AFECAF992" box="[338,365,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182087C919FD89F992" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[420,558,1586,1609]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182087C919FD89F992" box="[420,558,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182353C919FF75F9B2" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182353C919FF75F9B2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon schroederi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an elliptical precerebral fontanelle (0,1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182152C95BFF43F953" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[113,228,1648,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182152C95BFF43F953" box="[113,228,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the precerebral fontanelle is anteroposteriorly elongated, with its width about half its length (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718231BC9A4FD27F97C" box="[568,640,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB7571820E3C984FD56F91C" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" box="[448,753,1711,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB7571821AFC9C6FD32F8DE" blockId="13.[140,661,1773,1797]" box="[140,661,1773,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
14.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718219FC9C6FD32F8DE" bold="true" box="[188,661,1773,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Epiphysial process: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182152C807FDFFF879" blockId="13.[113,763,1836,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571821AFC807FF4DF898" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[140,234,1836,1859]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571821AFC807FF4DF898" box="[140,234,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the epiphysial process is absent (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571823F7C807FF37F8B8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In all members of Potmotrygoninae, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182348C867FD52F8B8" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[619,757,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182348C867FD52F8B8" box="[619,757,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182152C840FF4FF858" box="[113,232,1899,1923]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182152C840FF4FF858" box="[113,232,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182020C840FEC8F859" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[259,367,1899,1922]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182020C840FEC8F859" box="[259,367,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571820E6C840FD9FF858" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[453,568,1899,1923]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571820E6C840FD9FF858" box="[453,568,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the chondrified epiphysial process is present (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571820EBC8A1FD88F87A" box="[456,559,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182319C8A1FDE0F879" box="[570,583,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182266CFBBFB2BFEFE" blockId="13.[837,1459,144,293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
15.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182256CFBBFB2BFEFE" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Epiphysial process; development: (0) with one-third the length of the supraorbital process; (1) with the same length of the supraorbital process; (2) one-third longer than the length of the supraorbital process [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182209CE67FB32FDA5" blockId="13.[810,1460,332,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182268CE67FC64FEBF" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[843,963,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182268CE67FC64FEBF" box="[843,963,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphysial bar is short, with about one-third the length of the supraorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182472CE40FA06FE58" box="[1361,1441,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718226DCEA0FC18FE79" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[846,959,395,418]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718226DCEA0FC18FE79" box="[846,959,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphysial bar extends medially having the same length of the supraorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571824A8CE81FCE0FE3A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571822A6CEE2FBA5FE3A" box="[901,1026,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571822A6CEE2FBA5FE3A" box="[901,1026,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphyseal bar is one-third longer than the length of the supraorbital process (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182471CEC2FA05FDDA" box="[1362,1442,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182273CD22FC47FDFB" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[848,992,521,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182273CD22FC47FDFB" box="[848,992,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic, with all three character states occurring among the species (0,1,2) (Supporting Information, Files S3, S4). This character is inapplicable for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571822E1CD4DFB82FDA6" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[962,1061,614,637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571822E1CD4DFB82FDA6" box="[962,1061,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182515CD4DFB23FDA5" box="[1078,1156,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182266CD8EFAA0FD07" blockId="13.[837,1459,676,732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
16.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182256CD8FFAA0FD07" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Epiphysial process; orientation: (0) medially projected; (1) anteromedially projected.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182209CC28FB95FC4C" blockId="13.[809,1459,771,920]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182272CC28FC63FCC0" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[849,964,771,795]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182272CC28FC63FCC0" box="[849,964,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571822F9CC28FBF6FCC0" box="[986,1105,771,795]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571822F9CC28FBF6FCC0" box="[986,1105,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571825BECC28FAAEFCC1" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1181,1289,771,794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571825BECC28FAAEFCC1" box="[1181,1289,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphysial bar is oriented medially (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182541CC09FB0AFCE1" box="[1122,1197,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182598CC09FB6FFCE1" box="[1211,1224,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182423CC08FA2DFCE1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1280,1418,803,826]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182423CC08FA2DFCE1" box="[1280,1418,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the epiphysial bar can be anteromedially or medially oriented (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB757182216CC4AFCDAFCA2" box="[821,893,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Files S3, S4). This character is inapplicable for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571822EDCCABFB8BFC4C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[974,1068,896,919]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571822EDCCABFB8BFC4C" box="[974,1068,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182534CC9CFB61FC0A" blockId="13.[1047,1222,951,977]" box="[1047,1222,951,977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182534CC9CFB61FC0A" box="[1047,1222,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dorsal optic region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182266CCD6FBC2FB49" blockId="13.[837,1459,1021,1170]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
17.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182256CCD6FBC2FB49" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Frontoparietal fontanelle; width in relation to the neurocranium: (0) one-third the width of the neurocranium on its anteriormost portion; (1) a quarter the width of the neurocranium on its anteriormost portion.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182209CB91FC75FA10" blockId="13.[810,1460,1209,1484]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182269CB91FC0FFB0A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[842,936,1210,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182269CB91FC0FFB0A" box="[842,936,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718257DCB92FB72FB0A" box="[1118,1237,1209,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718257DCB92FB72FB0A" box="[1118,1237,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior portion of the frontoparietal fontanelle is one-third the width of the neurocranium (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB7571822DFCBD3FB9FFACB" box="[1020,1080,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182552CBD2FB7AFACB" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1137,1245,1273,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182552CBD2FB7AFACB" box="[1137,1245,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182435CBD3FA2EFACB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1302,1417,1272,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182435CBD3FA2EFACB" box="[1302,1417,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the width of the frontoparietal fontanelle is a quarter the width of the neurocranium (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718253DCA1CFBC2FA94" box="[1054,1125,1335,1359]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571825B9CA1CFA83FA95" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1178,1316,1335,1358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571825B9CA1CFA83FA95" box="[1178,1316,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the width of the frontoparietal fontanelle can be one-third or a quarter the width of the neurocranium (0,1). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB757182405CABEFC6BFA17" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182266CAD8FBD2F9B3" blockId="13.[837,1459,1522,1641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
18.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182256CAD9FBD2F9B3" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Frontoparietal fontanelle; ratio between anterior and posterior regions: (0) anterior region 1.5 times wider than its posterior portion; (1) anterior region as wide as its posterior portion.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB757182209C9BBFCDDF87A" blockId="13.[810,1459,1679,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB75718226BC9BBFC01F97C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[840,934,1680,1703]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB75718226BC9BBFC01F97C" box="[840,934,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182576C9A4FB6BF97C" box="[1109,1228,1679,1703]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182576C9A4FB6BF97C" box="[1109,1228,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior region of the frontoparietal fontanelle is around 1.5 times wider than its posterior region (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718252AC9E5FBC8F93D" box="[1033,1135,1742,1766]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182581C9E5FAB2F93D" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1186,1301,1742,1766]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182581C9E5FAB2F93D" box="[1186,1301,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB757182464C9E4FA14F93D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1351,1459,1743,1766]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB757182464C9E4FA14F93D" box="[1351,1459,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior and posterior portions of the frontoparietal fontanelle have the same width (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB75718254CC826FB0FF8FE" box="[1135,1192,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB7571825FFC826FAC1F8FF" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1244,1382,1805,1828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB7571825FFC826FAC1F8FF" box="[1244,1382,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior portion of the frontoparietal fontanelle can be 1.5 times wider or may have the same width as its posterior portion (0,1). This character was previously explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B5BFFB7571825F2C840FCD3F879" author="Carvalho MR & Lovejoy NR" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="13 - 48" refId="ref17345" refString="Carvalho MR, Lovejoy NR. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 2011; 2776: 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21B8CFBBFE6CFF1C" blockId="14.[155,778,144,199]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
19.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21E8CFBBFE6CFF1C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Frontoparietal fontanelle; midportion constriction: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21A2CFC5FE4FFE3A" blockId="14.[128,778,238,481]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21BECFC5FF5CFEDE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,238,261]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21BECFC5FF5CFEDE" box="[157,251,238,261]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B208ACFC5FD87FEDD" box="[425,544,238,262]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B208ACFC5FD87FEDD" box="[425,544,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the frontoparietal fontanelle has no constriction on its midlength (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B23A8CE26FD5EFEFE" box="[651,761,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21F4CE06FE08FE9E" box="[215,431,301,325]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21F4CE06FEC6FE9F" box="[215,353,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the frontoparietal fontanelle has a midlength extension of the neurocranium ceiling forming a constriction, resulting in an hourglass-like outline of the fontanelle, while other species lack such constriction, making this character polymorphic (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B206CCE81FE30FE19" box="[335,407,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is coded as inapplicable for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21F1CEE2FEE2FE3A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[210,325,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21F1CEE2FEE2FE3A" box="[210,325,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2055CEE1FE4FFE3A" box="[374,488,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2055CEE1FE42FE3A" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[374,485,458,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paratrygon</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21B8CD23FD89FD84" blockId="14.[155,778,520,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
20.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21E8CD23FD89FD84" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Supraorbital crest; development: (0) with one-fifth or less the width of the supraorbital process; (1) as wide as the supraorbital process.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21A2CDADFEF9FC82" blockId="14.[129,778,645,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B218FCDADFEADFD46" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[172,266,646,669]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B218FCDADFEADFD46" box="[172,266,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B208ECDADFD90FD46" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[429,567,646,669]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B208ECDADFD90FD46" box="[429,567,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2372CDAEFD6FFD46" box="[593,712,645,669]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2372CDAEFD6FFD46" box="[593,712,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21A2CD8EFF4AFD67" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[129,237,677,700]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21A2CD8EFF4AFD67" box="[129,237,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the supraorbital crest is about one-fifth or less the width of the supraorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B21A8CDC8FF6CFD20" box="[139,203,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B21FACDC8FF52FD20" box="[217,245,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2020CDC8FEB7FD20" box="[259,272,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[116,1454,949,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-42@9.[114,1458,923,1711]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Potamotrygon albimaculata (B) in anterior oblique views. A1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai on anterior and posterior regions. B1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Potamotrygon albimaculata on anterior and posterior regions.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; epp, epiphyseal process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; oc, occipital condyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sor, supraotic ridge; sp, supraorbital process; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; II, optic nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445507/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</figureCitation>
|
||
) (Supporting Information, Files S1–S4, S6). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21A2CC28FF53FCC0" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,244,771,795]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21A2CC28FF53FCC0" box="[129,244,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the supraorbital crest is clearly developed, being as wide as the supraorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B20D8CC09FDE0FCE1" box="[507,583,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2370CC09FDD6FCE1" box="[595,625,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B235FCC09FD2EFCE1" box="[636,649,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[116,1454,949,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-42@9.[114,1458,923,1711]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Potamotrygon albimaculata (B) in anterior oblique views. A1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Heliotrygon rosai on anterior and posterior regions. B1, anterior view of the cutting section dividing the neurocranium of Potamotrygon albimaculata on anterior and posterior regions.Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; epp, epiphyseal process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; oc, occipital condyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sor, supraotic ridge; sp, supraorbital process; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; II, optic nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445507/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21B8CCABFE8DFC6C" blockId="14.[155,777,896,951]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
21.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21E8CCABFE8DFC6C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Postorbital process; distal margin: (0) straight; (1) concave.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21A2CCF5FD27FB8F" blockId="14.[129,777,990,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B218FCCF5FEADFC2E" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[172,266,990,1013]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B218FCCF5FEADFC2E" box="[172,266,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B208ECCF4FD90FC2D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[429,567,991,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B208ECCF4FD90FC2D" box="[429,567,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2372CCF5FD6FFC2D" box="[593,712,990,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2372CCF5FD6FFC2D" box="[593,712,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21A2CCD5FF4AFBCE" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[129,237,1022,1045]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21A2CCD5FF4AFBCE" box="[129,237,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal margin of the postorbital process has a straight outline (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2077CB36FE28FBEE" box="[340,399,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B20B9CB36FE12FBEE" box="[410,437,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B20C4CB36FDFDFBEE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[487,602,1053,1077]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B20C4CB36FDFDFBEE" box="[487,602,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal margin of the postorbital process is concave (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2304CB17FDC8FB8F" box="[551,623,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21B8CB50FD21FAF4" blockId="14.[155,779,1146,1327]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
22.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21E8CB51FD21FAF4" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Postorbital process; width of its distal margin in relation to its proximal region: (0) its distal portion a quarter narrower in relation to its proximal region; (1) its distal portion a quarter wider than its proximal region; (2) its distal portion with twice the width of its proximal region [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21A2CA7DFD77F9B2" blockId="14.[128,778,1366,1641]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21BECA7DFF5CFAB6" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,1366,1389]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21BECA7DFF5CFAB6" box="[157,251,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B208BCA7CFDB3FAB5" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[424,532,1367,1390]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B208BCA7CFDB3FAB5" box="[424,532,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal margin of the postorbital process is nearly a quarter wider than its proximal region (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B21C8CABEFE9BFA76" box="[235,316,1429,1453]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B206ACABEFEC3FA76" box="[329,356,1429,1453]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B20B9CABEFDAAFA76" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[410,525,1429,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B20B9CABEFDAAFA76" box="[410,525,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal margin of the postorbital process has twice the width of its proximal region (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2190CAF8FF5CFA30" box="[179,251,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2008CAF8FE05FA30" box="[299,418,1491,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2008CAF8FE05FA30" box="[299,418,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distal portion of the postorbital process is a quarter narrower in relation to its proximal region (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2190C939FF5FF9F1" box="[179,248,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is polymorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2377C938FD79F9F1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[596,734,1555,1578]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2377C938FD79F9F1" box="[596,734,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the distal margin of the postorbital process can be both a quarter narrower or a quarter wider than its proximal region (0,1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21B8C9A4FED3F8DE" blockId="14.[155,777,1679,1797]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
23.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21E8C9A4FED3F8DE" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Postorbital process; anterolateral extension: (0) surpassing anteriorly the lateral tip of the supraorbital process; (1) aligned with the lateral tip of the supraorbital process.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B21A2C807FBB8FE9E" blockId="14.[129,777,1836,1954]" lastBlockId="14.[825,1475,144,325]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2183C807FF59F898" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[160,254,1836,1859]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2183C807FF59F898" box="[160,254,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2097C806FD87F89F" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[436,544,1837,1860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2097C806FD87F89F" box="[436,544,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process extends anteriorly surpassing the lateral tip of the supraorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2340C840FD14F858" box="[611,691,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B23E3C840FD7CF858" box="[704,731,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B21A2C8A1FF5FF879" box="[129,248,1930,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B21A2C8A1FF5FF879" box="[129,248,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2015C8A1FE0EF879" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[310,425,1930,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2015C8A1FE0EF879" box="[310,425,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process is horizontally aligned with the lateral tip of the supraorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B25A9CF84FB7FFF1C" box="[1162,1240,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B25C6CF84FAA4FF1C" box="[1253,1283,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B241BCF9BFA65FF1C" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1336,1474,176,199]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B241BCF9BFA65FF1C" box="[1336,1474,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic. In some species the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process surpasses the lateral tip of the supraorbital process, while in others it is horizontally aligned with it (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22E5CE06FBA8FE9E" box="[966,1039,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B2277CE40FC73FDDA" blockId="14.[852,1476,363,513]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
24.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22A7CE40FC73FDDA" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Supraorbital process; length: (0) with one-fifth the length of the postorbital process; (1) with one-third the length of the postorbital process; (2) with half the length of the postorbital process [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B221ACD03FB8AFCC0" blockId="14.[825,1474,551,795]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B227BCD03FC11FDE4" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[856,950,552,575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B227BCD03FC11FDE4" box="[856,950,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B254ACD0CFB47FDE4" box="[1129,1248,551,575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B254ACD0CFB47FDE4" box="[1129,1248,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the supraorbital process corresponds to one-third the length of the postorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22BCCD4DFBAFFDA5" box="[927,1032,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B251DCD4CFB0DFDA5" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1086,1194,615,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B251DCD4CFB0DFDA5" box="[1086,1194,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the supraorbital process is shorter, corresponding to one-fifth the length of the postorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B229DCD8EFBA3FD66" box="[958,1028,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2515CD8EFB0EFD66" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1078,1193,677,701]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2515CD8EFB0EFD66" box="[1078,1193,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral projection of the supraorbital process is half the length of its postorbital process (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B224ECDC8FC10FD20" box="[877,951,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B22C8CDCFFBD2FD20" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1003,1141,740,763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22C8CDCFFBD2FD20" box="[1003,1141,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the three character states can be found (0,1,2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22F7CC28FBBBFCC0" box="[980,1052,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B2277CC6AFB7DFCA3" blockId="14.[852,1474,833,889]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
25.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22A7CC6AFB7DFCA3" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Supraorbital process; orientation: (0) anterolaterally oriented; (1) laterally oriented.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B221ACC8BFC73FBCE" blockId="14.[823,1474,927,1045]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2270CC8BFC16FC6C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[851,945,928,951]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2270CC8BFC16FC6C" box="[851,945,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the supraorbital process is anterolaterally oriented (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22E6CC94FBA9FC0C" box="[965,1038,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2518CC94FB62FC0D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1083,1221,959,982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2518CC94FB62FC0D" box="[1083,1221,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B25F3CC94FAE0FC0C" box="[1232,1351,959,983]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B25F3CC94FAE0FC0C" box="[1232,1351,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2473CC94FA1BFC0D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1360,1468,959,982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2473CC94FA1BFC0D" box="[1360,1468,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2246CCF5FC7FFC2D" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[869,984,990,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2246CCF5FC7FFC2D" box="[869,984,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the supraorbital process is laterally oriented (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2267CCD6FC0CFBCE" box="[836,939,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2295CCD6FC64FBCE" box="[950,963,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B2277CB17FAB7FACB" blockId="14.[852,1476,1084,1296]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
26.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22A7CB17FAB7FACB" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Postorbital process; length: (0) its anterolateral portion failing to reach the longitudinal level of the lateral tip of the preorbital process; (1) its anterolateral portion longitudinally aligned with the lateral tip of the preorbital process; (2) its anterolateral portion extending laterally beyond the lateral tip of the preorbital process [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B221ACA1CFBBCF992" blockId="14.[825,1474,1335,1609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2243CA1CFC18FA95" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[864,959,1335,1358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2243CA1CFC18FA95" box="[864,959,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B25A8CA1CFB58FA94" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1163,1279,1335,1359]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B25A8CA1CFB58FA94" box="[1163,1279,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterolateral edge of the postorbital process is longitudinally aligned with the lateral tip of the preorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2437CA5EFAC1FA56" box="[1300,1382,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2457CA5EFA35FA56" box="[1396,1426,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B221ACABEFC63FA77" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[825,964,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B221ACABEFC63FA77" box="[825,964,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterolateral edge of the postorbital process may be longitudinally aligned with the lateral tip of the preorbital process or may fail to reach its lateral extension (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2267CAD8FC2AF9D0" box="[836,909,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B229ECAD8FB92F9D0" box="[957,1077,1523,1547]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B229ECAD8FB92F9D0" box="[957,1077,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2545CAD8FB73F9D1" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1126,1236,1523,1546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2545CAD8FB73F9D1" box="[1126,1236,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the postorbital process extends laterally beyond the lateral edge of the preorbital process (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22BFC91AFC43F992" box="[924,996,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B22CCC91AFBADF992" box="[1007,1034,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B2277C95BFB10F97C" blockId="14.[852,1474,1648,1703]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
27.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22A7C95BFB10F97C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Posterior margin of postorbital process; shape: (0) slightly convex; (1) straight.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB4571B221AC9E5FC3AF879" blockId="14.[825,1476,1742,1954]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2275C9E5FC13F93E" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[854,948,1742,1765]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2275C9E5FC13F93E" box="[854,948,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the posterior margin of the postorbital process is slightly convex near its distal portion (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2446C9C6FA16F8DE" box="[1381,1457,1773,1797]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2242C826FC7FF8FE" box="[865,984,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2242C826FC7FF8FE" box="[865,984,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B22D3C826FBFBF8FF" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1008,1116,1805,1828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B22D3C826FBFBF8FF" box="[1008,1116,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B258EC826FA87F8FE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1197,1312,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B258EC826FA87F8FE" box="[1197,1312,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior margin of the postorbital process is straight (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2413C807FADBF89F" box="[1328,1404,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B24ABC807FA32F89F" box="[1416,1429,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB4571B2219C867FC63F8B8" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[826,964,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB4571B2219C867FC63F8B8" box="[826,964,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and can be slightly convex or, as in most of the species here observed, straight (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB4571B2267C8A1FC2AF879" box="[836,909,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFCFBBFED1FF1C" blockId="15.[140,762,144,199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
28.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FCFBBFED1FF1C" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Postorbital process; angle in relation to the otic wall: (0) 120°; (1) 90°.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152CFC5FE82FE58" blockId="15.[113,762,238,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A21BECFC5FF5CFEDE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,238,261]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A21BECFC5FF5CFEDE" box="[157,251,238,261]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20BDCFC4FD8FFEDD" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[414,552,239,262]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20BDCFC4FD8FFEDD" box="[414,552,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2361CFC5FD1EFEDD" box="[578,697,238,262]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2361CFC5FD1EFEDD" box="[578,697,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152CE25FF7AFEFE" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[113,221,270,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152CE25FF7AFEFE" box="[113,221,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the angle of the postorbital process in relation to the otic wall is nearly 120° (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A20B3CE06FE6BFE9E" box="[400,460,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A20FBCE06FE54FE9E" box="[472,499,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2306CE06FD3FFE9E" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[549,664,301,325]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2306CE06FD3FFE9E" box="[549,664,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the angle of the postorbital process in relation to the otic wall is close to 90° (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A21EFCE40FEB3FE58" box="[204,276,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2057CE88FE50FE66" blockId="15.[372,503,419,445]" box="[372,503,419,445]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2057CE88FE50FE66" box="[372,503,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Orbital region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFCEC2FEB3FDFB" blockId="15.[140,762,488,544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
29.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FCEC2FEB3FDFB" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Foramen for preorbital canal; number: (0) two; (1) one.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152CD6CFD68FD66" blockId="15.[113,762,583,701]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A21BECD6CFF5CFD85" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,583,606]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A21BECD6CFF5CFD85" box="[157,251,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20BDCD6CFD8FFD85" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[414,552,583,606]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20BDCD6CFD8FFD85" box="[414,552,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2361CD6CFD1EFD84" box="[578,697,583,607]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2361CD6CFD1EFD84" box="[578,697,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152CD4CFF7AFDA5" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[113,221,615,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152CD4CFF7AFDA5" box="[113,221,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there are two foramina for the preorbital canal (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A215FCDAEFF1FFD46" box="[124,184,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A21E7CDAEFF78FD46" box="[196,223,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2031CDAEFE22FD46" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[274,389,645,669]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2031CDAEFE22FD46" box="[274,389,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is a single foramen for the preorbital canal(1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2001CD8EFECCFD66" box="[290,363,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFCDC8FDD5FCE1" blockId="15.[140,762,739,826]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
30.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FCDC8FDD5FCE1" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anterior foramen for preorbital canal; position: (0) anteroventral to the preorbital process; (1) posteroventral to the preorbital process.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152CC4AFD55FBEE" blockId="15.[112,762,865,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A21ACCC4AFF4AFCA3" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[143,237,865,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A21ACCC4AFF4AFCA3" box="[143,237,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2055CC4AFDA7FCA3" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[374,512,865,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2055CC4AFDA7FCA3" box="[374,512,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A231FCC4AFD0FFCA3" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[572,680,865,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A231FCC4AFD0FFCA3" box="[572,680,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior foramen for preorbital canal opens ventrally, anterior to the base of the preorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2313CCB4FD06FC6C" box="[560,673,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2393CCB4FD6CFC6C" box="[688,715,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152CC94FF4FFC0C" box="[113,232,959,983]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152CC94FF4FFC0C" box="[113,232,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior foramen for preorbital canal opens ventrally, posterior to the base of the preorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2392CCF5FD54FC2D" box="[689,755,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, File S3).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20EBCCD6FD9CFBCE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[456,571,1021,1045]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20EBCCD6FD9CFBCE" box="[456,571,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single branch of the foramen for preorbital canal and is coded as inapplicable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFCB70FE6CFB69" blockId="15.[140,763,1115,1202]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
31.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FCB70FE6CFB69" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Posterior foramen for preorbital canal; position: (0) posterior to the preorbital process; (1) posteroventral to the preorbital process.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152CBF2FE13FA56" blockId="15.[113,762,1241,1421]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A21B1CBF2FF57FB2B" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[146,240,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A21B1CBF2FF57FB2B" box="[146,240,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is posterior to the preorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2358CBD3FD6EFACB" box="[635,713,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152CA33FF5CFAF4" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,251,1304,1327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152CA33FF5CFAF4" box="[113,251,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A202ECA3CFE23FAF4" box="[269,388,1303,1327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A202ECA3CFE23FAF4" box="[269,388,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20E4CA33FD94FAF4" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[455,563,1304,1327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20E4CA33FD94FAF4" box="[455,563,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is posteroventral to the preorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A21F5CA7DFEE6FAB6" box="[214,321,1366,1390]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A206DCA7DFECEFAB5" box="[334,361,1366,1390]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20A2CA7DFE53FAB5" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[385,500,1366,1390]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20A2CA7DFE53FAB5" box="[385,500,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks this foramen and is coded as inapplicable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2078CA5EFE04FA56" box="[347,419,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFCA9FFE43F9F1" blockId="15.[140,762,1460,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
32.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FCA9FFE43F9F1" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anterior cerebral vein foramen; position: (0) anterior, longitudinally aligned with the anterodorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen; (1) anterodorsal to the optic nerve foramen.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152C97AFF74F8DE" blockId="15.[113,762,1617,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2180C97AFEA6F9B3" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[163,257,1617,1640]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2180C97AFEA6F9B3" box="[163,257,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2091C97AFD82F9B2" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[434,549,1617,1641]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2091C97AFD82F9B2" box="[434,549,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2365C97AFD15F9B3" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[582,690,1617,1640]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2365C97AFD15F9B3" box="[582,690,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152C95AFF5CF953" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[113,251,1649,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152C95AFF5CF953" box="[113,251,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior cerebral vein foramen is anterior and at level with the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A215FC984FF49F91C" box="[124,238,1710,1735]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A21DEC984FEADF91C" box="[253,266,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2061C984FE1EF91C" box="[322,441,1711,1735]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2061C984FE1EF91C" box="[322,441,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior cerebral vein foramen is anterodorsal in relation to the optic nerve foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A215FC9C6FF65F8DE" box="[124,194,1773,1797]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A21AFC807FD6DF859" blockId="15.[140,764,1836,1923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
33.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A219FC807FD6DF859" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trochlear nerve foramen; position: (0) dorsal to the midportion of the optic nerve foramen; (1) dorsal to the posterior margin of the optic nerve foramen.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2152C881FAB2FF3C" blockId="15.[113,762,1961,2017]" lastBlockId="15.[810,1459,144,231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A21BEC881FF5CF81A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,251,1962,1985]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A21BEC881FF5CF81A" box="[157,251,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A20BDC881FD8FF81A" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[414,552,1962,1985]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A20BDC881FD8FF81A" box="[414,552,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2361C882FD1EF81A" box="[578,697,1961,1985]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2361C882FD1EF81A" box="[578,697,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2152C8E2FF43F83A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[113,228,1993,2017]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2152C8E2FF43F83A" box="[113,228,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the trochlear nerve foramen is dorsal to midportion of the optic nerve foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A255CCFBBFB1AFF73" box="[1151,1213,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A25E9CFBBFB4FFF73" box="[1226,1256,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A243DCFBAFA2DFF73" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1310,1418,145,168]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A243DCFBAFA2DFF73" box="[1310,1418,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the oculomotor nerve foramen is dorsal and closer to the posterior margin of the optic nerve foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A259DCFE4FAA2FF3C" box="[1214,1285,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2266CE26FB1CFE78" blockId="15.[837,1460,269,419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
34.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2256CE26FB1CFE78" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trochlear nerve foramen; distance from the optic nerve foramen: (0) less than half the height of the optic nerve foramen; (1) half the height of the optic nerve foramen; (2) the same height as the optic nerve foramen [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2209CEE1FAA0FCC0" blockId="15.[809,1461,457,795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2267CEE1FC06FE3A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[836,929,458,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2267CEE1FC06FE3A" box="[836,929,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2565CEE1FB16FE3A" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1094,1201,458,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2565CEE1FB16FE3A" box="[1094,1201,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen is less than half the height of the optic nerve foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2412CD23FADAFDFB" box="[1329,1405,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A24A4CD23FA05FDFB" box="[1415,1442,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2264CD0CFC1FFDE4" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[839,952,551,575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2264CD0CFC1FFDE4" box="[839,952,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen is half the height of the optic nerve foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A22D6CD4DFB9AFDA5" box="[1013,1085,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A254ECD4CFB52FDA5" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1133,1269,615,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A254ECD4CFB52FDA5" box="[1133,1269,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen can be less than or half the height of the optic nerve foramen (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2252CDEFFC1CFD07" box="[881,955,708,732]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A22D2CDEFFBC1FD07" box="[1009,1126,708,732]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A22D2CDEFFBC1FD07" box="[1009,1126,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance between the oculomotor nerve foramen and the optic nerve foramen is equal to the height of the optic nerve foramen (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2592CC28FB50FCC1" box="[1201,1271,770,795]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2266CC6AFC14FC43" blockId="15.[837,1459,833,920]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
35.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2256CC6AFC14FC43" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Efferent spiracular artery foramen; position: (0) anteroventral to the eye stalk; (1) ventral to the eye stalk.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2209CC94FCC8FBA8" blockId="15.[809,1459,959,1139]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2266CC94FC04FC0D" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[837,931,959,982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2266CC94FC04FC0D" box="[837,931,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A256BCC94FB75FC0D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1096,1234,959,982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A256BCC94FB75FC0D" box="[1096,1234,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the efferent spiracular artery foramen is positioned anteroventrally to the eye stalk, in the space between it and the optic nerve foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A247CCCD6FC9BFBEE" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A224DCB36FC43FBEE" box="[878,996,1053,1077]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A224DCB36FC43FBEE" box="[878,996,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A22CCCB36FBFCFBEF" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1007,1115,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A22CCCB36FBFCFBEF" box="[1007,1115,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A25B0CB36FAA1FBEE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1171,1286,1053,1077]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A25B0CB36FAA1FBEE" box="[1171,1286,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the efferent spiracular artery foramen is located ventral to the eye stalk (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A24AACB17FCE1FBA8" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2272CB70FCF9FBA8" box="[849,862,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2266CBB1FACCFB69" blockId="15.[837,1387,1178,1202]" box="[837,1387,1178,1202]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
36.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2256CBB1FACCFB69" bold="true" box="[885,1387,1178,1202]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eye stalk; morphology: (0) rounded; (1) oval.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2209CBF2FA17FA94" blockId="15.[810,1459,1241,1359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2268CBF2FC0EFB2B" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[843,937,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2268CBF2FC0EFB2B" box="[843,937,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2515CBF2FB0AFB2A" box="[1078,1197,1241,1265]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2515CBF2FB0AFB2A" box="[1078,1197,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A25CDCBF2FAFDFB2B" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1262,1370,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A25CDCBF2FAFDFB2B" box="[1262,1370,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the eye stalk is rounded (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2522CBD3FBCFFACB" box="[1025,1128,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2551CBD3FB37FACB" box="[1138,1168,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A259CCBD3FA95FACB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1215,1330,1272,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A259CCBD3FA95FACB" box="[1215,1330,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the eye stalk is oval (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2288CA3CFC50FAF4" box="[939,1015,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A250CCA33FB1EFAF4" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1071,1209,1304,1327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A250CCA33FB1EFAF4" box="[1071,1209,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both states are present, with species bearing a rounded or oval eye stalk (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2475CA1CFA07FA95" box="[1366,1440,1334,1359]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2266CA5EFBE4FA76" blockId="15.[837,1459,1397,1453]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
37.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2256CA5EFBE4FA76" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Internal carotid artery foramen; position: (0) ventrolateral; (1) ventral.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2209CAFFFA36F91C" blockId="15.[809,1459,1491,1735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2268CAFFFC0EFA30" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[843,937,1492,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2268CAFFFC0EFA30" box="[843,937,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2515CAF8FB0AFA30" box="[1078,1197,1491,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2515CAF8FB0AFA30" box="[1078,1197,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A25CDCAF8FAC6FA30" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1262,1377,1491,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A25CDCAF8FAC6FA30" box="[1262,1377,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the internal carotid foramina are positioned ventrolaterally on the neurocranium at the limit between the ventral face and the lateral face of the neurocranium (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2546C91AFB05F992" box="[1125,1186,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A258EC91AFB6CF992" box="[1197,1227,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A25DDC919FACDF992" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1278,1386,1586,1609]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A25DDC919FACDF992" box="[1278,1386,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the internal carotid foramina are ventrally positioned, occupying only the basicranium (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2526C95BFBEBF953" box="[1029,1100,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is polymorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2209C9BBFC13F97C" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,948,1680,1703]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2209C9BBFC13F97C" box="[810,948,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with species presenting the internal carotid foramina positioned ventrally or ventrolaterally (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A2414C984FA27F91D" box="[1335,1408,1710,1735]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB5571A2266C9C6FACDF8FE" blockId="15.[837,1459,1773,1829]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
38.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2256C9C6FACDF8FE" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oculomotor nerve foramen; position: (0) dorsal to the eye stalk; (1) anterodorsal to the eye stalk.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFB557052209C867FEDBFF1C" blockId="15.[810,1459,1867,2017]" lastBlockId="16.[129,777,144,200]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2264C867FC02F8B8" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[839,933,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2264C867FC02F8B8" box="[839,933,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A250DC860FB3CF8B8" box="[1070,1179,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Plesiorygon</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A25F4C867FAE4F8B8" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1239,1347,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A25F4C867FAE4F8B8" box="[1239,1347,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the oculomotor nerve foramen is immediately dorsal to the eye stalk (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A227CC8A1FC6BF879" box="[863,972,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A22FAC8A1FC53F879" box="[985,1012,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2508C8A1FB39F879" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1067,1182,1930,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2508C8A1FB39F879" box="[1067,1182,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the oculomotor nerve foramen is anterodorsal in relation to the eye stalk (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFB5571A241CC882FA20F81A" box="[1343,1415,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFB5571A2209C8E2FC13F83B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,948,1993,2016]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFB5571A2209C8E2FC13F83B" box="[810,948,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the oculomotor nerve foramen can be anterodorsal or dorsal in relation to the eye stalk (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052001CF84FECCFF1C" box="[290,363,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521B8CFC5FE57FE58" blockId="16.[155,778,238,387]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
39.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521E8CFC5FE57FE58" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Postorbital wall; anterolateral projection: (0) not anterolaterally extended; (1) extends anterolaterally, partially covering the orbital fissure; (2) extends anterolaterally over the orbital fissure, covering it entirely [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521A2CE81FDD1FD66" blockId="16.[128,778,426,701]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521BDCE81FF5BFE1A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[158,252,426,449]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521BDCE81FF5BFE1A" box="[158,252,426,449]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570520A6CE80FE48FE19" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[389,495,427,450]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570520A6CE80FE48FE19" box="[389,495,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705230FCE81FD06FE19" box="[556,673,426,450]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705230FCE81FD06FE19" box="[556,673,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the postorbital wall of the neurocranium is not anterolaterally expanded, leaving the orbital fissure uncovered and completely visible laterally (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570521D6CD23FEC5FDFB" box="[245,354,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705204CCD23FE2CFDFB" box="[367,395,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570520E3CD23FD94FDFB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[448,563,520,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570520E3CD23FD94FDFB" box="[448,563,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the postorbital wall extends anterolaterally covering the orbital fissure completely (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052194CD6CFEA3FD84" box="[183,260,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705201ECD6CFE60FD85" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[317,455,583,606]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705201ECD6CFE60FD85" box="[317,455,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic. The majority of the species have states 1 or 2, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570523A3CD4CFF45FD46" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570523A3CD4CFF45FD46" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon schroederi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species in which the orbital fissure is completely exposed, and coded as 0 (0,1,2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705233FCD8EFDC2FD67" box="[540,613,676,701]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521B8CDC8FD32FC82" blockId="16.[155,778,739,857]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
40.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521E8CDC8FD32FC82" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Orbital fissure; proportion: (0) one-third the diameter of the optic nerve foramen; (1) half the diameter of the optic nerve foramen; (2) the same size of the optic nerve foramen [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521A2CCABFD76FBEE" blockId="16.[128,778,896,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521B8CCABFF5EFC4C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[155,249,896,919]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521B8CCABFF5EFC4C" box="[155,249,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the orbital fissure has half the size of the optic nerve foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570520B0CCB4FE78FC6C" box="[403,479,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052334CCB4FD2DFC6C" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[535,650,927,951]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052334CCB4FD2DFC6C" box="[535,650,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570523B4CC8BFCA4FC6C" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[663,771,928,951]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570523B4CC8BFCA4FC6C" box="[663,771,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705218FCC94FE84FC0C" box="[172,291,959,983]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705218FCC94FE84FC0C" box="[172,291,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the orbital fissure has the same size of the optic nerve foramen (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705206FCCF5FE31FC2D" box="[332,406,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052082CCF5FE09FC2D" box="[417,430,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570520FECCF4FDC0FC2D" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[477,615,991,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570520FECCF4FDC0FC2D" box="[477,615,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the orbital fissure may have one-third, half, or the same size of the optic nerve foramen (0,1,2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052354CB36FD67FBEF" box="[631,704,1052,1077]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570520B1CB7EFE5FFBB5" blockId="16.[402,504,1109,1135]" box="[402,504,1109,1135]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570520B1CB7EFE5FFBB5" box="[402,504,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Otic region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521B8CBB1FDF0FAF4" blockId="16.[155,778,1178,1327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
41.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521E8CBB1FDF0FAF4" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Otic region; length: (0) shorter than the proximal portion of the postorbital process; (1) 1.5 times longer than the proximal portion of the postorbital process; (2) 3 times the proximal portion of the postorbital process [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521A2CA7DFE00F9F1" blockId="16.[129,778,1366,1578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521BDCA7DFF5BFAB6" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[158,252,1366,1389]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521BDCA7DFF5BFAB6" box="[158,252,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the length of the otic region is shorter than the proximal portion of the postorbital process (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570523C0CA5EFF38FA76" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521FACABEFEC4FA77" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[217,355,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521FACABEFEC4FA77" box="[217,355,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052051CABEFE4EFA76" box="[370,489,1429,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052051CABEFE4EFA76" box="[370,489,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705230BCABEFD33FA77" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[552,660,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705230BCABEFD33FA77" box="[552,660,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the length of the otic region is 1.5 times the proximal portion of the postorbital process (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705206CCAF8FE10FA30" box="[335,439,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570520E1CAF8FE7AFA30" box="[450,477,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052333CAF8FD24FA30" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[528,643,1491,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052333CAF8FD24FA30" box="[528,643,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the length of the optic region has 3 times the proximal portion of the postorbital process (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705206DC939FE30F9F1" box="[334,407,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521B8C97AFD98F97C" blockId="16.[155,778,1616,1703]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
42.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521E8C97BFD98F97C" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Perilymphatic foramina; position in relation to the endolymphatic foramina: (0) posterior; (1) posterolateral; (2) posteromedial.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA570521A2C9E5FC7FFF1C" blockId="16.[129,778,1742,1954]" lastBlockId="16.[825,1474,144,199]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521BCC9E5FF5AF93E" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[159,253,1742,1765]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521BCC9E5FF5AF93E" box="[159,253,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570520A4C9E5FE59F93D" box="[391,510,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesitorygon</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052319C9E4FD01F93D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[570,678,1743,1766]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052319C9E4FD01F93D" box="[570,678,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramina are posterior and longitudinally aligned with the endolymphatic foramina (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052311C826FD0EF8FE" box="[562,681,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052398C826FD71F8FE" box="[699,726,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521A2C807FF53F89F" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,244,1836,1860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521A2C807FF53F89F" box="[129,244,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramina are posterolateral in relation to the endolymphatic foramina (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705231EC860FD20F8B8" box="[573,647,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570521FCC840FE1CF858" box="[223,443,1899,1923]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570521FCC840FECEF859" box="[223,361,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramina are posteromedial in relation to the endolymphatic foramina, and only in some of them the perilymphatic foramina are posterior (0,2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705225CCF84FC6FFF1C" box="[895,968,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA57052277CFC5FA3AFEBF" blockId="16.[852,1474,238,356]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
43.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A7CFC5FA3AFEBF" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Perilymphatic foramen; size: (0) same diameter as the endolymphatic foramen. (1) 2 times the size of the endolymphatic foramen; (2) 3 times the size of the endolymphatic foramen [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA5705221ACEA0FA89FD46" blockId="16.[825,1474,395,669]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052274CEA0FC12FE79" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[855,949,395,418]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052274CEA0FC12FE79" box="[855,949,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052544CEA0FB74FE79" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1127,1235,395,418]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052544CEA0FB74FE79" box="[1127,1235,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramen has the same diameter as the endolymphatic foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705224CCEE2FC67FE3A" box="[879,960,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570522EDCEE2FC4EFE3A" box="[974,1001,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052502CEE2FB3FFE3A" box="[1057,1176,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052502CEE2FB3FFE3A" box="[1057,1176,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perilymphatic foramen’s diameter is twice the diameter of the endolymphatic foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052252CD23FC1BFDFB" box="[881,956,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570522D4CD22FB26FDFB" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1015,1153,521,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522D4CD22FB26FDFB" box="[1015,1153,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the perilymphatic foramen may have the same size or be twice the size of the endolymphatic foramen (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705246FCD6CFA31FD84" box="[1356,1430,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-205@3.[113,1460,144,1507]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445485/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052219CD4DFC0AFDA5" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[826,941,614,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052219CD4DFC0AFDA5" box="[826,941,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perylimphatic foramen’s diameter is three times that of the endolymphatic foramen (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570525F7CDAEFABAFD46" box="[1236,1309,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1065,1089]" captionTargetBox="[115,1453,146,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-490@5.[113,1460,144,1037]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in dorsal views.Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA57052277CDEFFAC0FD20" blockId="16.[852,1474,708,763]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
44.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A7CDEFFAC0FD20" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Lateral commissure; shape: (0) medially septate on its anterior margin; (1) not septate medially.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA5705221ACC09FC45FC0C" blockId="16.[825,1475,802,983]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052276CC09FC14FCE2" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[853,947,802,825]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052276CC09FC14FCE2" box="[853,947,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705257CCC09FB71FCE1" box="[1119,1238,802,826]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705257CCC09FB71FCE1" box="[1119,1238,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral commissure bears a chondrified median septum and two openings anteriorly (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705224CCC4AFC7EFCA2" box="[879,985,864,889]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705252CCC4AFB3EFCA3" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1039,1177,865,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705252CCC4AFB3EFCA3" box="[1039,1177,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052584CC4AFAB4FCA3" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1191,1299,865,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052584CC4AFAB4FCA3" box="[1191,1299,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705246CCC4AFA65FCA2" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1359,1474,865,889]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705246CCC4AFA65FCA2" box="[1359,1474,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral commissure is not septate, forming a simple arch over the foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705224FCC94FC1EFC0D" box="[876,953,958,983]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570522E6CC94FC75FC0C" box="[965,978,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA57052277CCD6FB3EFB8F" blockId="16.[852,1474,1021,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
45.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A7CCD6FB3EFB8F" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyomandibular facet; shape: (0) its anterior region wider than its posterior region; (1) same width throughout its extension.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA5705221ACB50FC7FFAF4" blockId="16.[825,1474,1147,1327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052278CB50FC1EFB49" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[859,953,1147,1170]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052278CB50FC1EFB49" box="[859,953,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052555CB50FB4AFB48" box="[1142,1261,1147,1171]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052555CB50FB4AFB48" box="[1142,1261,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hyomandibular facet is wider at its anterior region, resulting in a nearly ovalshaped structure (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052538CB92FB25FB0A" box="[1051,1154,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052591CB91FAB9FB0A" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1202,1310,1210,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052591CB91FAB9FB0A" box="[1202,1310,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705246CCB92FA65FB0A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1359,1474,1209,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705246CCB92FA65FB0A" box="[1359,1474,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hyomandibular facet has the same width anteroposteriorly (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705224FCBD3FC03FACB" box="[876,932,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both states can be found in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705241BCBD2FA65FACB" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1336,1474,1273,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705241BCBD2FA65FACB" box="[1336,1474,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705225CCA3CFC6FFAF4" box="[895,968,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA57052277CA7DFB32FA56" blockId="16.[852,1474,1366,1421]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
46.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A7CA7DFB32FA56" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyomandibular facet; ventral margin: (0) convex; (1) straight; (2) concave.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA5705221ACA9FFAA8F953" blockId="16.[824,1475,1460,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052274CA9FFC12FA10" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[855,949,1460,1483]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052274CA9FFC12FA10" box="[855,949,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052545CA9FFB7AFA17" box="[1126,1245,1460,1484]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052545CA9FFB7AFA17" box="[1126,1245,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is convex (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570525E6CAF8FA80FA30" box="[1221,1319,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052476CAFFFA66FA30" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1365,1473,1492,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052476CAFFFA66FA30" box="[1365,1473,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is straight (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA570524BFCAD8FCF2F9F1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570522A2C939FC53F9F1" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[897,1012,1554,1578]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A2C939FC53F9F1" box="[897,1012,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is medially concave (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052517C91AFBDBF992" box="[1076,1148,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052588C919FA92F992" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1195,1333,1586,1609]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052588C919FA92F992" box="[1195,1333,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet can be convex or straight (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052596C95BFB59F953" box="[1205,1278,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA57052277C984FB5AF91C" blockId="16.[852,1277,1710,1735]" box="[852,1277,1710,1735]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
47.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522A7C984FB5AF91C" bold="true" box="[900,1277,1710,1735]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Jugal arch: (0) absent; (1) present.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAA5704221AC9C5FF78FF1C" blockId="16.[825,1475,1773,1954]" lastBlockId="17.[113,762,144,199]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052244C9C5FC62F8DE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[871,965,1774,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052244C9C5FC62F8DE" box="[871,965,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705254FC9C5FB51F8DE" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1132,1270,1774,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705254FC9C5FB51F8DE" box="[1132,1270,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052431C9C5FAD9F8DE" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1298,1406,1774,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA57052431C9C5FAD9F8DE" box="[1298,1406,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA5705221AC826FC0BF8FE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[825,940,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA5705221AC826FC0BF8FE" box="[825,940,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the neurocranium lacks a jugal arch (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052448C826FCECF89F" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA5705227AC807FCC1F89F" box="[857,870,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA570522BFC807FBB4F89F" box="[924,1043,1836,1860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAA570522BFC807FBB4F89F" box="[924,1043,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the jugal arch is present and posterior to the hyomandibular facet (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAA57052553C860FB1FF8B8" box="[1136,1208,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, it’s important to highlight that it is unclear if the jugal arch may be present in the other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAA57052521C8A1FB66F879" box="[1026,1217,1930,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Potamotrygoninae">Potamotrygoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an unchondrified arch considering that this fragile structure may be damaged during dissection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB5704204FCFCCFE58FEDA" blockId="17.[364,511,231,257]" box="[364,511,231,257]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704204FCFCCFE58FEDA" box="[364,511,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Occipital region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB570421AFCE06FF5BFE79" blockId="17.[140,762,300,418]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
48.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704219FCE07FF5BFE79" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphenopterotic ridge; development: (0) as long as the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge; (1) shorter than the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042152CEE1FF72FD66" blockId="17.[113,764,457,701]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421AFCEE1FF4DFE3A" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[140,234,458,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421AFCEE1FF4DFE3A" box="[140,234,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570420B2CEE2FDAFFE3A" box="[401,520,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570420B2CEE2FDAFFE3A" box="[401,520,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal projection of the sphenopterotic ridge is as long as the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704206BCD23FE16FDFB" box="[328,433,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570420CBCD23FDFCFDFB" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[488,603,520,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570420CBCD23FDFCFDFB" box="[488,603,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570423B3CD22FD5BFDFB" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[656,764,521,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570423B3CD22FD5BFDFB" box="[656,764,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal projection of the sphenopterotic ridge is shorter than the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042382CD6CFD4EFD84" box="[673,745,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421ACCD4CFEBEFDA5" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[143,281,615,638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421ACCD4CFEBEFDA5" box="[143,281,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the sphenopterotic ridge may be as long as or shorter than the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704215FCD8EFF63FD66" box="[124,196,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB570421AFCDC8FEABFCA2" blockId="17.[140,762,739,889]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
49.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704219FCDC8FEABFCA2" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vagus nerve foramen; diameter: (0) one-third the width of the foramen magnum; (1) one-fifth the width of the foramen magnum; (2) one-fourteenth the width of the foramen magnum [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042152CC8BFEACFB69" blockId="17.[112,764,927,1202]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421B2CC8BFF48FC6C" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[145,239,928,951]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421B2CC8BFF48FC6C" box="[145,239,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the vagus nerve foramen diameter is one-third the width of the foramen magnum (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570423A3CC94FD6BFC0C" box="[640,716,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042152CCF4FF7AFC2D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[113,221,991,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042152CCF4FF7AFC2D" box="[113,221,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704202CCCF5FE21FC2D" box="[271,390,990,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704202CCCF5FE21FC2D" box="[271,390,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the vagus nerve foramen diameter is one-fifth the width of the foramen magnum (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042349CCD6FD11FBCE" box="[618,694,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570423E2CCD6FD4EFBCE" box="[705,745,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421ADCB36FEBFFBEF" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[142,280,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421ADCB36FEBFFBEF" box="[142,280,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the vagus nerve foramen may have a diameter equal to one-third or one-fifth the width of the foramen magnum (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704219ACB70FEA4FBA8" box="[185,259,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042019CB70FE0AFBA8" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[314,429,1115,1139]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042019CB70FE0AFBA8" box="[314,429,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the diameter of the vagus nerve foramen is one-fourteenth of the width of the foramen magnum (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042187CBB1FF5DFB69" box="[164,250,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB570421AFCBF3FD99FAF4" blockId="17.[140,763,1240,1327]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
50.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704219FCBF2FD99FAF4" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vagus nerve foramen; dorsal margin: (0) closer to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum; (1) at the midlength of the foramen magnum.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042152CA7DFD4FF9D0" blockId="17.[113,763,1366,1547]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421AFCA7DFF4DFAB6" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[140,234,1366,1389]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421AFCA7DFF4DFAB6" box="[140,234,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the dorsal margin of the vagus nerve foramen is closer to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704215FCABEFF61FA76" box="[124,198,1429,1453]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421DBCABEFEC3FA77" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[248,356,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421DBCABEFEC3FA77" box="[248,356,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704204CCABEFE41FA76" box="[367,486,1429,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704204CCABEFE41FA76" box="[367,486,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704233ECABEFD37FA76" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[541,656,1429,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704233ECABEFD37FA76" box="[541,656,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal margin of the vagus nerve foramen does not reach the same level as the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704235BCAF8FD63FA30" box="[632,708,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570423ECCAF8FD4EFA30" box="[719,745,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421AFCAD8FEB1F9D1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[140,278,1523,1546]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421AFCAD8FEB1F9D1" box="[140,278,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570423ACCAD8FD70F9D0" box="[655,727,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB570421AFC91AFD03F953" blockId="17.[140,763,1585,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
51.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704219FC91AFD03F953" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; position: (0) dorsolateral to the vagus nerve foramen; (1) dorsal to the vagus nerve foramen.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042152C984FE4EF81A" blockId="17.[113,762,1711,1986]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421B7C984FF55F91D" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[148,242,1711,1734]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421B7C984FF55F91D" box="[148,242,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042093C984FDBBF91D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[432,540,1711,1734]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042093C984FDBBF91D" box="[432,540,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve is dorsolateral to the vagus nerve foramen (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704201AC9C6FE22F8DE" box="[313,389,1773,1797]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570420ADC9C6FE11F8DE" box="[398,438,1773,1797]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570420C1C9C6FDF2F8DE" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[482,597,1773,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570420C1C9C6FDF2F8DE" box="[482,597,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570423A1C9C6FD5EF8DE" box="[642,761,1773,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570423A1C9C6FD5EF8DE" box="[642,761,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve is immediately dorsal to the vagus nerve foramen (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042340C807FD16F89F" box="[611,689,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704239CC807FD4DF89F" box="[703,746,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570421ACC867FEBEF8B8" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[143,281,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570421ACC867FEBEF8B8" box="[143,281,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most species have the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve dorsal to the vagus nerve foramen and few species have it positioned dorsolateral and farther from the vagus nerve foramen (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570420ACC882FE7FF81A" box="[399,472,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042266CFBBFAA7FEDD" blockId="17.[837,1459,144,262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
52.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042256CFBBFAA7FEDD" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Articular surface; width: (0) one-third the width of the occipital condyle; (1) half the width of the occipital condyle; (2) two-thirds the width of the occipital condyle [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042209CE06FC63FDFB" blockId="17.[810,1459,301,544]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042268CE06FC0EFE9F" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[843,937,301,324]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042268CE06FC0EFE9F" box="[843,937,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042541CE06FB69FE9F" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1122,1230,301,324]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042541CE06FB69FE9F" box="[1122,1230,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the width of the articular surface is half the width of the occipital condyle (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570424AACE67FCEEFE58" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042276CE40FCD9FE58" box="[853,894,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042290CE40FB8DFE58" box="[947,1066,363,387]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042290CE40FB8DFE58" box="[947,1066,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the articular surface has one-third the width of the occipital condyle (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570425ADCEA0FB73FE78" box="[1166,1236,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042420CEA0FA2AFE79" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1283,1421,395,418]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042420CEA0FA2AFE79" box="[1283,1421,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the articular surface may have half or one-third the width of the occipital condyle (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042533CEE2FBFDFE3A" box="[1040,1114,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570425B3CEE2FAA4FE3A" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1168,1283,457,481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570425B3CEE2FAA4FE3A" box="[1168,1283,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the articular surface is wider, with two-thirds the width of the occipital condyle (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704227ECD23FC14FDFB" box="[861,947,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042266CD6DFB97FDA5" blockId="17.[837,1459,582,638]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
53.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042256CD6CFB97FDA5" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Foramen magnum; shape: (0) taller than wider; (1) wider than taller.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042209CD8EFB4DFC82" blockId="17.[810,1461,677,858]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704226ACD8EFC00FD67" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[841,935,677,700]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704226ACD8EFC00FD67" box="[841,935,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) the opening of the foramen magnum is oval and taller than wider (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704258BCDEFFB5FFD07" box="[1192,1272,708,732]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042414CDEFFA09FD07" box="[1335,1454,708,732]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042414CDEFFA09FD07" box="[1335,1454,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042209CDC8FC3AFD20" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[810,925,739,763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042209CDC8FC3AFD20" box="[810,925,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570422FACDCFFBE2FD20" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[985,1093,740,763]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570422FACDCFFBE2FD20" box="[985,1093,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the foramen magnum is also ovoid but is wider than taller (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042570CC28FB07FCC0" box="[1107,1184,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704258ECC28FB60FCC0" box="[1197,1223,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570425DDCC28FA2FFCC1" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1278,1416,771,794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570425DDCC28FA2FFCC1" box="[1278,1416,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic, but in most of the species the foramen magnum is wider than taller (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570425B2CC6AFB7EFC82" box="[1169,1241,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042266CCABFBF9FC6C" blockId="17.[837,1459,896,951]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
54.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042256CCABFBF9FC6C" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Occipital condyle; ventral margin, shape: (0) straight; (1) concave.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042209CCF5FB8AFB69" blockId="17.[810,1459,990,1202]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704226CCCF5FC15FC2E" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[847,946,990,1013]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704226CCCF5FC15FC2E" box="[847,946,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704256ECCF5FB62FC2D" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1101,1221,990,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704256ECCF5FB62FC2D" box="[1101,1221,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042432CCF4FA25FC2D" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1297,1410,991,1014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042432CCF4FA25FC2D" box="[1297,1410,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles are straight and devoid of a concavity on their ventral margin (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042556CB36FB6BFBEE" box="[1141,1228,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570425FECB36FB5FFBEE" box="[1245,1272,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042415CB36FA14FBEE" box="[1334,1459,1053,1077]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042415CB36FA14FBEE" box="[1334,1459,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles are arched on their mid portion and have a clear concavity on their ventral margin (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042475CB70FA06FBA8" box="[1366,1441,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704226FCB50FC7BFB49" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[844,988,1147,1170]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704226FCB50FC7BFB49" box="[844,988,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles may be straight or arched (0,1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB570422E1CBB1FBBCFB69" box="[962,1051,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042266CBF3FB5FFA95" blockId="17.[837,1459,1240,1359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
55.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042256CBF3FB5FFA95" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Occipital condyles; orientation: (0) horizontal; (1) medially inclined, with its lateral portion dorsal to its medial portion; (2) laterally inclined, with its medial portion dorsal to its lateral portion.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042209CA5DFC3CF992" blockId="17.[809,1459,1397,1609]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042267CA5DFC05FA56" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[836,930,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042267CA5DFC05FA56" box="[836,930,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704256BCA5DFB75FA56" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1096,1234,1398,1421]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704256BCA5DFB75FA56" box="[1096,1234,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles are horizontally oriented (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042543CABEFB6FFA76" box="[1120,1224,1429,1453]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570425D9CABEFAC1FA77" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1274,1382,1429,1452]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570425D9CABEFAC1FA77" box="[1274,1382,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital condyles are medially oblique, with their lateral portions dorsal to their medial portions (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042593CAF8FAA0FA30" box="[1200,1287,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042463CAF8FA14FA30" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1344,1459,1491,1515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042463CAF8FA14FA30" box="[1344,1459,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704227BCAD8FC68F9D0" box="[856,975,1523,1547]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704227BCAD8FC68F9D0" box="[856,975,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the condyles are laterally obliquely, with their medial portions dorsal in relation to their lateral portions (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042216C91AFC2CF992" box="[821,907,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042266C95BFBFBF93D" blockId="17.[837,1459,1648,1766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
56.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042256C95BFBFBF93D" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Occipital condyle; posterior extension in relation to the basicranium: (0) one-third the length of the hyomandibular facet; (1) two-thirds the length of the hyomandibular facet.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFAB57042209C826FC01F81A" blockId="17.[808,1459,1805,1985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042266C826FC04F8FF" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[837,931,1805,1828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042266C826FC04F8FF" box="[837,931,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042506C826FB08F8FF" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1061,1199,1805,1828]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042506C826FB08F8FF" box="[1061,1199,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB570425C6C826FAFBF8FE" box="[1253,1372,1805,1829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB570425C6C826FAFBF8FE" box="[1253,1372,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior extension of the occipital condyle corresponds to one-third the length of hyomandibular facet (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB57042596C860FB4AF8B8" box="[1205,1261,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB57042438C867FA20F8B8" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[1307,1415,1868,1891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB57042438C867FA20F8B8" box="[1307,1415,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFAB5704220AC840FC3BF858" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[809,924,1899,1923]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFAB5704220AC840FC3BF858" box="[809,924,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior extension of the occipital condyle corresponds to two-thirds the length of the hyomandibular facet (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFAB5704227EC882FC32F81A" box="[861,917,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721B8CFBBFD98FF3C" blockId="18.[155,778,144,231]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
57.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721E8CFBBFD98FF3C" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Occipital condyles; lateral extension: (0) medial to the lateral surface of otic capsules; (1) at level with the lateral surface of otic capsules.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721A2CE25FD62FE78" blockId="18.[128,778,269,419]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721BCCE25FF5CFEFE" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[159,251,270,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721BCCE25FF5CFEFE" box="[159,251,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570720A2CE25FDA0FEFE" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[385,519,270,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570720A2CE25FDA0FEFE" box="[385,519,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072367CE26FD1FFEFE" box="[580,696,269,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072367CE26FD1FFEFE" box="[580,696,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the occipital condyles does not reach the lateral surface of the otic capsules (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570720FACE67FDBFFEBF" box="[473,536,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,158,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[128,1475,144,1633]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in ventral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; nap, nasal aperture; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445489/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072305CE67FD94FEBF" box="[550,563,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072348CE67FD7CFEBF" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[619,731,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072348CE67FD7CFEBF" box="[619,731,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A2CE47FF4CFE58" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[129,235,364,387]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A2CE47FF4CFE58" box="[129,235,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the occipital condyles is aligned with the lateral surface of the otic capsules (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072374CEA0FD36FE78" box="[599,657,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1111,1135]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,146,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-492@6.[128,1475,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in ventral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; as, articular surface; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; nap, nasal aperture; nco, nasal condyles; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; rpj, rostral projection; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445495/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723B8CEA0FD13FE78" box="[667,692,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721B8CEE9FD5BFE22" blockId="18.[155,777,450,505]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
58.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721E8CEE9FD5BFE22" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; position on the occipital region: (0) ventrolateral; (1) posteroventral.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721A2CD32FE0AFCF0" blockId="18.[128,777,537,811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721BCCD32FF5AFDEB" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[159,253,537,560]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721BCCD32FF5AFDEB" box="[159,253,537,560]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA85707208CCD32FD81FDEA" box="[431,550,537,561]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA85707208CCD32FD81FDEA" box="[431,550,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is situated ventrolaterally on the occipital region, and visible on a posterior oblique view (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723AACD7CFD65FDB4" box="[649,706,599,623]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[112,177,1637,1661]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,146,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-103@7.[113,1460,144,1609]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in left lateral views.Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445497/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723ECCD7CFD7BFDB4" box="[719,732,599,623]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A1CD5CFF52FD54" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[130,245,631,655]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A1CD5CFF52FD54" box="[130,245,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072006CD5CFE36FD55" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[293,401,631,654]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072006CD5CFE36FD55" box="[293,401,631,654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is placed posteroventrally on the otic region and is only visible in lateral view, being immediately posterior to the hyomandibular facet (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570721C8CDFEFE83FD36" box="[235,292,725,749]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-118@8.[128,1475,144,1549]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations:acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570720E1CDFEFDEBFD37" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[450,588,725,748]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570720E1CDFEFDEBFD37" box="[450,588,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen may be seen on posterior oblique view or only laterally (0, 1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072070CC38FE3BFCF0" box="[339,412,787,811]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721B8CC61FD43FCB8" blockId="18.[155,740,842,867]" box="[155,740,842,867]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
59.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721E8CC61FD43FCB8" bold="true" box="[203,740,842,867]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Otic region; lateral wall: (0) concave; (1) convex.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721A2CCA9FD68FBCC" blockId="18.[127,779,898,1047]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721BACCA9FF53FC42" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[153,244,898,921]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721BACCA9FF53FC42" box="[153,244,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA85707204ECCA9FE78FC41" box="[365,479,898,922]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA85707204ECCA9FE78FC41" box="[365,479,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072332CCA8FDDDFC41" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[529,634,899,922]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072332CCA8FDDDFC41" box="[529,634,899,922]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral wall of the otic region is concave (0) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570720F1CC8AFD91FC62" box="[466,566,929,953]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072362CC8AFDCEFC62" box="[577,617,929,953]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570723BFCC8AFCACFC62" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[668,779,929,953]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570723BFCC8AFCACFC62" box="[668,779,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral wall of the otic region is convex (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723A1CCEAFD7EFC02" box="[642,729,961,985]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A2CCCAFEA1FC23" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[129,262,993,1016]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A2CCCAFEA1FC23" box="[129,262,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral wall of the otic region is concave in most of the species, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072051CB2BFD8BFBCC" box="[370,556,1023,1047]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072051CB2BFD8BFBCC" box="[370,556,1023,1047]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon limai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0, 1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA85707235ACCD4FD18FBCC" box="[633,703,1023,1047]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721B8CB1CFE4DFB17" blockId="18.[155,777,1078,1228]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
60.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721E8CB1DFE4DFB17" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Supraotic ridge; lateral projection: (0) surpassing the lateral limit of the hyomandibular facet; (1) reaching the lateral limit of the hyomandibular facet; (2) failing to reach the lateral limit of the hyomandibular facet [multistate ordered].</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721A2CBC7FD55FA04" blockId="18.[129,778,1259,1503]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072186CBC7FEA4FAD8" authorityName="Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva" authorityYear="2016" box="[165,259,1260,1283]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072186CBC7FEA4FAD8" box="[165,259,1260,1283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outgroup) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570720EBCBC0FD98FAD8" box="[456,575,1259,1283]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570720EBCBC0FD98FAD8" box="[456,575,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge is similar to the lateral extension of the hyomandibular facet (1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570720CACA01FDFDFA99" box="[489,602,1322,1346]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570723B4CA01FCADFA99" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[663,778,1322,1346]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570723B4CA01FCADFA99" box="[663,778,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072192CA61FEBAFABA" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[177,285,1354,1377]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072192CA61FEBAFABA" box="[177,285,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge is shorter than that of the hyomandibular facet (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723B1CA42FD7DFA5A" box="[658,730,1385,1409]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1510,1534]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,146,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-236@11.[209,1364,144,1483]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10.Neurocrania of Heliotrygon rosai (A) and Paratrygon aiereba (B) in posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations:as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445513/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A2CAA2FEACFA7B" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[129,267,1417,1440]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A2CAA2FEACFA7B" box="[129,267,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is polymorphic and the lateral projection of the supraotic ridge may surpass, reach or fail to reach the lateral limit of the hyomandibular facet (0, 1, 2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570723BACAECFD46FA04" box="[665,737,1479,1503]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,146,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-479@10.[128,1475,144,1080]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9.Neurocrania of Potamotrygon albimaculata (A), Plesiotrygon iwamae (B), and Styracura schmardae (C) in posterior views.Anatomical abbreviations: as, articular surface; elf, endolymphatic foramina; flb, foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve; fm, foramen magnum; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; oc, occipital condyle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sor, supraotic ridge; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen; X, vagus nerve foramen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA857072072CAD5FD9EF9C3" blockId="18.[337,569,1534,1560]" box="[337,569,1534,1560]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072072CAD5FD9EF9C3" bold="true" box="[337,569,1534,1560]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Phylogenetic analyses</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36AAFFA8570721A2C90EFDB9F8EC" blockId="18.[129,778,1573,1847]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
A matrix with five terminal taxa and 60 characters from the neurocranium yielded a single most parsimonious tree with 79 steps, consistency index (CI) of 0.899, and retention index (RI) of 0.636 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072007C9A8FED7F940" box="[292,368,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[113,178,685,709]" captionTargetBox="[227,1340,150,655]" captionTargetId="figure-212@19.[225,1348,144,657]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Interrelationships of potamotrygonids based on the morphological dataset analysed under equal‐weighting parsimony (L = 79, CI = 0.899, RI = 0.636)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445515/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA85707208AC9A8FE64F940" box="[425,451,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1571,1595]" captionTargetBox="[117,1451,801,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-172@19.[114,1458,798,1543]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Maximum parsimony optimizations of the character states superimposed on potamotrygonid tree resulting from the morphological data set analysed under equal‐weighting parsimony. Characters and clades numbered as in text. A, accelerated transformation (Acctran); B, delayed transformation (Deltran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445521/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The characters above correspond to those from the matrix (Supporting Information, File S8). The resulting tree supports the monophyly of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721E4C9CAFE20F922" box="[199,391,1761,1785]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Potamotrygoninae">Potamotrygoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072377C9CAFD79F923" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[596,734,1761,1784]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072377C9CAFD79F923" box="[596,734,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A0C82BFF5DF8C3" box="[131,250,1792,1816]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A0C82BFF5DF8C3" box="[131,250,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are successive sister-groups to a clade formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA8570721A2C834FF53F8EC" authorityName="Carvalho and Lovejoy" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,244,1823,1847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA8570721A2C834FF53F8EC" box="[129,244,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D29FFA857072007C80BFE37F8EC" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[292,400,1824,1847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAB8FFA857072007C80BFE37F8EC" box="[292,400,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA857072083C834FE4EF8EC" box="[416,489,1823,1847]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[113,178,685,709]" captionTargetBox="[227,1340,150,655]" captionTargetId="figure-212@19.[225,1348,144,657]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Interrelationships of potamotrygonids based on the morphological dataset analysed under equal‐weighting parsimony (L = 79, CI = 0.899, RI = 0.636)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445515/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A2FFFA8570720D7C834FDA9F8EC" box="[500,526,1823,1847]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1571,1595]" captionTargetBox="[117,1451,801,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-172@19.[114,1458,798,1543]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Maximum parsimony optimizations of the character states superimposed on potamotrygonid tree resulting from the morphological data set analysed under equal‐weighting parsimony. Characters and clades numbered as in text. A, accelerated transformation (Acctran); B, delayed transformation (Deltran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14445521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14445521/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |