1296 lines
211 KiB
XML
1296 lines
211 KiB
XML
<document id="FF19566344A391E3EC4EFAEE568A0F6D" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a3" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14216295" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BAB7B425-9315-4775-9432-4DD17DFF4921" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1732275621986" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="LECUONA Agustina, DESOJO Julia Brenda & CERDA Ignacio Alejandro" docDate="2020" docId="03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.19.3.40-62.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 19 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer 1972" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="FF86FF952E07FFFAA330FFC1FF9FBC39" masterDocTitle="New information on the anatomy and histology of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Chañares Formation (early Carnian), Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="40" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1732538708616" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3F0F011A1827FDE551FCE56EFA938023">New information on the anatomy and histology of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Chañares Formation (early Carnian), Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9BA7227487A06512348F4243D7A3EF1E">LECUONA Agustina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="11463A9C36DB61F1EB0A9E782BD0F678">CONICET, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), Av. Roca 1242, R 8332 EXY, General Roca, Pcia. de Río Negro (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="250D95686C97E603D88E0D1A2AC4058C" type="email">alecuona@unrn.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="EF14F411D8E3B21E13916234C0576A17">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1F8EBF687DFA79CF5ADB1A34405BDE7A">DESOJO Julia Brenda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D51B9ECC9FC9C720BC9A784DA70CD3D0">CONICET, División Paleontología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque s / n °, B 1900 FWA, La Plata (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8A749DA6481B45B811C1055ECE802BA5" type="email">julideso@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A6BD1AF454FC852A20EE3B8B91FABF2C">CERDA Ignacio Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C7596A16CB74865ED759CC9B9898441">CONICET, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), Av. Roca 1242, R 8332 EXY, General Roca, Pcia. de Río Negro (Argentina) and Museo Provincial “ Carlos Ameghino ”, Belgrano 1700, Paraje Pichi Ruca (predio Marabunta), CP 8300, Cipolletti, Pcia. de Río Negro (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DDF1D57356999AAF7306BEEF13E079CD" type="email">nachocerda6@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="6B93173334F485EC6FD8E795E5A3DCCD">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3DB5D2770B0F11172B4046A002E365C2">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9225FE26295FCF02F6F0C4719A0C04FE">2020-09-02</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BE130095CED10100421FCAA63C8BF690" type="DOI">10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection id="C30C65702E02FFFFA04EFEB7FAC1BDA8" box="[894,1374,374,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFFA04EFEB7FAC1BDA8" blockId="5.[894,1374,374,401]" box="[894,1374,374,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="D0E181972E02FFFFA04EFEB7FAC1BDA8" box="[894,1374,374,401]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA04EFEB7FAC1BDA8" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[894,1374,374,401]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
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<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA04EFEB7FB56BDA8" bold="true" box="[894,1225,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA7E0FEB6FAC1BDA8" author="ROMER A. S." box="[1232,1374,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C65702E02FFFFA709FE57FB3DBD88" box="[1081,1186,406,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFFA709FE57FB3DBD88" blockId="5.[1081,1186,406,433]" box="[1081,1186,406,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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(
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<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA771FE57FB06BD88" box="[1089,1177,406,433]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStartId-0="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionStartId-1="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionStartId-2="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionStartId-3="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionStartId-4="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionStartId-5="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox-0="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetBox-2="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetBox-3="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetBox-4="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetBox-5="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetId-3="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetId-4="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetId-5="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="13" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Figs 2-7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30C65702E02FFFFA01DFE25FBDFB802" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFFA01DFE25FC61BE5C" blockId="5.[812,1456,483,613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CA62E02FFFFA01DFE25FC61BE5C" collectionCode="PULR" country="Argentina" location="Chanares Formation, Ischigualasto - Villa Union Basin" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="PULR 08" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Rioja Province" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54AD88592E02FFFFA01DFE25FC08BDC3" box="[813,919,484,507]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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. —
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<specimenCode id="DBB09E802E02FFFFA0F3FE25FBBABDC2" box="[963,1061,483,507]" collectionCode="PULR" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">PULR 08</specimenCode>
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, incomplete cranium, one disarticulated mandibular ramus; incomplete series of presacral vertebrae and incomplete first sacral vertebra, incomplete paramedian osteoderms, distal ends of the right scapula and humerus (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA614FDF2FCFEBE5C" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Lecuona
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<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA64FFDF2FA2FBE73" box="[1407,1456,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
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2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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for full details).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFFA01DFDBCFBDFB802" blockId="5.[811,1457,637,1084]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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. —
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CA62E02FFFFA700FDBCFA33BFA4" collectionCode="CRILAR" country="Argentina" location="Campo de Cordoba" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="CRILAR PV 480" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Rioja Province">
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<specimenCode id="DBB09E802E02FFFFA700FDBCFB78BEAC" box="[1072,1255,637,661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">CRILAR PV 480</specimenCode>
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, one and a half incomplete cervical centra articulated with each other and with two incomplete ribs, a series of three incomplete vertebrae articulated with one rib, dorsally in contact with the left row of the paramedian osteoderms, and posteriorly four ribs with no articulating vertebrae but in anatomical position (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA771FCC0FB37BF20" box="[1089,1192,769,793]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
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), a series of six incomplete cervicodorsal vertebrae with some of their ribs preserved and half of a centrum attached posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA74CFCF7FB78BF77" box="[1148,1255,822,846]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), and moulds of two short fragments of paramedian osteoderms. This specimen was found associated with a scapulocoracoid and an osteoderm series of a proterochampsid archosauriform and several indeterminate remains
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CA62E02FFFFA01EFC61FA30B83E" collectionCode="CRILAR" country="Argentina" location="El Torcido" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="CRILAR PV 490" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Rioja Province">
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<specimenCode id="DBB09E802E02FFFFA01EFC61FC45BF81" box="[814,986,928,952]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">CRILAR PV 490</specimenCode>
|
||
, two articulated cervical vertebra in contact with a short paramedian osteoderm series, one isolated dorsal vertebrae, left humerus, right ulna, right radius, left femur, and six histological sections of the femoral diaphysis and osteoderms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA672FC2EFA3FB83E" box="[1346,1440,1007,1031]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStart-6="FIG" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStartId-0="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionStartId-1="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionStartId-2="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionStartId-3="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionStartId-4="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionStartId-5="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionStartId-6="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionStartId-7="16.[141,165,2030,2047]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetBox-1="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetBox-2="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetBox-3="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetBox-4="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetBox-5="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetBox-6="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetBox-7="[132,1452,215,1972]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetId-2="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetId-4="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetId-5="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetId-6="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetId-7="figure-21@16.[131,795,867,1522]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionTargetPageId-6="15" captionTargetPageId-7="16" captionText-0="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." captionText-6="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 10. — Bone histology of an osteoderm of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in longitudinal section, sample G4. A, General view under normal light; B, close up of anterior region of the osteoderm in A. Abbreviations: dl: dorsal layer; fb: fibres; ml: middle layer; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; vl: ventral layer. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae, arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm (A) and 5 mm (B)." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Figs 3-10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA065FBCBFBB5B81B" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[853,1066,1033,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA080FBCBFC7FB818" box="[944,992,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a complete list of the hypodigm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA01DFBE5FBA5B805" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[813,1082,1060,1084]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA01DFBE5FBA5B805" box="[813,1082,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C65702E02FFFFA01DFB95FA30BBBC" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFFA01DFB95FA30BBBC" blockId="5.[811,1457,1107,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E02FFFFA01DFB95FC13B853" baselines="1125,1126" box="[813,908,1108,1131]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Horizon" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
|
||
,
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E02FFFFA0A6FB98FC70B853" baselines="1126" box="[918,1007,1113,1130]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E02FFFFA0C8FB98FBBEB853" baselines="1126" box="[1016,1057,1113,1130]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E02FFFFA716FB98FBD5B853" baselines="1126" box="[1062,1098,1113,1130]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="age" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<location id="8EC960202E02FFFFA742FB92FB9FB8BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89:8EC960202E02FFFFA742FB92FB9FB8BF" country="Argentina" name="Chanares Formation, Ischigualasto - Villa Union Basin" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="La Rioja Province">Chañares Formation, Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D2F8192E02FFFFA73BFBAFFB24B8BF" box="[1035,1211,1134,1158]" country="Argentina" name="La Rioja" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">La Rioja Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301766B2E02FFFFA67EFBAFFA30B8BF" box="[1358,1455,1134,1158]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA005FB49FCF0B898" box="[821,879,1160,1185]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,157,1125,1142]" captionTargetBox="[134,1456,201,1101]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[700,1269,214,736]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Geographical map showing the location of Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, La Rioja and San Juan provinces, NW Argentina, and localities where the specimens were found. Modified from Fiorelli et al. 2018." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimens deposited in PVL, PULR, and MCZVP collections come from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD88592E02FFFFA72DFB62FBD8B882" box="[1053,1095,1187,1211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the Chañares Formation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E02FFFFA005FB7CFCEFB8EC" box="[821,880,1213,1237]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,157,1125,1142]" captionTargetBox="[134,1456,201,1101]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[700,1269,214,736]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Geographical map showing the location of Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, La Rioja and San Juan provinces, NW Argentina, and localities where the specimens were found. Modified from Fiorelli et al. 2018." pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA04FFB7CFBEFB8EC" author="SERENO P. C. & ARCUCCI A. B." box="[895,1136,1213,1237]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="53 - 73" refId="ref19922" refString="SERENO P. C. & ARCUCCI A. B. 1994. - Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 53 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1994.10011538" type="journal article" year="1994">Sereno & Arcucci 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA74FFB7FFAD5B8EC" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[1151,1354,1213,1237]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA7ECFB7FFA91B8EC" box="[1244,1294,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas CRILAR PV 480 and CRILAR PV 490 come from two different localities. CRILAR-PV 480 was collected from
|
||
<location id="8EC960202E02FFFFA7CCFB33FCDBB91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89:8EC960202E02FFFFA7CCFB33FCDBB91C" name="Campo de Cordoba" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Campo de Córdoba</location>
|
||
locality, and, stratigraphically, from the lower member of the Chañares Formation, at the concretionary level that characterizes this member and where most of the previously reported fossil tetrapods from the
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA087FA9DFB45B94D" box="[951,1242,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA087FA9DFBD8B94D" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1967" box="[951,1095,1372,1396]" family="Traversodontidae" genus="Massetognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Massetognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA77FFA9DFB45B94D" box="[1103,1242,1372,1396]" family="Proterochampsidae" genus="Chanaresuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chanaresuchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
assemblage zone (AZ) were found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA096FAB6FBCEB9B6" author="ROGERS R. R. & ARCUCCI A. B. & ABDALA F. & SERENO P. C. & FORSTER C. A. & MAY C." box="[934,1105,1399,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="461 - 481" refId="ref19074" refString="ROGERS R. R., ARCUCCI A. B., ABDALA F., SERENO P. C., FORSTER C. A. & MAY C. 2001. - Paleoenvironment and Taphonomy of the Chanares Formation Tetrapod Assemblage (Middle Triassic), northwestern Argentina: spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions. Palaios 16: 461 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1669 / 0883 - 1351 (2001) 016 % 3 C 0461: PATOTC % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Rogers
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA0DEFAB6FB84B9B6" box="[1006,1051,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA76DFAB6FA95B9B6" author="FIORELLI L. E. & EZCURRA M. D. & HECHENLEITNER E. M. & ARGANARAZ E. & TABORDA J. R. A. & TROTTEYN M. J. & VON BACZKO M. B. & DESOJO J. B." box="[1117,1290,1399,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref16064" refString="FIORELLI L. E., EZCURRA M. D., HECHENLEITNER E. M., ARGANARAZ E., TABORDA J. R. A., TROTTEYN M. J., VON BACZKO M. B. & DESOJO J. B. 2013. - The oldest known communal latrines provide evidence of gregarism in Triassic megaherbivores. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep UK) 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 03348" type="journal volume" year="2013">
|
||
Fiorelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA797FAB6FB4AB9B6" box="[1191,1237,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA627FAB6FCC1B990" author="MARSICANO C. A. & IRMIS R. B. & MANCUSO A. C. & MUNDIL R. & CHEMALE F." pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="509 - 513" refId="ref17973" refString="MARSICANO C. A., IRMIS R. B., MANCUSO A. C., MUNDIL R. & CHEMALE F. 2016. - The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 509 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1512541112" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Marsicano
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA6B2FAB6FA2FB9B6" box="[1410,1456,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA05EFA50FBE5B990" author="GOUIRIC-CAVALLI S. & DESOJO J. B. & EZCURRA M. D. & FIORELLI L. E. & MARTINELLI A. G." box="[878,1146,1425,1449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="137 - 150" refId="ref16464" refString="GOUIRIC-CAVALLI S., DESOJO J. B., EZCURRA M. D., FIORELLI L. E. & MARTINELLI A. G. 2017. - First fish remains from the earliest Late Triassic of the Chanares Formation (La Rioja, Argentina) and their paleobiogeographic implications. Ameghiniana 54: 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / AMGH. 10.10.2016.3015" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Gouiric-Cavalli
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA73FFA53FBDFB990" box="[1039,1088,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). CRILAR PV 490 was found at the
|
||
<location id="8EC960202E02FFFFA05DFA6AFC4BB9FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87ED2E02FFEBA04EFEB7FD3DBE89:8EC960202E02FFFFA05DFA6AFC4BB9FA" box="[877,980,1451,1475]" name="El Torcido" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">El Torcido</location>
|
||
locality, in the lowermost levels of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA665FA6DFCEEB9E4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA665FA6DFCF5B9E7" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1967" family="Traversodontidae" genus="Massetognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Massetognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E02FFFFA041FA07FB82B9E7" authority="AZ" authorityName="AZ" box="[881,1053,1478,1502]" family="Proterochampsidae" genus="Chanaresuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA041FA07FC66B9E7" box="[881,1017,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Chanaresuchus</emphasis>
|
||
AZ
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Chañares Formation, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E02FFFFA01BFA20FCC3B9C1" box="[811,860,1504,1529]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
east of the “Chañares type” locality (= Far East Pocket locality of A. S. Romer). CRILAR PV 490 was found in a fine-grained grey sandstone, in levels lacking concretions, and was associated with a cynodont ilum and the skeleton of a rhadinosuchine proterochampsid CRILAR PV 488 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA0EEF98AFB14BA5B" author="EZCURRA M. D. & VON BACZKO M. B. & TROTTEYN M. J. & DESOJO J. B." box="[990,1163,1610,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref15888" refString="EZCURRA M. D., VON BACZKO M. B., TROTTEYN M. J. & DESOJO J. B. 2019. - New proterochampsid specimens expand the morphological diversity of the rhadinosuchines of the Chanares Formation (lower Carnian, northwestern Argentina). Ameghiniana 56: 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / AMGH. 25.05.2019.3230" type="journal volume" year="2019">
|
||
Ezcurra
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA71BF98AFBC8BA5B" box="[1067,1111,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Chañares Formation has been traditionally interpreted as Ladinian in age (Middle Triassic;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA01DF9BEFC59BAAE" author="STIPANICIC P. N." box="[813,966,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="181 - 199" refId="ref20125" refString="STIPANICIC P. N. 1983. - The Triassic of Argentina and Chile, in MOULLADE M., NAIRM A. E. M. (eds), The Phanerozoic Geology of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 181 - 199." type="book chapter" year="1983">Stipanicic 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA0E2F941FB1DBAAE" author="ROGERS R. R. & ARCUCCI A. B. & ABDALA F. & SERENO P. C. & FORSTER C. A. & MAY C." box="[978,1154,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="461 - 481" refId="ref19074" refString="ROGERS R. R., ARCUCCI A. B., ABDALA F., SERENO P. C., FORSTER C. A. & MAY C. 2001. - Paleoenvironment and Taphonomy of the Chanares Formation Tetrapod Assemblage (Middle Triassic), northwestern Argentina: spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions. Palaios 16: 461 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1669 / 0883 - 1351 (2001) 016 % 3 C 0461: PATOTC % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Rogers
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA72BF941FBD5BAAE" box="[1051,1098,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA7BEF9BEFAA8BAAE" author="MOREL E. M. & ARTABE A. E. & SPALLETTI L. A." box="[1166,1335,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="231 - 243" refId="ref18076" refString="MOREL E. M., ARTABE A. E. & SPALLETTI L. A. 2003. - Triassic floras of Argentina: biostratigraphy, floristic events and comparison with other areas of Gondwana and Laurasia. Alcheringa 27: 231 - 243. http: // hdl. handle. net / 11336 / 72357" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morel
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA7E0F941FB60BAAE" box="[1232,1279,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but recent U-Pb zircon analyses of samples from the lower and middle levels of the Chañares Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA77FF975FAB3BAF5" author="MARSICANO C. A. & IRMIS R. B. & MANCUSO A. C. & MUNDIL R. & CHEMALE F." box="[1103,1324,1716,1740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="509 - 513" refId="ref17973" refString="MARSICANO C. A., IRMIS R. B., MANCUSO A. C., MUNDIL R. & CHEMALE F. 2016. - The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 509 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1512541112" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Marsicano
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA78FF974FB6EBAF5" box="[1215,1265,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) constrained the age of the fossiliferous horizon to 236.1
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA7FFF90FFB62BADF" box="[1231,1277,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">±0.6</emphasis>
|
||
to 233.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA664F90EFAE9BADE" box="[1364,1398,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">±0.</emphasis>
|
||
4 Ma, 5-10 Mya younger than the Middle Triassic, representing an early Carnian (early Late Triassic) age. Additional new analyses from detrital zircons taken from two volcanoclastic deposits of the Chañares Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA092F8F8FBC8BB69" author="EZCURRA M. D. & FIORELLI L. E. & MARTINELLI A. G. & ROCHER S. & VON BACZKO M. B. & EZPELETA M. & TABORDA J. R. A. & HECHENLEITNER E. M. & TROTTEYN M. J. & DESOJO J. B." box="[930,1111,1848,1872]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="1477 - 1483" refId="ref15788" refString="EZCURRA M. D., FIORELLI L. E., MARTINELLI A. G., ROCHER S., VON BACZKO M. B., EZPELETA M., TABORDA J. R. A., HECHENLEITNER E. M., TROTTEYN M. J. & DESOJO J. B. 2017. - Deep faunistic turnovers preceded the rise of dinosaurs in southwestern Pangaea. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 1477 - 1483. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41559 - 017 - 0305 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Ezcurra
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA0C2F8F8FBBFBB69" box="[1010,1056,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), recovered maximum depositional ages consistent with those previously determined (236.2±1.1 Ma and 233.1±1.1 Ma), confirming the earlier work (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E02FFFFA7DCF8ACFA3FBBBC" author="DESOJO J. B. & EZCURRA M. D. & SCHULTZ C. L." box="[1260,1440,1901,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="839 - 871" refId="ref15070" refString="DESOJO J. B., EZCURRA M. D. & SCHULTZ C. L. 2011. - An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle - Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 839 - 871. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00655. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Desojo
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E02FFFFA608F8AFFAF7BBBC" box="[1336,1384,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C65702E02FFFCA01DF85CFE18BBD0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E02FFFCA01DF85CFE18BBD0" blockId="5.[811,1455,1949,2026]" lastBlockId="6.[131,777,1207,2025]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E02FFFFA01DF85CFC09BB8A" baselines="1966,1967" box="[813,918,1949,1972]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Diagnosis" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — Lightly built pseudosuchian with a total skull length that slightly exceeded
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E02FFFFA731F876FBD6BBF6" box="[1025,1097,1975,1999]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
(in the largest specimen, PVL 4612, with incomplete anterior end of the snout) and the length of the largest preserved femur being
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E01FFFCA299FB76FE6FB8F7" box="[425,496,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
|
||
(PVL 4597, one of the largest specimens), diagnosed by the following unique combination of characters (autapomorphies marked with an asterisk): relatively large cranial openings: antorbital fenestra occupying between 30% and 36%, antorbital fossa between 36% and 40%, and orbit between 35% and 42% of the anteroposterior length of skull roof (measured back to the posterior end of the parietals); supratemporal fenestra wider than long*; sclerotic ring with ossicles that not overlap in lateral contact; straight posterior edge of postorbital process of jugal*; presence of postfrontal, with a long lateral process that projects over the postorbital bar*; presence of a small triangular postparietal; large postemportal foramen in proportion to the width of the occipital region; laterally extending anterior process of squamosal; premaxillary teeth with no mesial carina, faint distal carina, and lacking mesial or distal denticles; postzygapophyseal facet of the axis in horizontal plane and with the longitudinal axis posteriorly directed*; high, vertical anterior border of the axial neural spine*; longitudinal median ventral keel on the axial centrum; poorly developed ventral keels on cervical vertebrae; mid-dorsal region of cervical vertebral neural arch with a circular anterolateral depression; spine tables on posterior cervical vertebrae (at least on cervicals 4 of PVL 4597, and 6 and 7 of MCZVP 4118); distal (lateral) end of first sacral rib slightly expanded relative to the proximal (medial) portion*; lack of a well-defined acetabular surface on the pubis; thin L-shaped lamina on proximal pubic apron; lateroventral corner of pubic peduncle with short bony tongue; ischiadic symphysis proximally located*; proximodistally elongated and poorly developed iliofibular trochanter on fibula; staggered paramedian osteoderms; longitudinal keels on dorsal surfaces of laterally bent osteoderms slightly medially located with respect to the centre of the element and (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E01FFFCA387F810FEE6BBD0" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[183,377,2001,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA221F810FEDFBBD0" box="[273,320,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E01FFFCA3B4FBA4FDC0B8B4" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" startId="6.[132,157,1125,1142]" targetBox="[134,1456,201,1101]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E01FFFCA3B4FBA4FDC0B8B4" blockId="6.[132,1455,1125,1165]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E01FFFCA3B4FBA4FF02B84F" baselines="1138,1138" box="[132,157,1125,1142]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 1. — Geographical map showing the location of Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, La Rioja and San Juan provinces, NW Argentina, and localities where the specimens were found. Modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E01FFFCA2F5FBBDFDC4B8B4" author="FIORELLI L. E. & ROCHER S. & MARTINELLI A. G. & EZCURRA M. D. & HECHENLEITNER E. M. & EZPELETA M." box="[453,603,1148,1165]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" pagination="85 - 102" refId="ref16148" refString="FIORELLI L. E., ROCHER S., MARTINELLI A. G., EZCURRA M. D., HECHENLEITNER E. M. & EZPELETA M. 2018. - Tetrapod burrows from the Middle - Upper Triassic Chanares Formation (La Rioja, Argentina) and its palaeoecological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496: 85 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2018.01.026" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Fiorelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA131FBBDFDB5B8B4" box="[513,554,1148,1165]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C65702E01FFEBA01DFB79FD3DBE89" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E01FFFCA01DFB79FC2FB8E9" blockId="6.[811,1458,1208,2026]" box="[813,944,1208,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E01FFFCA01DFB79FC2FB8E9" baselines="1227,1227" box="[813,944,1208,1234]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Osteology" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">OSTEOLOGY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E01FFFCA01DFB16FC77B8C8" blockId="6.[811,1458,1208,2026]" box="[813,1000,1239,1265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA01DFB16FC77B8C8" box="[813,1000,1239,1265]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Vertebrae and ribs</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E01FFFCA01DFB36FB92BAF4" blockId="6.[811,1458,1208,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The specimen CRILAR PV 480 presents a series of three incomplete cervical vertebrae, the last of which articulates with one rib, and posteriorly four cervico-dorsal ribs in natural position but missing their corresponding vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E01FFFCA66AFA97FCDFB9A9" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), a series of six fragmentary vertebrae spanning the cervicodorsal transition with several articulated ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E01FFFCA633FA57FAEBB989" box="[1283,1396,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), two incomplete articulated cervical centra with two incomplete cervical ribs, two isolated probable vertebrae (not figured), and one isolated dorsal rib. CRILAR PV 490 preserves two articulated mid cervical vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E01FFFCA79AF9D5FB75BA17" box="[1194,1258,1556,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and one isolated posterior cervical vertebra; no ribs are preserved in this specimen. As the axial skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E01FFFCA76BF995FB7BBA57" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[1115,1252,1620,1646]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA76BF995FB7BBA57" box="[1115,1252,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E01FFFCA0A3F9B5FBF3BAB4" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[915,1132,1651,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA0C7F9B5FBB2BAB4" box="[1015,1069,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the present description will focus on differences from the previously known specimens and from other taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E01FFFDA073F913FE0CB97F" blockId="6.[811,1458,1208,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[130,777,215,1350]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The vertebrae of the series of three cervicals (CRILAR PV 480,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E01FFFCA055F933FC49BB34" box="[869,982,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are incomplete and poorly preserved, with the last two preserving only the neural arch and spine and probably from the left side. The morphology of the five ribs preserved in this series suggests a transitional cervicodorsal position. They contrast with the ribs of this region in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E01FFFCA0F2F851FBD4BB93" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[962,1099,1936,1962]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E01FFFCA0F2F851FBD4BB93" box="[962,1099,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="44">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. PVL 4597, see below), but the poor preservation as a thin layer of bone in some regions in CRILAR PV 480, suggests they may be incomplete. The first rib has a short shaft and a strongly expanded, triangular distal end, almost equal in size anteriorly and posteriorly. The second rib has a thicker shaft and is distally triangular, but narrower anteroposteriorly than the first. The remaining ribs have lost their proximal articular ends. The third rib is distally expanded and triangular, being more expanded posteriorly than anteriorly. The fourth and fifth ribs are more like dorsal ribs, where the posterior surface is straight and the anterior is convex. The fourth rib has the anterior projection that extends more anteriorly and is more distally located than in the fifth. The ribs of this series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA2E7FDD5FDDABE17" box="[471,581,532,558]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) differ from those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA3EFFDF2FEF7BE74" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[223,360,563,589]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3EFFDF2FEF7BE74" box="[223,360,563,589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (e.g. PULR 08, PVL 4597) in being distally less expanded anteroposteriorly and thus not contacting with each other as occurs in PULR 08 and PVL 4597. This difference could be interpreted as intraspecific variation but may also be due simply to the poor preservation of the ribs of CRILAR PV 480, as only a thin layer of bone in some regions suggests they may be incomplete. The series of six cervico-dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA115FCD0FD3EBF15" box="[549,673,785,812]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the fragmentary series with one and a half vertebral (not figured) of CRILAR PV 480, and the three cervicals of CRILAR PV 490 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA38EFCB1FF63BFB3" box="[190,252,880,906]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) are quite similar to those in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA3B4FC51FE91BF93" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[132,270,912,938]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3B4FC51FE91BF93" box="[132,270,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The vertebrae of specimen CRILAR PV 490 have a neural spine inclined anteriorly to the same degree as PVL 4597 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA233FC11FE4CBFD0" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[259,467,975,1002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA254FC11FE08BFD0" box="[356,407,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), an anterolateral depression anterior to the neural spine in the neural arch, as well as an infrapostzygapophyseal depression below the postzygapophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA3E9FBEFFED2B870" box="[217,333,1070,1097]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA26DFBEEFDAAB870" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." box="[349,565,1070,1097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA2F0FBEEFE6AB871" box="[448,501,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7). They have long longitudinal lateral fossae on the vertebral centra, and the parapophysis continues posteriorly as a longitudinal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA3BDFB4CFE9DB891" box="[141,258,1165,1192]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior cervical ribs are only present in CRILAR PV 480 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA21AFB6CFE39B8F1" box="[298,422,1197,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
); they are posteriorly elongated and contact the immediately posterior rib dorsally through a dorsal groove. The dorsal ribs each have a short capitulum and tuberculum and expand anteriorly at the proximal end of the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA23EFAEDFE1AB97F" box="[270,389,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E00FFFDA3B4FAB5FF7BB9B4" blockId="7.[132,228,1396,1421]" box="[132,228,1396,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E00FFFDA3B4FAB5FF7BB9B4" box="[132,228,1396,1421]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3B4FAB5FF7BB9B4" box="[132,228,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Humerus</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E00FFFDA3B4FA52FB87BF96" blockId="7.[130,777,1427,2027]" lastBlockId="7.[810,1457,215,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
|
||
A complete humerus was found in specimen CRILAR PV 490 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA3F1FA72FE9EB9F4" box="[193,257,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is a slender bone,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E00FFFDA2CEFA72FDFBB9F4" box="[510,612,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="41.3">41.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E00FFFDA19EFA72FC99B9F4" box="[686,774,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at the midshaft, and 10 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E00FFFDA2D2FA12FDA9B9D4" box="[482,566,1491,1517]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="9.7">9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at its proximal and distal ends, respectively. This general gracile morphology resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA20FF9D3FD36BA14" authority="Newton, 1894" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1894" box="[319,681,1554,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Erpetosuchidae" genus="Erpetosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA20FF9D3FD9ABA15" box="[319,517,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Erpetosuchus granti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA13CF9D2FD36BA14" author="NEWTON E. T." box="[524,681,1555,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="573 - 607" refId="ref18442" refString="NEWTON E. T. 1894. - Reptiles from the Elgin sandstone. Description of two new genera. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 185: 573 - 607. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1894.0013" type="journal article" year="1894">Newton, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA188F9D2FEB3BA74" author="BENTON M. J. & WALKER A. D." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="25 - 47" refId="ref13229" refString="BENTON M. J. & WALKER A. D. 2002. - Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 25 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00024. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Benton & Walker 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or the crocodylomorphs CM 29894 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA1FBF9F3FF60BA55" author="CLARK J. M. & SUES H- & BERMAN D. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="683 - 704" refId="ref14513" refString="CLARK J. M., SUES H-. D. & BERMAN D. S. 2000. - A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilis from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 683 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2000) 020 [0683: ANSOHA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Clark
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3B4F992FF23BA55" box="[132,188,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA276F993FC99BA54" authority="Simmons, 1965" authorityName="Simmons" authorityYear="1965" box="[326,774,1618,1645]" genus="Dromicosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grallator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA276F993FDD4BA55" box="[326,587,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Dromicosuchus grallator</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA163F993FC99BA54" author="SIMMONS D. J." box="[595,774,1618,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref19972" refString="SIMMONS D. J. 1965. - The non-therapsid reptiles of the Lufeng Basin, Yunnan, China. Fieldiana, Geology 15: 1 - 93. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4349828" type="journal article" year="1965">Simmons, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA3BDF9B3FEA6BAB5" author="SUES H. - D. & OLSEN P. E. & CARTER J. E. & SCOTT D. M." box="[141,313,1650,1677]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="329 - 343" refId="ref20234" refString="SUES H. - D., OLSEN P. E., CARTER J. E. & SCOTT D. M. 2003. - A new crocodylomorph archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 329 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2003) 023 [0329: ANCAFT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Sues
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3F5F9B2FF6DBAB5" box="[197,242,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but contrasts with the robust element of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA3B6F953FDFBBA95" authority="Nesbitt et al., 2014" authorityName="Nesbitt" authorityYear="2014" box="[134,612,1682,1708]" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="songeaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA3B6F953FE18BA95" box="[134,391,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Nundasuchus songeaensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA2BDF953FDFBBA95" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." box="[397,612,1682,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA2D5F952FDBFBA95" box="[485,544,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA15FF953FE09BAF5" authority="Gower, 1999" authorityName="Gower" authorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA15FF953FE91BAF5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA222F973FE09BAF5" author="GOWER D. J." box="[274,406,1714,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref16536" refString="GOWER D. J. 1999. - The cranial and mandibular osteology of a new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 280: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1999">Gower, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80275), aetosaurs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA1E3F973FD9BBAD5" authority="Casamiquela, 1960" authorityName="Casamiquela" authorityYear="1960" family="Stagonolepididae" genus="Aetosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scagliai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA1E3F973FEAFBAD5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Aetosauroides scagliai</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA204F913FD9BBAD5" author="CASAMIQUELA R. M." box="[308,516,1746,1772]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="143 - 203" refId="ref13783" refString="CASAMIQUELA R. M. 1960. - Noticia preliminar sobre dos nuevos estagonolepoideos Argentinos. Ameghiniana 16: 143 - 203." type="journal article" year="1960">Casamiquela, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA13EF913FDDFBAD5" box="[526,576,1746,1772]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pbkd-hmeb" name="Paleontologia de Vertebrados Lillo" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PVL</collectionCode>
|
||
2073), phytosaurs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA38BF933FF23BB15" authority="Camp, 1930 sensu Long & Murry 1995" authorityName="Long & Murry" authorityYear="1995" family="Parasuchidae" genus="Smilosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gregorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA38BF933FE15BB35" box="[187,394,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Smilosuchus gregorii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA2A3F933FD82BB35" author="CAMP C. L." box="[403,541,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref13695" refString="CAMP C. L. 1930. - A study of the phytosaurs with description of new material from western North America. Memoirs of the University of California 10: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1930">Camp, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA116F932FDC5BB35" box="[550,602,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA151F933FF23BB15" author="LONG R. A. & MURRY P. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 254" refId="ref17857" refString="LONG R. A. & MURRY P. A. 1995. - Late Triassic (Carnianand Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern UnitedStates. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science 4: 1 - 254." type="journal article" year="1995">Long & Murry 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 18313), and basal loricatans. In anterior and/ or posterior view, the proximal end has a triangular outline, with the proximal surface rather flat and obliquely inclined, with its lateral corner being proximally projected with respect to the medial corner. The humeral head is poorly defined on the proximal end. It is nearly flat and forms an angle with the proximal surface of the humerus. This morphology is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA079FF16FB0EBCCB" authority="Ewer, 1965" authorityName="Ewer" authorityYear="1965" box="[841,1169,215,242]" family="Euparkeriidae" genus="Euparkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA079FF16FB8EBCC8" box="[841,1041,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Euparkeria capensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA728FF19FB0EBCCB" author="EWER R. F." box="[1048,1169,215,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="379 - 435" refId="ref15638" refString="EWER R. F. 1965. - The anatomy of the thecodont reptile Euparkeria capensis Broom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 248: 379 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1965.0003" type="journal article" year="1965">Ewer, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SAM PK 5867), but contrast with some other pseudosuchians (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA7DBFF36FA30BD28" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1894" box="[1259,1455,247,273]" class="Amphibia" family="Erpetosuchidae" genus="Erpetosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA7DBFF36FA30BD28" box="[1259,1455,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Erpetosuchus granti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA005FED9FBBABD08" author="BENTON M. J. & WALKER A. D." box="[821,1061,279,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="25 - 47" refId="ref13229" refString="BENTON M. J. & WALKER A. D. 2002. - Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 25 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00024. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Benton & Walker 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA708FED6FA30BD08" authority=", SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" box="[1080,1455,279,306]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA708FED6FAC4BD08" box="[1080,1371,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
, SMNS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
92042, SMNS 80276 [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA72FFEF6FA8EBD68" author="GOWER D. J. & SCHOCH R. R." box="[1055,1297,311,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="103 - 122" refId="ref16609" refString="GOWER D. J. & SCHOCH R. R. 2009. - Postcranial anatomy of the rauisuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 103 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2009.10010365" type="journal article" year="2009">Gower & Schoch 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA616FEF6FC03BD48" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="songeaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA616FEF6FC03BD48" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Nundasuchus songeaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA099FE96FBF5BD48" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." box="[937,1130,343,369]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA0CEFE99FBB0BD48" box="[1022,1071,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA7B1FE96FCF8BDA8" authority="Crush, 1984" authorityName="Crush" authorityYear="1984" family="Saltoposuchidae" genus="Terrestrisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA7B1FE96FAFFBD48" box="[1153,1376,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Terrestrisuchus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA656FE96FCF8BDA8" author="CRUSH P. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="131 - 157" refId="ref14644" refString="CRUSH P. J. 1984. - A Late Upper Triassic sphenosuchid crocodilian from Wales. Palaeontology 27: 131 - 157. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49727510" type="journal article" year="1984">Crush, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NHM
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301766B2E00FFFDA0F0FEB6FC77BDA8" box="[960,1000,375,401]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
P 47/22ii), which have a rounded, clearly defined protuberance located at some distance from the medial margin, and the proximal surface between the head and the medial margin is distally inclined. The lateral and medial margins of the shaft are gently curved, contrasting with the highly concave medial margin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA7A4FDD7FA81BE09" box="[1172,1310,534,560]" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA7A4FDD7FA81BE09" box="[1172,1310,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Nundasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or both margins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA04DFDF7FA97BE68" authority="Broom, 1905" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1905" box="[893,1288,566,593]" family="Erythrosuchidae" genus="Erythrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA04DFDF7FBF0BE69" box="[893,1135,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Erythrosuchus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA747FDF6FA97BE68" author="BROOM R." box="[1143,1288,566,593]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref13396" refString="BROOM R. 1905. - Notice of some new fossil reptiles from the Karoo beds of South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum 1: 331 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1948. tb 00384. x" type="journal article" year="1905">Broom, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA628FDF7FA3FBE69" author="GOWER D. J." box="[1304,1440,566,592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref16579" refString="GOWER D. J. 2003. - Osteology of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom. Annals of the South African Museum 110: 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Gower 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The long axes of the proximal and distal ends in transverse view are nearly parallel to one another (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA7E1FDB7FADEBEA9" box="[1233,1345,630,656]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), differing from the offset condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA754FD57FCF1BEE9" authority="(Gower 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Gower" baseAuthorityYear="2003" family="Erythrosuchidae" genus="Erythrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA754FD57FAC8BE89" box="[1124,1367,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Erythrosuchus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA657FD57FCFABEE9" author="GOWER D. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref16579" refString="GOWER D. J. 2003. - Osteology of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom. Annals of the South African Museum 110: 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Gower 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA04BFD74FB4BBEE9" authority="(Ewer 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Ewer" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[891,1236,693,720]" family="Euparkeriidae" genus="Euparkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA04BFD74FBDABEF6" box="[891,1093,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Euparkeria capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA765FD77FB55BEE9" author="EWER R. F." box="[1109,1226,693,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="379 - 435" refId="ref15638" refString="EWER R. F. 1965. - The anatomy of the thecodont reptile Euparkeria capensis Broom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 248: 379 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1965.0003" type="journal article" year="1965">Ewer 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA7D1FD74FBA3BEC9" authority="(Nesbitt et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Nesbitt" baseAuthorityYear="2014" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="songeaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA7D1FD74FCF9BED6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Nundasuchus songeaensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA043FD14FBAFBEC9" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." box="[883,1072,725,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA0F6FD17FC68BED6" box="[966,1015,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA777FD14FCFDBF29" authority="Chatterjee, 1985" authorityName="Chatterjee" authorityYear="1985" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA777FD14FAAABED6" box="[1095,1333,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Postosuchus kirkpatricki</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA60BFD14FCFDBF29" author="CHATTERJEE S." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="395 - 460" refId="ref14183" refString="CHATTERJEE S. 1985. - Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 309: 395 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1985.0092" type="journal article" year="1985">Chatterjee, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA041FD34FBBDBF36" author="WEINBAUM J. C." box="[881,1058,757,783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="525 - 553" refId="ref20664" refString="WEINBAUM J. C. 2013. - Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379: 525 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 379.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Weinbaum 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA707FD34FC3ABF16" authority="Desojo et al., 2012" authorityName="Desojo" authorityYear="2012" family="Stagonolepididae" genus="Aetobarbakinoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA707FD34FAFFBF36" box="[1079,1376,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Aetobarbakinoides brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA653FD34FC3ABF16" author="DESOJO J. B. & EZCURRA M. D. & KISCHLAT E. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref15137" refString="DESOJO J. B., EZCURRA M. D. & KISCHLAT E. E. 2012. - A new aetosaur genus (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3166: 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3166.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Desojo
