184 lines
19 KiB
XML
184 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FC5629AC3DE96D2AA180C1A98AA8822E">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD7F784D196238C19FE43E792A73D1D4">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="957B459FB3F1C426622BE8FC28E46573">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0879E3F7834688E8C40A6C9E2B61DC04">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA93DA89E35597A255E418EDECE07EE1">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="377EA1A7C1D47AEA1BD0E45B8DB7C976">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C30C6522261B5D5761C4BD20FC9E4393" box="[151,831,870,897]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4BD20FC9E4393" blockId="20.[151,831,870,933]" box="[151,831,870,897]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0E181C5261B5D5761C4BD20FC9E4393" bold="true" box="[151,831,870,897]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D5761C4BD20FC9E4393" bold="true" box="[151,831,870,897]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A261B5D5761C4BD20FE464393" ID-CoL="6XDFT" authority="L. Agassiz" authorityName="L. Agassiz" box="[151,487,870,897]" class="Echinoidea" family="Temnopleuridae" genus="Salmacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D5761C4BD20FEC04392" bold="true" box="[151,353,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Salmacis bicolor</emphasis>
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L. Agassiz
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</taxonomicName>
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in L.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58261B5D57637CBD20FC9E4393" author="Agassiz, L. & Desor, P. J. E." box="[559,831,870,897]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="305 - 374" refId="ref36572" refString="Agassiz, L. & Desor, P. J. E. (1846) Catalogue raisonne des familles, des genres, et des especes de la classe des echinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Troisieme Serie, Zoologie, 6, 305 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / bin. books. 1024" type="journal article" year="1846">Agassiz & Desor 1846</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C6522261B5D5761C4BDCDFE9243B6" box="[151,307,907,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4BDCDFE9243B6" blockId="20.[151,831,870,933]" box="[151,307,907,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C261B5D5761C4BDCDFE9243B6" box="[151,307,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[253,1334,309,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-78@21.[253,1334,309,1752]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Salmacis spp. A. S. bicolor. Red color variant. B. S. sphaeroides. In situ observation of S. sphaeroides. C. S. sphaeroides. Showing individuals scavenging on a dead fish. Photographer: A. Josy Lai; B. and C. Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021554/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 12A</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C6522261B5D5761C4BD94FCE64679" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4BD94FEBF43FF" blockId="20.[151,286,978,1004]" box="[151,286,978,1004]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D5761C4BD94FEBF43FF" bold="true" box="[151,286,978,1004]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4BA5DFBAB446E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1051,1401]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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This species was identified by its distinctive red banded spines (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C261B5D57623ABA5DFC714426" box="[873,976,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[253,1334,309,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-78@21.[253,1334,309,1752]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Salmacis spp. A. S. bicolor. Red color variant. B. S. sphaeroides. In situ observation of S. sphaeroides. C. S. sphaeroides. Showing individuals scavenging on a dead fish. Photographer: A. Josy Lai; B. and C. Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021554/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
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) which characterize this species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58261B5D576419BA5DFEBB444A" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). There is individual variation in spine color, as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58261B5D57628ABA79FB21444A" author="Schultz, H." box="[985,1152,1086,1113]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A261B5D5765E2BA79FABE444A" box="[1201,1311,1087,1113]" class="Echinoidea" family="Temnopleuridae" genus="Salmacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D5765E2BA79FABE444A" box="[1201,1311,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S. bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens that demonstrated spines banded in red, but with yellowish to violet and green.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D576194BAC1FE9F4522" blockId="20.[151,1437,1051,1401]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF4261B5D576194BAC1FB7544D6" country="Hong Kong" county="Ninepin East Island" elevation="17" location="Although" municipality="This" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8EC96072261B5D576194BAC1FE9044B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679:8EC96072261B5D576194BAC1FE9044B2" box="[199,305,1159,1185]" country="Hong Kong" county="Ninepin East Island" municipality="This" name="Although" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Although</location>
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widely recorded from throughout
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<location id="8EC96072261B5D5763FCBAC1FD4444B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679:8EC96072261B5D5763FCBAC1FD4444B2" box="[687,741,1159,1185]" country="Hong Kong" county="Ninepin East Island" municipality="This" name="Asia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Asia</location>
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, this is the first occurrence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A261B5D576560BAC1FB5144B2" box="[1075,1264,1159,1185]" class="Echinoidea" family="Temnopleuridae" genus="Salmacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D576560BAC1FB5144B2" box="[1075,1264,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Salmacis bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576441BAC1FA3844B2" box="[1298,1433,1159,1185]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCDACD3261B5D5761C4BAEDFF6844D6" box="[151,201,1195,1221]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">This</collectingMunicipality>
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individual was present on a rocky substrate bottom at
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<collectingCounty id="62C84E25261B5D576217BAEDFB8444D6" box="[836,1061,1195,1221]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ninepin East Island</collectingCounty>
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in
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<elevation id="003BD19A261B5D57651DBAEDFB7544D6" box="[1102,1236,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="17.0">
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<quantity id="4CEE9B4C261B5D57651DBAEDFB2B44D6" box="[1102,1162,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF4261B5D5765B2BAEDFE9F4522" country="China" elevation="120" location="It" municipality="central Pacific" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="120">
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a site displaying moderate current.
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<location id="8EC96072261B5D576031BA89FED244FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF261B5D5761C4BD20FCE64679:8EC96072261B5D576031BA89FED244FA" box="[354,371,1231,1257]" country="China" municipality="central Pacific" name="It" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">It</location>
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is otherwise widely distributed in the
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCDACD3261B5D57624ABA89FC1844FA" box="[793,953,1231,1257]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">central Pacific</collectingMunicipality>
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and the Indian Ocean.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58261B5D5765EBBA89FA3D44FA" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[1208,1436,1230,1257]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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reported it was very common in southern
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576334BAB5FD0B451E" box="[615,682,1267,1293]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
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and ranged from
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D57623DBAB5FC6C451E" box="[878,973,1267,1293]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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to southern
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576504BAB5FB3B451E" box="[1111,1178,1267,1293]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, living from the littoral zone to
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<specimenCount id="9D10FD20261B5D5761A3BB51FE9F4522" box="[240,318,1303,1329]" count="120" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4CEE9B4C261B5D5761A3BB51FE9B4522" box="[240,314,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="120.0">
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<elevation id="003BD19A261B5D5761A3BB51FE9B4522" box="[240,314,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D576194BB7DFD2B456A" blockId="20.[151,1437,1051,1401]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Numerous symbionts, including polychaetes, shrimps and ophiuroids were reported in association with
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A261B5D576417BB7DFF49456A" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Salamis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D576417BB7DFF49456A" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Salamis bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
from
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D57607FBB19FE2A456A" box="[300,395,1375,1401]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58261B5D5760CABB19FDDF456A" author="Britayev, A. T. & Bratova, O. A. & Dgebuadze, P. Y." box="[409,638,1375,1401]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref37321" refString="Britayev, A. T., Bratova, O. A. & Dgebuadze, P. Y. (2013) Symbiotic assemblage associated with the tropical sea urchin, Salmacis bicolor (Echinoidea: Temnopleuridae) in the An Thoi archipelago, Vietnam. Symbiosis, 61, 155 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13199 - 013 - 0263 - x" type="journal article" year="2013">
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||
Britayev
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||
<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D576351BB19FD95456A" box="[514,564,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4BB86FE6B45C9" blockId="20.[151,458,1472,1498]" box="[151,458,1472,1498]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB261B5D5761C4BB86FE6B45C9" bold="true" box="[151,458,1472,1498]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D5761C4B84FFEC84630" blockId="20.[151,1437,1544,1643]" box="[151,361,1544,1571]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF4261B5D5761C4B84FFEC84630" box="[151,361,1544,1571]" country="Hong Kong" elevation="17" location="Hong Kong" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="17">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D5761C4B84FFEBC4630" box="[151,285,1545,1571]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD20261B5D57607AB84EFEC84630" box="[297,361,1544,1571]" count="17" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C261B5D57607AB84EFEC44630" box="[297,357,1544,1571]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="17.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A261B5D57607AB84EFEC44630" box="[297,357,1544,1571]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A9261B5D576194B86AFCE64679" blockId="20.[151,1437,1544,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Outside
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576077B86BFE084654" box="[292,425,1581,1607]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576088B86AFDFD4655" box="[475,604,1580,1606]" name="Philippines" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576335B86AFD774655" box="[614,726,1580,1606]" name="Indonesia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D576206B86AFC394655" box="[853,920,1580,1606]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea to the Indian Ocean, including East Africa from Red Sea to Durban over
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D5760BAB816FDF74679" box="[489,598,1616,1642]" name="Mauritius" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3017639261B5D5763DFB816FD414679" box="[652,736,1616,1642]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C261B5D5763B8B816FCE64679" box="[747,839,1616,1642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="0.0">0–120m</quantity>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |