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<mods:title id="3CE38BC9F7A50409FFABB01D257DF5DA">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2A6708AA16F0F01DF54E07A70CE2D785">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E750F84E882FD8D21B34B3E779F79788">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2BD9457BD7A5FF750B032989725B9D4F">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="43116EA3B716464B6663B6EB6088C0E1">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 &amp; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 &amp; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="783E2886BFE29FC6B71FF9C230D96E08">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C30C6522262D5D6161C4B9E1FD3F47D2" box="[151,670,1959,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA936A9262D5D6161C4B9E1FD3F47D2" blockId="34.[151,670,1959,2021]" box="[151,670,1959,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<heading id="D0E181C5262D5D6161C4B9E1FD3F47D2" bold="true" box="[151,670,1959,1985]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6161C4B9E1FD3F47D2" ID-CoL="YTBG" authority="(Stimpson 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,670,1959,1985]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Coscinasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="acutispina">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4B9E1FD3F47D2" bold="true" box="[151,670,1959,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4B9E1FE6C47D2" bold="true" box="[151,461,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Coscinasterias acutispina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D61608EB9E1FD3747D2" author="Stimpson, W." box="[477,662,1959,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="261 - 273" refId="ref42817" refString="Stimpson, W. (1862) On new genera and species of starfishes of the family Pycnopodidae (Asteracanthion Mueller &amp; Troschel). Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 261 - 273" type="journal article" year="1862">Stimpson 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30C6522262D5D6161C4B98DFEBE47F6" box="[151,287,1995,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA936A9262D5D6161C4B98DFEBE47F6" blockId="34.[151,670,1959,2021]" box="[151,287,1995,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C262D5D6161C4B98DFEBE47F6" box="[151,287,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1061,1085]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1037]" captionTargetId="figure-17@35.[151,1436,181,1037]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 26. Coscinasterias acutispina. In situ observation. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021582" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021582/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9262C5D6061C4BA63FBCF442E" blockId="35.[151,1134,1061,1086]" box="[151,1134,1061,1086]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D6061C4BA63FD91442E" bold="true" box="[151,560,1061,1085]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
FIGURE 26.
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262C5D606075BA63FD91442E" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[294,560,1061,1085]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Coscinasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="acutispina">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D606075BA63FD91442E" bold="true" box="[294,560,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Coscinasterias acutispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262C5D60636EBA60FD5F442E" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[573,766,1061,1085]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D60636EBA60FDDF442E" box="[573,638,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">In situ</emphasis>
observation
</taxonomicName>
. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30C6522262C5D6061C4BAC9FB1446D5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D6061C4BAC9FEBF44BA" bold="true" box="[151,286,1167,1193]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936A9262C5D6061C4BA9EFCAB4529" blockId="35.[151,1437,1239,1517]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<specimenCount id="9D10FD20262C5D6061C4BA9EFE9644E2" box="[151,311,1239,1266]" count="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="generic">One specimen</specimenCount>
of this species was observed showing eight arms with five arms significantly shorter and apparently in the course of regeneration. The observed specimen was blue-green in color with dark bands. This falls within the morphological range described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D60634FBB59FCA64529" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M." box="[540,775,1311,1338]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao &amp; Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936A9262C5D606194BB02FDD145FE" blockId="35.[151,1437,1239,1517]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262C5D606194BB02FE46454E" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[199,487,1348,1374]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Coscinasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="acutispina">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D606194BB02FE46454E" box="[199,487,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Coscinasterias acutispina</emphasis>
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feed upon abalone (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D606393BB05FCFE454D" author="Hayashi, I." box="[704,863,1347,1374]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="104 - 120" refId="ref39438" refString="Hayashi, I. (1988) Habitat preference, diurnal activity pattern and predators of the artificially bred juvenile abalone Haliotis discus discus. Venus, 47 (2), 104 - 120." type="journal article" year="1988">Hayashi 1988</bibRefCitation>
), limpets (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D60629DBB05FBC4454D" author="Iwasaki, K." box="[974,1125,1347,1374]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="277 - 289" refId="ref39794" refString="Iwasaki, K. (1993) Analyses of limpet defense and predator offense in the field. Marine Biology, 116, 277 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00350018" type="journal article" year="1993">Iwasaki 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and other molluscs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D60641EBB02FF724591" author="Harper, E." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="339 - 355" refId="ref39238" refString="Harper, E. (1994) Molluscivory by the asteroid Coscinasterias acutispina In: Morton, B. (Ed.), The Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III: proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 13 April - 1 May 1992. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 339 - 355." type="book chapter" year="1994">Harper 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Observations on fissiparity and asexual reproduction can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D6062BDBB21FB164591" author="Edmonson, C. H." box="[1006,1207,1383,1410]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref38631" refString="Edmonson, C. H. (1935) Autotomy and regeneration in Hawaiian starfishes. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 11 (8), 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1935">Edmonson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D6065BDBB2EFF4445B5" author="Haramoto, S. &amp; Komatsu M. &amp; Yamazaki Y." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1075 - 1081" refId="ref39181" refString="Haramoto, S., Komatsu M. &amp; Yamazaki Y. (2007) Patterns of Asexual Reproduction in the Fissiparous Seastar Coscinasterias acutispina (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) in Japan. Zoological Science, 24 (11), 1075 - 1081. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 24.1075" type="journal article" year="2007">
Haramoto
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D606437BB2EFA344592" box="[1380,1429,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
. Japanese accounts document this species as being parasitized by the ascothoracidan barnacle
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262C5D606451BBCDFDA845D9" authority="(Haramoto et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Haramoto" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Maxillopoda" family="Dendrogastridae" genus="Dendrogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrogastrida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okadai">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D606451BBCDFF4245DA" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dendrogaster okadai</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D6061ABBBF6FDA045D9" author="Haramoto, S. &amp; Komatsu M. &amp; Yamazaki Y." box="[248,513,1455,1482]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1075 - 1081" refId="ref39181" refString="Haramoto, S., Komatsu M. &amp; Yamazaki Y. (2007) Patterns of Asexual Reproduction in the Fissiparous Seastar Coscinasterias acutispina (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) in Japan. Zoological Science, 24 (11), 1075 - 1081. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 24.1075" type="journal article" year="2007">
Haramoto
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D60602BBBF6FE1145DA" box="[376,432,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262C5D606349BBE9FCFB45D9" author="Nakamura, K. &amp; Fujita, T." box="[538,858,1455,1482]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="251 - 258" refId="ref41690" refString="Nakamura, K. &amp; Fujita, T. (2004) Ammothea hilgendorfi (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) Associated with a Sea-Star, Coscinasterias acutispina (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), from Sagami Bay, Japan. Species Diversity, 9, 251 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 9.251" type="journal article" year="2004">Nakamura &amp; Fujita (2004)</bibRefCitation>
documented
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262C5D6062AEBBE9FB5F45DA" baseAuthorityName="Bohm" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1021,1278,1455,1481]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Ammothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D6062AEBBE9FB5F45DA" box="[1021,1278,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ammothea hilgendorfi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a sea spider (pycnogonid) associated with this species.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262C5D6061C4B879FE6B464A" bold="true" box="[151,458,1599,1625]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639262C5D6061C4B8CEFEBC46B1" box="[151,285,1672,1698]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
,
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Outside of
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, southern
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, Korea,
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