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA01DFCD7FCFABF16" box="[813,869,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA0FBFCD4FB65BF16" box="[971,1274,789,815]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA0FBFCD4FB65BF16" box="[971,1274,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80275), for example. The deltopectoral crest is slightly raised from the diaphysis, merging with the centre of the shaft at 40% from the proximal end. The medial surface of the crest has a shallow fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA0ACFC54FC6DBF96" box="[924,1010,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
: f).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E00FFFDA073FC74FBFCB8D7" blockId="7.[810,1457,215,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The midshaft of the humerus is nearly circular in section and becomes flattened anteroposteriorly toward the distal end. The distal end has a poorly defined entepicondyle and ectepicondyle, forming simple corners at the medial and lateral sides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA0A9FBF5FC49B877" box="[921,982,1076,1102]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), instead of rounded articular condyles, as in some other taxa (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA73BFB95FAEDB857" authority=", IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" box="[1035,1394,1108,1135]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Turfanosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dabanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA73BFB95FA8EB857" box="[1035,1297,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Turfanosuchus dabanensis</emphasis>
|
||
, IVPP V
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
3237;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA01BFBB5FBBFB8B7" authorityName="Chatterjee" authorityYear="1985" box="[811,1056,1140,1166]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA01BFBB5FBBFB8B7" box="[811,1056,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Postosuchus kirkpatricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA704FBB5FB74B8B7" author="WEINBAUM J. C." box="[1076,1259,1140,1166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="525 - 553" refId="ref20664" refString="WEINBAUM J. C. 2013. - Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379: 525 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 379.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Weinbaum 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA633FBB4FC33B897" authority="Peyer et al., 2008" authorityName="Peyer" authorityYear="2008" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alisonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA633FBB4FAF1B8B7" box="[1283,1390,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">P. alisonae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA648FBB4FC33B897" author="PEYER K. & CARTER J. G. & SUES H. - D. & NOVAK S. E. & OLSEN P. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="363 - 381" refId="ref18966" refString="PEYER K., CARTER J. G., SUES H. - D., NOVAK S. E. & OLSEN P. E. 2008. - A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 363 - 381." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Peyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA01DFB54FCFCB897" box="[813,867,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NCSM 13731;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA75FFB55FCE7B8F7" authority=", SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA75FFB55FA37B897" box="[1135,1448,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
, SMNS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
80275, SMNS 80276, SMNS 92042;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA62BFB75FB94B8D7" authority=", NHM UK P" authorityName="NHM UK P" family="Saltoposuchidae" genus="Terrestrisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA62BFB75FCECB8D7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Terrestrisuchus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
, NHM UK P
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
47/22).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E00FFF3A073FB32FC97B937" blockId="7.[810,1457,215,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[131,777,1108,1294]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The distal half of the humerus of CRILAR PV 490 can be compared with the only known humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA617FAD2FA30B914" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[1319,1455,1299,1325]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA617FAD2FA30B914" box="[1319,1455,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA004FAF2FCE6B974" box="[820,889,1331,1357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08), which is very similar in size, with the mid-diaphysis width of the former being 1.11 times larger than
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA60DFA95FA1DB957" box="[1341,1410,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08. The humerus of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA0D3FAB5FBB7B9B7" box="[995,1064,1396,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08 preserves the distal end partially as a mould, where a trochlear recess can be seen to be similar in width to that of CRILAR PV 490, whereas the morphology of the distal condyles differs, as these are barely rounded and separated distally in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA706FA32FBE4BA34" box="[1078,1147,1523,1549]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08. Additionally, the medial condyle of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E00FFFDA091F9D2FC79BA14" box="[929,998,1555,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08 is more narrow than the lateral, whereas in CRILAR PV 490 the lateral one is narrower (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA610F9F3FAEBBA74" box="[1312,1396,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The medial distal condyle of CRILAR PV 490 is slightly more distally projected than the lateral one. On the anterior distal surface, there is a shallow trochlear recess that fades proximally and disappears at 25% from the distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA7CEF973FACBBAF4" box="[1278,1364,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
: tr). The lateral margin has a low bump at
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E00FFFDA7B9F913FB42BAD5" box="[1161,1245,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(almost 20%) from the ectepicondyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA0C8F933FBD7BB35" box="[1016,1096,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
), which might be homologous to the ectepicondylar flange of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA77FF8D3FA30BB15" authority="(Nesbitt et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Nesbitt" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1103,1455,1810,1836]" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA77FF8D3FB47BB15" box="[1103,1240,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Nundasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA7D7F8D3FA3BBB15" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." box="[1255,1444,1810,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA60AF8D3FAF4BB15" box="[1338,1387,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the supinator process of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E00FFFDA759F8F0FA9FBB72" box="[1129,1280,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E00FFFDA759F8F0FA9FBB72" box="[1129,1280,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Batrachotomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80275,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E00FFFDA01EF893FBB8BB55" author="GOWER D. J. & SCHOCH R. R." box="[814,1063,1873,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="103 - 122" refId="ref16609" refString="GOWER D. J. & SCHOCH R. R. 2009. - Postcranial anatomy of the rauisuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 103 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2009.10010365" type="journal article" year="2009">Gower & Schoch 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the latter two taxa differ in that they show elongated ridges, whereas CRILAR PV 490 merely has a bump (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA0CCF850FBD4BB95" box="[1020,1099,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
: lb). Lateral to this structure, CRILAR PV 490 presents a small and shallow circular depression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E00FFFDA005F810FC19BBD5" box="[821,902,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[792,1342,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Left humerus of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, proximal view; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: cd: circular depression; dp: deltopectoral crest; ec: ectepicondyle; en: entepicondyle; f: fossa; lb: low bump; tr: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
: cd), that may be homologous to the ectepicondylar groove for the passage of the radial nerve; however, this depression is very different in shape from the groove morphology (being longer than wide) of the ectepicondylar groove in taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A3ECFB75FD39B8F7" authority="(Weinbaum 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Weinbaum" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[220,678,1204,1230]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A3ECFB75FE4BB8F7" box="[220,468,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Postosuchus kirkpatricki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A2D4FB75FD03B8F7" author="WEINBAUM J. C." box="[484,668,1204,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="525 - 553" refId="ref20664" refString="WEINBAUM J. C. 2013. - Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379: 525 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 379.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Weinbaum 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A185FB75FDB3B8D7" authority="(Nesbitt et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Nesbitt" baseAuthorityYear="2014" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="songeaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A185FB75FEDFB8D4" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Nundasuchus songeaensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A262FB15FDBDB8D7" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." box="[338,546,1236,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A29BFB15FE7EB8D7" box="[427,481,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A15EFB15FE8AB934" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A15EFB15FE8AB934" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80275, SMNS 80276, SMNS 92042).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0FFFF2A3B4F855FDD9BBD0" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" startId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" targetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0FFFF2A3B4F855FDD9BBD0" blockId="8.[132,1457,1940,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0FFFF2A3B4F855FF02BB9C" baselines="1953,1953" box="[132,157,1940,1957]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 2. — Vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0FFFF2A207F855FD13BB9C" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[311,652,1940,1957]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A207F855FDBFBB9C" box="[311,544,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0FFFF2A114F855FD13BB9C" author="ROMER A. S." box="[548,652,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer,1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0FFFF2A732F855FB93BB99" baselines="1949" box="[1026,1036,1940,1952]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="lower" normString="st" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A732F855FB93BB99" bold="true" box="[1026,1036,1940,1952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">ST</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
to5th preserved ribs in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A7F6F855FB4CBB9C" bold="true" box="[1222,1235,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A657F855FAEBBB9C" bold="true" box="[1383,1396,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A132F86BFD8FBB82" bold="true" box="[514,528,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">C</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A198F86BFD29BB82" bold="true" box="[680,694,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">D</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A08EF86BFC4FBB82" bold="true" box="[958,976,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">5r</emphasis>
|
||
: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A632F86BFA8BBB82" bold="true" box="[1282,1300,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">cr</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal osteoderm crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A385F800FF49BBEB" bold="true" box="[181,214,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">dap</emphasis>
|
||
: diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A27BF800FEF6BBEB" bold="true" box="[331,361,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">dor</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal ribs;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A2FEF800FE7BBBEB" bold="true" box="[462,484,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">nc</emphasis>
|
||
: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A060F800FCFABBEB" bold="true" box="[848,869,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">ns</emphasis>
|
||
: neural spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A0E8F800FC72BBEB" bold="true" box="[984,1005,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">os</emphasis>
|
||
: osteoderm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A766F800FBEDBBEB" bold="true" box="[1110,1138,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">prz</emphasis>
|
||
: prezygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0FFFF2A63FF800FABCBBEB" bold="true" box="[1295,1315,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">vc</emphasis>
|
||
: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0EFFF3A3B4FC0FFB54B81A" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" startId="9.[132,157,974,991]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF3A3B4FC0FFB54B81A" blockId="9.[132,1457,974,1059]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0EFFF3A3B4FC0FFF02BFE6" baselines="987,987" box="[132,157,974,991]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A291FC0FFD61BFE6" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[417,766,974,991]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A291FC0FFD10BFE6" box="[417,655,974,991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A1A3FC0FFD61BFE6" author="ROMER A. S." box="[659,766,974,991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A093FC0FFC2FBFE6" bold="true" box="[931,944,974,991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A778FC0FFBCABFE6" bold="true" box="[1096,1109,974,991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">B</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A7D2FC0FFB69BFE6" bold="true" box="[1250,1270,974,991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">C,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A650FC0FFAF1BFE6" bold="true" box="[1376,1390,974,991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">D</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A384FC25FF5FBFCC" bold="true" box="[180,192,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">E</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A28AFC25FE4ABFCC" bold="true" box="[442,469,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">ald</emphasis>
|
||
: anterolateral depression;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A182FC25FD5BBFCC" bold="true" box="[690,708,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">cr</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal osteoderm crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A0A8FC25FC25BFCC" bold="true" box="[920,954,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">dap</emphasis>
|
||
: diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A702FC25FBDABFCC" bold="true" box="[1074,1093,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">gr</emphasis>
|
||
: groove in osteoderms;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A63DFC25FAB2BFCC" bold="true" box="[1293,1325,996,1013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">ipzf</emphasis>
|
||
: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A273FC3AFED1B835" bold="true" box="[323,334,1019,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">k</emphasis>
|
||
: keel;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A2B1FC3AFE08B835" bold="true" box="[385,407,1019,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">lfo</emphasis>
|
||
: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A02EFC3AFCABB835" bold="true" box="[798,820,1019,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">nc</emphasis>
|
||
: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A797FC3AFB23B835" bold="true" box="[1191,1212,1019,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">ns</emphasis>
|
||
: neural spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A602FC3AFAD8B835" bold="true" box="[1330,1351,1019,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">os</emphasis>
|
||
: osteoderm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A3B4FBD3FF39B81A" bold="true" box="[132,166,1042,1059]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">pap</emphasis>
|
||
: parapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A21BFBD3FED4B81A" bold="true" box="[299,331,1042,1059]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">poz</emphasis>
|
||
: postzygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A2C8FBD3FD8CB81A" bold="true" box="[504,531,1042,1059]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">vpf</emphasis>
|
||
: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF3A3B2FAF2FF27B974" blockId="9.[130,184,1331,1357]" box="[130,184,1331,1357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E0EFFF3A3B2FAF2FF27B974" box="[130,184,1331,1357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A3B2FAF2FF27B974" box="[130,184,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Ulna</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF3A3B4FA95FE7CBA75" blockId="9.[130,776,1363,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Most part of the diaphysis including the proximal end of a right ulna is preserved in CRILAR PV 490 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A110FAB2FDC2B9B7" box="[544,605,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved element is
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A3C5FA52FEC7B997" box="[245,344,1427,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="36.7">36.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A2AAFA52FE70B997" box="[410,495,1427,1454]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide dorsoventrally at the diaphysis, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A22FFA72FEEBB9F4" box="[287,372,1459,1486]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide dorsoventrally at the incomplete proximal end. The ulna is estimated to have lost around
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A1D3FA12FF2CBA34" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, based on comparison with the gracilisuchid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A146FA32FF6DBA15" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Turfanosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dabanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A146FA32FF6DBA15" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Turfanosuchus dabanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IVPP V3237), the ulna of which is around 0.97 times the length of the humerus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF3A3ABF993FABEB994" blockId="9.[130,776,1363,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1456,1108,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The incomplete proximal end is flared in medial or lateral view, exhibiting only part of the olecranon processes and a slightly raised bump on the lateral proximal surface. In proximal view, it has a teardrop-shaped outline, tapering dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A3BDF913FF7DBAD5" box="[141,226,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proximal lateral bump probably represents a lateral tuber (=radius tuber,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A291F933FDB4BB35" author="NESBITT S. J." box="[417,555,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref18315" refString="NESBITT S. J. 2011. - The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 353: 1 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 352.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Nesbitt 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A108F933FD14BB35" box="[568,651,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This tuber is present in most paracrocodylomorphs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A158F8D3FF52BB75" authority=", SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A158F8D3FD60BB15" box="[616,767,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Batrachotomus</emphasis>
|
||
, SMNS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
80275;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A22FF8F0FD15BB75" authority="Bonaparte, 1978" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1978" box="[287,650,1841,1868]" class="Reptilia" genus="Fasolasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A22FF8F0FE49BB72" box="[287,470,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fasolasuchus tenax</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A2EAF8F3FD15BB75" author="BONAPARTE J. F." box="[474,650,1842,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 596" refId="ref13314" refString="BONAPARTE J. F. 1978. - El Mesozoico de America del Sur y sus Tetrapodos. Opera lilloana 26: 1 - 596." type="journal article" year="1978">Bonaparte, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E0EFFF3A1A2F8F3FD5CBB75" box="[658,707,1842,1868]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pbkd-hmeb" name="Paleontologia de Vertebrados Lillo" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">PVL</collectionCode>
|
||
3850;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A3B2F890FECEBB52" box="[130,337,1873,1899]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alisonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A3B2F890FECEBB52" box="[130,337,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Postosuchus alisonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A252F893FD8BBB55" author="PEYER K. & CARTER J. G. & SUES H. - D. & NOVAK S. E. & OLSEN P. E." box="[354,532,1873,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="363 - 381" refId="ref18966" refString="PEYER K., CARTER J. G., SUES H. - D., NOVAK S. E. & OLSEN P. E. 2008. - A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 363 - 381." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Peyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A292F893FE49BB52" box="[418,470,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]), aetosaurs, and basal dinosauriforms, and absent in most archosaurian outgroups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A3BDF850FE83BB92" author="NESBITT S. J." box="[141,284,1937,1963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref18315" refString="NESBITT S. J. 2011. - The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 353: 1 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 352.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Nesbitt 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it may be poorly developed in the euparkeriid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A233F870FDEDBBF2" authority="Wu, 1982" authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="1982" box="[259,626,1969,1996]" family="Euparkeriidae" genus="Halazhaisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="qiaoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A233F870FD9CBBF2" box="[259,515,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Halazhaisuchus qiaoensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A138F873FDEDBBF2" author="WU X." box="[520,626,1969,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="289 - 301" refId="ref20971" refString="WU X. 1982. - The pseudosuchian reptiles from Shan-Gan-Ning basin. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 20: 289 - 301." type="journal article" year="1982">Wu, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A1B0F870FF24BBD2" author="SOOKIAS R. B. & SULLIVAN C. & LIU J. & BUTLER R. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="47" refId="ref20071" refString="SOOKIAS R. B., SULLIVAN C., LIU J. & BUTLER R. J. 2014. - Systematics of putative euparkeriids (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from theTriassic of China. PeerJ 2: e 658. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 658" type="journal volume" year="2014">
|
||
Sookias
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A1E6F873FC97BBF2" box="[726,776,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the proximal region, the medial surface has a wide and long depression, and the dorsal surface has a narrower and shorter depression for contact with the radius (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A618FBB5FAE0B8B6" box="[1320,1407,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
: ra). The dorsal surface of the shaft has a medially faint ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A005FB75FC14B8F7" box="[821,907,1204,1231]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[247,889,213,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Right ulna of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, proximal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: lt: lateral tuber; op: olecranon process; r: ridge; ra: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
: r) starting near the proximal end and extending all the way down the preserved portion of the shaft, probably for the insertion of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A0CBFB32FBE0B934" box="[1019,1151,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">flexor ulnaris</emphasis>
|
||
muscle on the dorsal surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A005FAD5FC2BB917" author="MEERS M. B." box="[821,948,1300,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="891 - 916" refId="ref18034" refString="MEERS M. B. 2003. - Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria. The Anatomical Record, A 274: 891 - 916. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. a. 10097" type="journal article" year="2003">Meers 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A0F1FAD5FBA0B917" author="OTERO A." box="[961,1087,1300,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" refId="ref18490" refString="OTERO A. 2018. - Forelimb musculature and osteological correlates in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia). PLOS ONE 13: e 0198988. http: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0198988" type="journal volume" year="2018">Otero 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This ridge is also present in other taxa, such as the euparkeriid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A762FAF2FC36B957" authority="(Sookias et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Sookias" baseAuthorityYear="2014" family="Euparkeriidae" genus="Halazhaisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="qiaoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A762FAF2FACFB974" box="[1106,1360,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Halazhaisuchus qiaoensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A66FFAF2FC3FB954" author="SOOKIAS R. B. & SULLIVAN C. & LIU J. & BUTLER R. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="47" refId="ref20071" refString="SOOKIAS R. B., SULLIVAN C., LIU J. & BUTLER R. J. 2014. - Systematics of putative euparkeriids (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from theTriassic of China. PeerJ 2: e 658. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 658" type="journal volume" year="2014">
|
||
Sookias
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A01DFA95FCFEB954" box="[813,865,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the loricatans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A74FFA92FA2FB954" box="[1151,1456,1363,1389]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A74FFA92FA2FB954" box="[1151,1456,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80275),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A0D5FAB2FA36B9B7" authority="(Weinbaum 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Weinbaum" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[997,1449,1395,1422]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A0D5FAB2FB45B9B4" box="[997,1242,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Postosuchus kirkpatricki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A7DAFAB2FA3FB9B4" author="WEINBAUM J. C." box="[1258,1440,1395,1421]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="525 - 553" refId="ref20664" refString="WEINBAUM J. C. 2013. - Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379: 525 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 379.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Weinbaum 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A06BFA55FC5BB994" box="[859,964,1427,1453]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alisonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A06BFA55FC5BB994" box="[859,964,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">P. alisonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NCSM 13731), among others.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF3A01CFA12FCECB9D4" blockId="9.[812,883,1491,1517]" box="[812,883,1491,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E0EFFF3A01CFA12FCECB9D4" box="[812,883,1491,1517]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A01CFA12FCECB9D4" box="[812,883,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Radius</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0EFFF0A01DFA32FE55BB35" blockId="9.[811,1457,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[132,776,1554,1804]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">
|
||
CRILAR PV 490 also preserves the distal portion of the right radius, probably representing less than the half of the distal region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A0B2F9F3FC5EBA75" box="[898,961,1586,1612]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The total preserved length is
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A628F9F2FA1EBA74" box="[1304,1409,1587,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.41" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="34.1">34.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the mid-diaphysis is
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A0D4F993FBA5BA54" box="[996,1082,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide lateromedially, and the distal end is
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A05FF9B3FC5DBAB4" box="[879,962,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide lateromedially. The distal articular surface is almost flat and faces posterodistally. It has a shallow, lateromedially elongated depression in the middle of the facet when observed in posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A764F913FB39BAD5" box="[1108,1190,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). A subcircular outline is observed in distal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0EFFF3A71AF933FBE4BB35" box="[1066,1147,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). This distal end is somewhat similar to the bevelled surface present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A638F8D3FC17BB72" family="Euparkeriidae" genus="Halazhaisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="qiaoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A638F8D3FC17BB72" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Halazhaisuchus qiaoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A0A9F8F0FBF7BB75" author="SOOKIAS R. B. & SULLIVAN C. & LIU J. & BUTLER R. J." box="[921,1128,1841,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" refId="ref20071" refString="SOOKIAS R. B., SULLIVAN C., LIU J. & BUTLER R. J. 2014. - Systematics of putative euparkeriids (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from theTriassic of China. PeerJ 2: e 658. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 658" type="journal volume" year="2014">
|
||
Sookias
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A0C3F8F3FBB7BB72" box="[1011,1064,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7R) and differs from the directly distally facing surface of some paracrocodylomorphs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A055F8B0FB70BBB2" authority=", SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" box="[869,1263,1905,1932]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A055F8B0FB0DBBB2" box="[869,1170,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Batrachotomus kuferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
, SMNS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
80275;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A661F8B0FC43BB95" authority=", PVL" authorityName="PVL" class="Reptilia" genus="Fasolasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A661F8B0FC05BB92" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Fasolasuchus tenax</emphasis>
|
||
, PVL
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
3850;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0EFFF3A71FF850FCFABBF2" authority=", Weinbaum 2013" authorityName="Weinbaum" authorityYear="2013" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0EFFF3A71FF850FAB8BB92" box="[1071,1319,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="47">Postosuchus kirkpatricki</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0EFFF3A607F850FCFABBF2" author="WEINBAUM J. C." pageId="9" pageNumber="47" pagination="525 - 553" refId="ref20664" refString="WEINBAUM J. C. 2013. - Postcranial skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379: 525 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 379.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Weinbaum 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally, paracrocodylomorph taxa also contrast with CRILAR PV
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0EFFF3A0CEF810FBD8BBD2" box="[1022,1095,2001,2027]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2446" pageId="9" pageNumber="47" unit="in" value="490.0">490 in</quantity>
|
||
having elongated distal outlines, whereas CRILAR PV 490 has a subcircular one. The dorsomedial surface of the shaft shows an elongate scar near the distal end, which is nearly twice as long as wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0DFFF0A1BAF993FD7FBA54" box="[650,736,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
: sc) and probably represents the origin of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A179F9B2FF63BA95" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">extensor digitorum superficialis</emphasis>
|
||
muscle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A269F953FE47BA95" author="OTERO A." box="[345,472,1682,1708]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" refId="ref18490" refString="OTERO A. 2018. - Forelimb musculature and osteological correlates in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia). PLOS ONE 13: e 0198988. http: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0198988" type="journal volume" year="2018">Otero 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This scar was not observed in other taxa used for comparison. The lateral surface of the shaft shows a very faint ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0DFFF0A2FAF913FDBFBAD5" box="[458,544,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[792,1342,757,1303]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Right radius of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: bev: beveled area; r: ridge; sc: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
: r) that slightly twists posteriorly near the distal end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0DFFF0A3B4FA74FD52B9CA" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" startId="10.[132,157,1461,1478]" targetBox="[245,1341,215,1418]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0DFFF0A3B4FA74FD52B9CA" blockId="10.[132,1455,1461,1523]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0DFFF0A3B4FA74FF02B9FF" baselines="1474,1474" box="[132,157,1461,1478]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — Left humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF0A250FA74FD5DB9FF" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[352,706,1461,1478]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A250FA74FDCFB9FF" box="[352,592,1461,1478]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A165FA74FD5DB9FF" author="ROMER A. S." box="[597,706,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A040FA74FCE2B9FF" bold="true" box="[880,893,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A0C6FA74FB9CB9FF" bold="true" box="[1014,1027,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A747FA74FB14B9FF" bold="true" box="[1143,1163,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">C,</emphasis>
|
||
proximal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A63FFA74FA82B9FF" bold="true" box="[1295,1309,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A6AEFA74FA35B9FF" bold="true" box="[1438,1450,1461,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">E</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A236FA0DFE89B9E4" bold="true" box="[262,278,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">F,</emphasis>
|
||
distal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A2CEFA0DFD8BB9E4" bold="true" box="[510,532,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">cd</emphasis>
|
||
: circular depression;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A1FAFA0DFD7EB9E4" bold="true" box="[714,737,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">dp</emphasis>
|
||
: deltopectoral crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A0A5FA0DFC35B9E4" bold="true" box="[917,938,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">ec</emphasis>
|
||
: ectepicondyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A706FA0DFBD3B9E4" bold="true" box="[1078,1100,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">en</emphasis>
|
||
: entepicondyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A7E8FA0DFB41B9E4" bold="true" box="[1240,1246,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">f</emphasis>
|
||
: fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A612FA0DFAADB9E4" bold="true" box="[1314,1330,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">lb</emphasis>
|
||
: low bump;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A6ACFA0DFA35B9E4" bold="true" box="[1436,1450,1484,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">tr</emphasis>
|
||
: trochlear recess. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0DFFF0A3B4F8F3FF58BB72" blockId="10.[132,199,1842,1867]" box="[132,199,1842,1867]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E0DFFF0A3B4F8F3FF58BB72" box="[132,199,1842,1867]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A3B4F8F3FF58BB72" box="[132,199,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Femur</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0DFFF1A3B4F890FBD9BBD5" blockId="10.[130,777,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[811,1457,1650,2028]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The approximate distal half of a left femur is preserved in CRILAR PV 490 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0DFFF0A267F8B0FE08BBB5" box="[343,407,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The femur is described with its longitudinal axis oriented dorsoventrally, and the axis through its distal condyles perpendicular to the axial plane of the animal. This fragment is
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0DFFF0A25DF810FE24BBD5" box="[365,443,2001,2028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0DFFF0A2CFF810FDCBBBD5" box="[511,596,2001,2028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at its distal end, and has a very narrow diaphysis (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0DFFF0A7FAF9D2FABEBA14" box="[1226,1313,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) that is almost circular in cross-section. It is slightly posteriorly bowed in lateral view but straight in anterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0DFFF0A633F993FADFBA54" box="[1283,1344,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-D). The posterolateral surface shows a well developed ridge that extends nearly one third of the preserved length of the shaft from the distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0DFFF0A0E2F973FBB9BAF5" box="[978,1062,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: lip). This ridge might represent the adductor ridge (ar,
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A0CDF912FBAEBAD5" box="[1021,1073,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A708F913FB67BAD5" author="HUTCHINSON J. R." box="[1080,1272,1746,1772]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="169 - 197" refId="ref17022" refString="HUTCHINSON J. R. 2001. - The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 169 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / zjls. 2000.0267" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the linea intermuscularis caudalis (lip), or the merging of both structures, because sometimes they join together (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A7EBF8D3FA00BB15" author="HUTCHINSON J. R." box="[1243,1439,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="169 - 197" refId="ref17022" refString="HUTCHINSON J. R. 2001. - The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 169 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / zjls. 2000.0267" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This ridge is particularly sharp in CRILAR PV 490, contrasting with the low ridge in taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF0A78DF890FC52BBB5" authority="(Gower 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Gower" baseAuthorityYear="2003" family="Erythrosuchidae" genus="Erythrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A78DF890FA31BB55" box="[1213,1454,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Erythrosuchus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A006F8B0FC5DBBB2" author="GOWER D. J." box="[822,962,1905,1931]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref16579" refString="GOWER D. J. 2003. - Osteology of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom. Annals of the South African Museum 110: 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Gower 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF0A0EBF8B0FC11BB92" authority="Trotteyn et al., 2012" authorityName="Trotteyn" authorityYear="2012" family="Proterochampsidae" genus="Pseudochampsa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ischigualastensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A0EBF8B0FAB2BBB2" box="[987,1325,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A605F8B3FC11BB92" author="TROTTEYN M. J. & MARTINEZ R. N. & ALCOBER O. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="485 - 489" refId="ref20372" refString="TROTTEYN M. J., MARTINEZ R. N. & ALCOBER O. A. 2012. - A new proterochampsid Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) in the early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 485 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2012.645975" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Trotteyn
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A6AEF8B3FCD8BB92" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF0A0AEF853FB2CBB92" author="TROTTEYN M. J. & EZCURRA M. D." box="[926,1203,1937,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" refId="ref20432" refString="TROTTEYN M. J. & EZCURRA M. D. 2014. - Osteology of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the Early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. PLOS ONE 9: e 111388. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0111388" type="journal volume" year="2014">Trotteyn & Ezcurra 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF0A7FAF850FCC4BBF2" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Turfanosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dabanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A7FAF850FCC4BBF2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Turfanosuchus dabanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IVPP V3237),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF0A738F870FA30BBF2" authority="Jalil & Peyer, 2007" authorityName="Jalil & Peyer" authorityYear="2007" box="[1032,1455,1969,1996]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Arganasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dutuiti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A738F870FB7EBBF2" box="[1032,1249,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Arganasuchus dutuiti</emphasis>
|
||
Jalil & Peyer, 2007
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH.F AZA 900), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0DFFF1A77CF810FF23BAB5" authority="Nesbitt & Norell, 2006" authorityName="Nesbitt & Norell" authorityYear="2006" family="Shuvosauridae" genus="Effigia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okeeffeae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0DFFF0A77CF810FB72BBD2" box="[1100,1261,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="48">Effigia okeeffeae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0DFFF1A7C4F810FF23BAB5" author="NESBITT S. J. & NORELL M. A." lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" pagination="1045 - 1048" refId="ref18134" refString="NESBITT S. J. & NORELL M. A. 2006. - Extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian (Archosauria) and ornithomimid dinosaurs (Theropoda). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 273: 1045 - 1048. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3426" type="journal article" year="2006">Nesbitt & Norell, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A3FCF9B3FEC5BAB5" author="NESBITT S. J." box="[204,346,1650,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref18195" refString="NESBITT S. J. 2007. - The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 302: 1 - 84. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5840" type="journal article" year="2007">Nesbitt 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 44, r). At the distal end, the lateral and medial condyles are separated anteriorly by a shallow intercondylar groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0CFFF1A24FF973FE66BAF4" box="[383,505,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Fig. 7C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The medial condyle is more distally projected and is lateromedially narrower than the lateral one; it has a posteriorly tapering distal end and is slightly inclined medially. The lateral condyle is damaged on its posterior surface and a distally incomplete ridge arise from the proximal end of this condyle, which is interpreted as the crista tibiofibularis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0CFFF1A2ACF8B0FE6DBBB5" box="[412,498,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" captionTargetId="figure-22@13.[246,796,756,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Left femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: ctf: crista tibiofibularis; icg: intercondylar groove; lc: lateral condyle; lip: linea intermuscularis caudalis (sensu Hutchinson, 2001 = linea intermuscularis posterior); mc: medial condyle; pf: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
: ctf). This crista is present in other early archosaurian and archosauriform taxa including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A3B2F870FDB7BBF5" authority="Long & Murry, 1995" authorityName="Long & Murry" authorityYear="1995" box="[130,552,1969,1996]" family="Doswelliidae" genus="Vancleavea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A3B2F870FEA7BBF2" box="[130,312,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Vancleavea campi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A272F873FDB7BBF5" author="LONG R. A. & MURRY P. A." box="[322,552,1969,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 254" refId="ref17857" refString="LONG R. A. & MURRY P. A. 1995. - Late Triassic (Carnianand Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern UnitedStates. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science 4: 1 - 254." type="journal article" year="1995">Long & Murry, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A108F870FC9FBBF2" author="NESBITT S. J. & STOCKER M. R. & SMALL B. J. & DOWNS A." box="[568,768,1969,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="814 - 864" refId="ref18250" refString="NESBITT S. J., STOCKER M. R., SMALL B. J. & DOWNS A. 2009. - The osteology and relationships of Vancleavea campi (Reptilia: Archosauriformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 814 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00530. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A1BEF873FD5DBBF2" box="[654,706,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 16), probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A27DF810FD28BBD2" authority="(PVL 2073)" baseAuthorityName="PVL" baseAuthorityYear="2073" box="[333,695,2001,2027]" family="Stagonolepididae" genus="Aetosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scagliai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A27DF810FDB5BBD2" box="[333,554,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Aetosauroides scagliai</emphasis>
|
||
(PVL 2073)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A1F6F813FBBEBAB5" box="[710,1057,1650,2027]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A1F6F813FBBEBAB5" box="[710,1057,1650,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 80278),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A7E6F9B3FA31BAB5" authorityName="Jalil & Peyer" authorityYear="2007" box="[1238,1454,1650,1676]" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Arganasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dutuiti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A7E6F9B3FA31BAB5" box="[1238,1454,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Arganasuchus dutuiti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH.F AZA 900), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A762F953FC3BBAF4" authority="(Nesbitt et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Nesbitt" baseAuthorityYear="2014" genus="Nundasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="songeaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A762F953FACEBA95" box="[1106,1361,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Nundasuchus songeaensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A650F953FC06BAF5" author="NESBITT S. J. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="1357 - 1382" refId="ref18361" refString="NESBITT S. J., SIDOR C. A. ANGIELCZYK K. D., SMITH R. M. H. & TSUJI L. A. 2014. - A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 1357 - 1382. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.859622" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nesbitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A01DF972FCC1BAF5" box="[813,862,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is probably homologous with the lateral condyle of the crocodylomorph
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A769F913FAD0BAD5" authorityName="Simmons" authorityYear="1965" box="[1113,1359,1746,1772]" genus="Dromicosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grallator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A769F913FAD0BAD5" box="[1113,1359,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Dromicosuchus grallator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NCSM 13733). The morphology of this bone is very similar to the single previously known femur of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A7BBF8D3FA31BB12" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[1163,1454,1810,1836]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A7BBF8D3FA31BB12" box="[1163,1454,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E0CFFF1A004F8F3FCF8BB75" box="[820,871,1842,1868]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pbkd-hmeb" name="Paleontologia de Vertebrados Lillo" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">PVL</collectionCode>
|
||
4597), sharing a sigmoid curvature, a narrow diaphysis compared to the width of the distal end, and the presence of a medially inclined medial condyle. However, CRILAR PV 490 differs from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E0CFFF1A0D7F853FB86BB95" box="[999,1049,1938,1964]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pbkd-hmeb" name="Paleontologia de Vertebrados Lillo" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">PVL</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B1E2E0CFFF1A711F850FBE8BB92" box="[1057,1143,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.167638" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" unit="in" value="4597.0">4597 in</quantity>
|
||
the stronger development of the adductor ridge and crista tibiofibularis (“lateral condyle”;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A01CF813FBAABBD2" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B." box="[812,1077,2001,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="105 - 128" refId="ref17639" refString="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. 2011. - Hind limb osteology of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions-Royal Society of Edinburgh 102: 105 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755691011000181" type="journal article" year="2011">Lecuona & Desojo 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0CFFF1A3B4F9DCFAF0BA7C" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" startId="11.[132,157,1565,1582]" targetBox="[249,1345,215,1508]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0CFFF1A3B4F9DCFAF0BA7C" blockId="11.[132,1455,1565,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0CFFF1A3B4F9DCFF02BA17" baselines="1578,1578" box="[132,157,1565,1582]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Right ulna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0CFFF1A272F9DCFD3EBA17" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[322,673,1565,1582]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A272F9DCFDAFBA17" box="[322,560,1565,1582]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0CFFF1A105F9DCFD3EBA17" author="ROMER A. S." box="[565,673,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A07AF9DCFCC8BA17" bold="true" box="[842,855,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A0FAF9DCFC48BA17" bold="true" box="[970,983,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A77EF9DCFBC3BA17" bold="true" box="[1102,1116,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A7D2F9DCFB6FBA17" bold="true" box="[1250,1264,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">D</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A652F9DCFAF1BA17" bold="true" box="[1378,1390,1565,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">E</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A201F9F5FEA3BA7C" bold="true" box="[305,316,1588,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">lt</emphasis>
|
||
: lateral tuber;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A284F9F5FE54BA7C" bold="true" box="[436,459,1588,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">op</emphasis>
|
||
: olecranon process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A14BF9F5FD1DBA7C" bold="true" box="[635,642,1588,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">r</emphasis>
|
||
: ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0CFFF1A1F1F9F5FD4CBA7C" bold="true" box="[705,723,1588,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="49">ra</emphasis>
|
||
: articulation with the radius. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0BFFF6A3B4F800FB8FBBD0" pageId="12" pageNumber="50" startId="12.[132,157,1985,2002]" targetBox="[245,1341,215,1846]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0BFFF6A3B4F800FB8FBBD0" blockId="12.[132,1456,1985,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0BFFF6A3B4F800FF02BBEB" baselines="1998,1998" box="[132,157,1985,2002]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Right radius of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0BFFF6A264F800FD2BBBEB" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[340,692,1985,2002]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A264F800FDDCBBEB" box="[340,579,1985,2002]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0BFFF6A178F800FD2BBBEB" author="ROMER A. S." box="[584,692,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A050F800FCF2BBEB" bold="true" box="[864,877,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A0D4F800FC6EBBEB" bold="true" box="[996,1009,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A754F800FBEDBBEB" bold="true" box="[1124,1138,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A7DAF800FB67BBEB" bold="true" box="[1258,1272,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A65CF800FAE7BBEB" bold="true" box="[1388,1400,1985,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
||
, distal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A201F819FECEBBD0" bold="true" box="[305,337,2008,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">bev</emphasis>
|
||
: beveled area;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A2E1F819FE47BBD0" bold="true" box="[465,472,2008,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">r</emphasis>
|
||
: ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0BFFF6A127F819FDB3BBD0" bold="true" box="[535,556,2008,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="50">sc</emphasis>
|
||
: scar. Arrow indicates dorsal direction. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E0AFFF7A3B4FA30FBF7BA16" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" startId="13.[132,157,1521,1538]" targetBox="[247,1343,216,1479]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF7A3B4FA30FBF7BA16" blockId="13.[132,1455,1427,1583]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0AFFF7A3B4FA30FF02BA3B" baselines="1534,1534" box="[132,157,1521,1538]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 7. — Left femur of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0AFFF7A274FA30FD3ABA3B" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[324,677,1521,1538]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A274FA30FDACBA3B" box="[324,563,1521,1538]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0AFFF7A108FA30FD3ABA3B" author="ROMER A. S." box="[568,677,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A060FA30FCC2BA3B" bold="true" box="[848,861,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A0FFFA30FC43BA3B" bold="true" box="[975,988,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A763FA30FBFEBA3B" bold="true" box="[1107,1121,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A7D1FA30FB70BA3B" bold="true" box="[1249,1263,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A649FA30FA1ABA3B" bold="true" box="[1401,1413,1521,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
|
||
, distal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A27BF9C9FEFCBA20" bold="true" box="[331,355,1544,1561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">ctf</emphasis>
|
||
: crista tibiofibularis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A120F9C9FDB4BA20" bold="true" box="[528,555,1544,1561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">icg</emphasis>
|
||
: intercondylar groove;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A1DCF9C9FD63BA20" bold="true" box="[748,764,1544,1561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">lc</emphasis>
|
||
: lateral condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A0BAF9C9FC00BA20" bold="true" box="[906,927,1544,1561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">lip</emphasis>
|
||
: linea intermuscularis caudalis (
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A799F9C9FB45BA20" box="[1193,1242,1544,1561]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0AFFF7A7EFF9C9FAECBA20" author="HUTCHINSON J. R." box="[1247,1395,1544,1561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" pagination="169 - 197" refId="ref17022" refString="HUTCHINSON J. R. 2001. - The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 169 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / zjls. 2000.0267" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
= linea intermuscularis posterior);
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A252F9DFFEE1BA16" bold="true" box="[354,382,1566,1583]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">mc</emphasis>
|
||
: medial condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A120F9DFFDBDBA16" bold="true" box="[528,546,1566,1583]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">pf</emphasis>
|
||
: popliteal fossa. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF7A3B4F993FF66BA55" blockId="13.[132,249,1618,1644]" box="[132,249,1618,1644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E0AFFF7A3B4F993FF66BA55" box="[132,249,1618,1644]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A3B4F993FF66BA55" box="[132,249,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Osteoderms</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF7A3B4F9B3FB9EBB35" blockId="13.[130,777,1650,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[811,1457,1618,1804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Paramedian osteoderms have been recovered in both specimens, CRILAR PV 480 and 490. They are somewhat damaged and incomplete but exhibit the known morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E0AFFF7A393F913FEB2BAD5" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[163,301,1746,1772]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A393F913FEB2BAD5" box="[163,301,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Gracilisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E0AFFF7A25FF913FE2ABAD5" box="[367,437,1746,1772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">PULR</collectionCode>
|
||
08,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE3E2E0AFFF7A2DAF913FD83BAD5" box="[490,540,1746,1772]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pbkd-hmeb" name="Paleontologia de Vertebrados Lillo" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">PVL</collectionCode>
|
||
4597;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E0AFFF7A15FF913FF23BB35" author="LECUONA A. & DESOJO J. B. & POL D." pageId="13" pageNumber="51" pagination="638 - 677" refId="ref17688" refString="LECUONA A., DESOJO J. B. & POL D. 2017. - New information on the postcranial skeleton of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Suchia) and reappraisal of its phylogenetic position. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 638 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lecuona
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A1E2F912FC98BAD5" box="[722,775,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). CRILAR PV 480 preserves a sequence of nine osteoderms of the left paramedian row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0AFFF7A138F8D3FDC3BB15" box="[520,604,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,157,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1237,217,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[348,793,683,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer,1972 (CRILAR PV 480),mid cervical vertebrae and 1ST to5th preserved ribs in A, right lateral view;B, dorsal view.Fragmentary cervico-dorsal vertebrae in C, right lateral view; D, left lateral view.Abbreviations:5r: fifth preserved rib; cer:cervical ribs;cr: dorsal osteoderm crest;dap: diapophysis;dor: dorsal ribs;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm;prz: prezygapophysis;vc: vertebral centra. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm." pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
), and CRILAR PV 490 preserves a sequence of five fragmentary paramedian osteoderms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0AFFF7A23CF890FED6BB55" box="[268,329,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The osteoderms are asymmetrical with a well developed dorsal crest located closer to the medial than to the lateral margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E0AFFF7A25CF850FE41BB95" box="[364,478,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
: cr); thus, the lateral surface (“wing”) is larger than the medial one.The dorsal surface medial to the crest is slightly deeper right next to the crest than the surface lateral to the crest. The paired osteoderms are arranged in a staggered fashion and are longer than wide. In CRILAR PV 490, the osteoderms are somewhat larger than those in CRILAR PV 480 and their edges are faintly crenulated; the edges of CRILAR PV 480 are too poorly preserved to show any ornamentation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF7A01CF8F3FC34BB73" blockId="13.[812,1457,1842,2028]" box="[812,939,1842,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E0AFFF7A01CF8F3FC34BB73" baselines="1861,1861" box="[812,939,1842,1868]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Histology" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">HISTOLOGY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF7A01DF893FCEFBB52" blockId="13.[812,1457,1842,2028]" box="[813,880,1874,1899]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E0AFFF7A01DF893FCEFBB52" box="[813,880,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">Femur</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E0AFFF4A01DF8B0FE14B994" blockId="13.[812,1457,1842,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[130,776,917,1867]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="13" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The femoral diaphysis of CRILAR PV 490 was sectioned for histological analysis at two points approximately at the mid-diaphysis, lacking the fourth trochanter or other superficial features. Both sections are almost identical. The medullary cavity is large and empty, occupying approximately 63% of the total diameter measured through the longest dimension, and 37.5% of the total surface area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A124FC15FDF7BFD6" box="[532,616,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cortex is composed of primary tissue of parallel-fibered bone (PFB), which is more organized near the outer border and decreases in organization toward the inner cortex. In the external cortex, the osteocyte lacunae are oblong in shape, ordered, and parallel to the surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A275FBB5FE09B8B6" box="[325,406,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Toward the inner cortex, the cell lacunae tend to be circular but still with the longest axis parallel to the surface and somewhat disorganized with respect to the outer cortex. The primary vascular canals are simple, and one single primary osteon is observed. The vascular organization is mostly longitudinal, but a few radial and several irregular vermiform canals are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A2F2FAF2FD8BB974" box="[450,532,1331,1357]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner cortex presents more vascular canals than the mid- and external cortex, which is consistent with the better organization of the external cortex mentioned above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E09FFF4A3B4FCCCFDDBBF5B" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" startId="14.[132,143,781,798]" targetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF4A3B4FCCCFDDBBF5B" blockId="14.[132,1455,781,866]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E09FFF4A3B4FCCCFF02BF27" baselines="794,795" box="[132,157,781,798]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E09FFF4A2E3FCCCFCADBF27" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[467,818,781,798]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A2E3FCCCFD5DBF27" box="[467,706,781,798]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E09FFF4A1F6FCCCFCADBF27" author="ROMER A. S." box="[710,818,781,798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A0EBFCCCFC77BF27" bold="true" box="[987,1000,781,798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">A</emphasis>
|
||
, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A3C1FCE5FF61BF0C" bold="true" box="[241,254,804,821]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">B</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A19CFCE5FD25BF0C" bold="true" box="[684,698,804,821]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">C</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A7C7FCE5FABFBF0C" bold="true" box="[1271,1312,804,821]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">ICL?</emphasis>
|
||
: inner circumferential layer?;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A3C2FCFAFEBCBF75" bold="true" box="[242,291,827,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">LAG?</emphasis>
|
||
: line of arrested growth?;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A2CCFCFAFD8ABF75" bold="true" box="[508,533,827,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">lvc</emphasis>
|
||
: longitudinal vascular canals;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A020FCFAFCB3BF75" bold="true" box="[784,812,827,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">rvc</emphasis>
|
||
: radial vascular canals;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A0C3FCFAFB88BF75" bold="true" box="[1011,1047,827,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">wvc</emphasis>
|
||
: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF4A3ABFA72FEFABB72" blockId="14.[130,776,917,1867]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
A thin layer of secondarily formed lamellar tissue is observed in a short portion of the perimedullar border, interpreted as a probable fragment of the inner circumferential layer (ICL) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A3BDF9D3FF41BA14" box="[141,222,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are no clear growth marks in the studied samples (e.g. lines of arrested growth [LAGs], zones and annuli), and thus the minimal age of the specimen cannot be estimated. However, close to the medulla, a fragment of inner cortex is separated from the remaining cortex by a clear and sharp border, suggesting that this fracture might have occurred along a line of weakness, such as a LAG (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A2DBF913FDC0BAD5" box="[491,607,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,781,798]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,216,738]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[510,889,216,478]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bone histology of the femur of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view of the mid diaphysis cross section under normal light; B, close up of the femoral cortex under normal light; C, close up of the femoral cortex under polarized light. Abbreviations: ICL?: inner circumferential layer?; LAG?: line of arrested growth?; lvc: longitudinal vascular canals; rvc: radial vascular canals; wvc: vermiform vascular canals. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A,10 mm; B, C, 5 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, this interpretation is speculative and therefore discarded because the line of fracture does not continue through all or most part of the circumference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF4A3B4F8B0FF66BBB2" blockId="14.[132,249,1905,1931]" box="[132,249,1905,1931]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<heading id="D0E181972E09FFF4A3B4F8B0FF66BBB2" box="[132,249,1905,1931]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A3B4F8B0FF66BBB2" box="[132,249,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Osteoderms</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF4A3B4F850FB7AB897" blockId="14.[132,777,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[810,1457,917,2027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The histological and microanatomical characters of each section of the osteoderms are similar to each other and thus described together. The osteoderm samples consist of two isolated elements and an incomplete series of two continuous rows, probably corresponding to the left series of contiguous osteoderm rows (
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A0D7FC14FB84BFD7" box="[999,1051,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E09FFF4A713FC14FA9EBFD6" author="ROSS F. D. & MAYER G. C." box="[1059,1281,981,1007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" pagination="305 - 331" refId="ref19221" refString="ROSS F. D. & MAYER G. C. 1983. - On the dorsal armor of the Crocodilia, in RHODIN A. G. J. & MIYATA K. (eds), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts: 305 - 331." type="book chapter" year="1983">Ross & Mayer 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The paramedian osteoderms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E09FFF4A0C6FC35FA82B837" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[1014,1309,1012,1038]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E09FFF4A0C6FC35FA82B837" box="[1014,1309,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a dorsal longitudinal crest located slightly medial to the midline of the element; they present an inverted-V shape in transverse section and the lateral part (or “wing”) is somewhat laterally bent. The outer surface is slightly rugose, with some radial and very shallow grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A775FB55FB2AB897" box="[1093,1205,1172,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,157,974,991]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,931]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[698,1267,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mid cervical vertebrae of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, right lateral view;B, left lateral view;C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, anterior view. Abbreviations: ald: anterolateral depression; cr: dorsal osteoderm crest; dap: diapophysis; gr: groove in osteoderms; ipzf: infrapostzygapophyseal depression;k: keel;lfo: longitudinal lateral fossa on vertebral centrum;nc: inverted V-shaped notch in vertebral centra;ns: neural spine;os: osteoderm; pap: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; vpf: ventral parapophyseal fossa. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
: gr).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF4A073FB75FA2FBB15" blockId="14.[810,1457,917,2027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The osteoderms are relatively thin, with an inner cancellous core, or spongy bone, surrounded by two layers of compact bone, the superficial cortex and the deep cortex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A615FB32FAE9B937" box="[1317,1398,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner core is thick, occupying most of the central region of the osteoderm, or most of the superficial half of the osteoderm in different samples, leaving a low superficial cortex. The resorption cavities are large and separated by thin trabeculae in the centre of the osteoderm lateral “wing” (sample G2a,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A668FA52FA37B994" box="[1368,1448,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and in the dorsal longitudinal crest (samples G2d and G3,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A01EFA12FCE0B9D4" box="[814,895,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Here the trabeculae are almost completely formed by thick layers of lamellar bone of secondary origin, and some of them show small remains of the primary parallel-fibered bone in the centre. The resorption cavities decrease in size toward the margins of the osteoderm, where they are separated by thick trabeculae bordered by small layers of lamellar bone. These trabeculae are also formed by abundant remains of primary bone, formed by parallel-fibered tissue. The birefringent layers of secondary lamellar bone have elongate osteocyte lacunae in line with the fibres.These layers were deposited due to remodel - ling of the bone that had already begun when the animal died.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E09FFF5A071F8F0FE24BBD5" blockId="14.[810,1457,917,2027]" lastBlockId="15.[130,778,1427,2028]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="14" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The deep cortex is thicker than the superficial one, presenting a primary matrix of parallel-fibered bone. The birefringence of this tissue reveals fibre bundles oriented diagonal and parallel to the cortical surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E09FFF4A70EF850FB0EBB92" box="[1086,1169,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="14" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each bundle has intrinsic fibres extending parallel to each other and fusiform bone cell lacunae aligned with the intrinsic fibre orientation. The fibre bundles extend into the trabeculae of the inner core in various directions, but the osteocyte lacunae are less elongate in this region. This difference is more evident in some samples where the cell lacunae are small and elongate near the surface, but larger, less elongate, and more abundant in the inner core (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E08FFF5A3F3F9F3FE86BA74" box="[195,281,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Near the lateral and medial margins of the osteoderms, the fibre bundles follow the same curvature as the osteoderm surface, having been sectioned longitudinally. Some fibre bundles are perpendicular to all the surfaces of the osteoderm and others perpendicular to the section plane. Those perpendicular to the plane of section appear as minute (
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A3BDF932FF34BB35" box="[141,171,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
20 Μm) circular monorefringent “dots” circled by a thin birefringent “line”, creating an overall structure resembling “chicken wire” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E08FFF5A204F8F0FE17BB75" box="[308,392,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
: cwl). These transverse bundles are present in different regions in the samples, such as in a long single layer next to the ventral surface around the midpoint of the lateral “wing” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E08FFF5A259F850FE26BB95" box="[361,441,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the ventralmost part of the inner core, as well as in the superficial cortex. In contrast, they are absent in the deep cortex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E08FFF5A3B4FB38FDF2B95C" pageId="15" pageNumber="53" startId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E08FFF5A3B4FB38FDF2B95C" blockId="15.[132,1457,1273,1381]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E08FFF5A3B4FB38FF02B933" baselines="1286,1286" box="[132,157,1273,1290]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E08FFF5A13EFB38FCEFB933" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[526,880,1273,1290]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A13EFB38FD61B933" box="[526,766,1273,1290]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E08FFF5A033FB38FCEFB933" author="ROMER A. S." box="[771,880,1273,1290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A72EFB38FBB4B933" bold="true" box="[1054,1067,1273,1290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">A</emphasis>
|
||
, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A27EFAD1FEC4B918" bold="true" box="[334,347,1296,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">B</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A03FFAD1FC83B918" bold="true" box="[783,796,1296,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">A</emphasis>
|
||
, under polarized light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A0EBFAD1FC76B918" bold="true" box="[987,1001,1296,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">C</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A6ADFAD1FA35B918" bold="true" box="[1437,1450,1296,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">A</emphasis>
|
||
, under normal light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A217FAE7FEAAB90E" bold="true" box="[295,309,1318,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">D</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A730FAE7FBBFB90E" bold="true" box="[1024,1056,1318,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">dcx</emphasis>
|
||
: deep cortex;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A7ABFAE7FB25B90E" bold="true" box="[1179,1210,1318,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">cwl</emphasis>
|
||
: chicken wire-like structures;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A3B4FAFCFF0BB977" bold="true" box="[132,148,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">ic</emphasis>
|
||
: inner cancellous core;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A26EFAFCFEF1B977" bold="true" box="[350,366,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">lb</emphasis>
|
||
: lamellar bone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A2C6FAFCFD97B977" bold="true" box="[502,520,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">rc</emphasis>
|
||
: resorption cavities;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A188FAFCFD48B977" bold="true" box="[696,727,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">scx</emphasis>
|
||
: superficial cortex;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A04DFAFCFC05B977" bold="true" box="[893,922,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Shf</emphasis>
|
||
: Sharpey’s fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E08FFF5A709FAFCFBD8B977" bold="true" box="[1081,1095,1341,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">tr</emphasis>
|
||
: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E08FFEBA073FA52FD81BD28" blockId="15.[810,1457,1427,1996]" lastBlockId="17.[130,776,215,688]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="15" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The superficial cortex is thin compared with the inner core and the deep cortex. Near the surface it shows numerous birefringent fibre bundles extending parallel to the surface, and, toward the inner core, the bundles start to take different directions and to be smaller in size. The vascularization of the osteoderms is poor, showing small simple canals of longitudinal orientation. They are more abundant in the deep cortex than in the superficial one, which are distinguished under normal light (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E08FFF5A0ADF953FB8EBA95" box="[925,1041,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sharpey’s fibres are observed in some samples. In two of them, these extrinsic fibres are present in the deep cortex next to the surface, being oriented in several directions.Another sample shows several Sharpey’s fibres in the longitudinal dorsal crest, which orientation near the surface is perpendicular to the surface and further from it they take a diagonal direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E08FFF5A730F890FBCABB55" box="[1024,1109,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,157,1273,1290]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-32@15.[699,984,487,760]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bone histology of the osteoderms of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in A, general view in transversal section of sample G2a under normal light; B, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under polarized light; C, close up of lateral end of the osteoderm marked in A, under normal light; D, close up of the dorsal crest of the sample G2d under polarized light. Abbreviations: dcx: deep cortex; cwl: chicken wire-like structures; ic: inner cancellous core; lb: lamellar bone; rc: resorption cavities; scx: superficial cortex; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; tr: trabecula. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae. Scale bars: A, 25 mm; B, D, 5 mm and C, 10 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="53">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Growth marks are not evident in the osteoderm samples, with the possible exception of a very faint and short line near the ventral surface of the deep cortex of the G3 sample. This could be interpreted as a LAG; however, due to its short and faint condition, this is a dubious interpretation and therefore discarded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966732E17FFEAA3BDF82FFB01B415" pageId="16" pageNumber="54" startId="16.[141,165,2030,2047]" targetBox="[132,1452,215,1972]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E17FFEAA3BDF82FFB01B415" blockId="16.[141,1455,2030,2092]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4FA0272E17FFEAA3BDF82FFF3ABBC6" baselines="2043,2043" box="[141,165,2030,2047]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 10. — Bone histology of an osteoderm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D782E17FFEAA13EF82FFCF1BBC6" authority="Romer, 1972" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1972" box="[526,878,2030,2047]" family="Gracilisuchidae" genus="Gracilisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stipanicicorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA13EF82FFD62BBC6" box="[526,765,2030,2047]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B0A2E17FFEAA032F82FFCF1BBC6" author="ROMER A. S." box="[770,878,2030,2047]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref19168" refString="ROMER A. S. 1972. - The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: 1 - 24. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3664981" type="journal article" year="1972">Romer, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CRILAR PV 490) in longitudinal section, sample G4.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA61CF82FFAA6BBC6" bold="true" box="[1324,1337,2030,2047]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
, General view under normal light;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA201F7C5FEA1B42C" bold="true" box="[305,318,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
|
||
, close up of anterior region of the osteoderm in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA1E9F7C5FD79B42C" bold="true" box="[729,742,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA05EF7C5FCE1B42C" bold="true" box="[878,894,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">dl</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal layer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA0C6F7C5FB97B42C" bold="true" box="[1014,1032,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">fb</emphasis>
|
||
: fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA77DF7C5FBFCB42C" bold="true" box="[1101,1123,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">ml</emphasis>
|
||
: middle layer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA7EFF7C5FB63B42C" bold="true" box="[1247,1276,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">Shf</emphasis>
|
||
: Sharpey’s fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA6ABF7C5FA35B42C" bold="true" box="[1435,1450,2052,2069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">vl</emphasis>
|
||
: ventral layer. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae, arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA721F7DAFB81B415" bold="true" box="[1041,1054,2075,2092]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and 5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EAE92E17FFEAA7B6F7DAFB0CB415" bold="true" box="[1158,1171,2075,2092]" pageId="16" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936FB2E16FFEBA3ABFED9FD3DBE89" blockId="17.[130,776,215,688]" pageId="17" pageNumber="55">
|
||
In longitudinal section, there is an anterior region with three layers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A7E2E16FFEBA3E0FEF6FE83BD68" box="[208,284,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[141,165,2030,2047]" captionTargetBox="[132,1452,215,1972]" captionTargetId="figure-21@16.[131,795,867,1522]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Bone histology of an osteoderm of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer, 1972 (CRILAR PV 490) in longitudinal section, sample G4. A, General view under normal light; B, close up of anterior region of the osteoderm in A. Abbreviations: dl: dorsal layer; fb: fibres; ml: middle layer; Shf: Sharpey’s fibres; vl: ventral layer. Arrowheads indicate osteocyte lacunae, arrow indicates anterior direction. Scale bars: 10 mm (A) and 5 mm (B)." pageId="17" pageNumber="55">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), the correspondence of which to the cortices and the inner core cannot be ruled out because of the partially obscured microanatomy. These layers are recognized based on the general orientation of the fibres. The osseous matrix of the superficial layer is formed by fibres oriented parallel to the surface and several elongated osteocyte lacunae oriented almost parallel to the surface. Fibre orientation in the inner layer is difficult to assess, but some longitudinal fibres are recognized next to the deep layer. Finally, the deep layer contains abundant Sharpey’s fibres oriented nearly perpendicular to the surface, which become more diagonal toward the middle region of the osteoderm and then horizontal at its posterior end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |