275 lines
36 KiB
XML
275 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="0176A4ACFDD60AE36CC5A6592C1586DA" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5078565f-6f83-4b1d-8f7d-b388b616d595" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205052" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460329707023" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Thandar, Ahmed S. & Arumugam, Preyan" docDate="2011" docId="03B587DBFFD6FA4BFF1056F601E044AF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02982p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2982" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FF8CFFA3FFD7FA48FF875459031F471F" masterDocTitle="On some rhopalodinid sea cucumbers in the collections of the Natural History Museum, U. K. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dactylochirotida)" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1698258451611" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="49C8B1AFCB3DBCCCE02BED088EE2C4CD">On some rhopalodinid sea cucumbers in the collections of the Natural History Museum, U. K. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dactylochirotida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4C6F5E0A20203D9C694067748CCFD964">Thandar, Ahmed S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C494B9DA8AFE6BF9C46EB38A6A360E0">Arumugam, Preyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D85E5BA636508FA505CE905F9968D33F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3C82A6CB7F1E65FDEFF8A9BFD8371832">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DC2A3F7DC066F7AC23EB4ABB1ABB8B82">
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<mods:date id="C60D94D0A94774999C45B3AE0EF006AA">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="7FD968A5B161EE85E4D22E862AC41201" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="01E2E5710970EF8BAF89CA3C472DE87E">2982</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B85F8BA27660B211AE9376966BDF0D4E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.205052</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B587DBFFD6FA4BFF1056F601E044AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679866" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119404324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5679866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DBFFD6FA4BFF1056F601E044AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DBFFD6FA4BFF1056F601E044AF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="C3066546FFD6FA49FF1056F603EA45F5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF1056F6017C45D6" blockId="1.[151,611,687,746]" box="[151,611,687,713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="D0EB81A1FFD6FA49FF1056F6017C45D6" bold="true" box="[151,611,687,713]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD6FA49FF1056F6017C45D6" ID-CoL="4SKPP" authority="Gray, 1853" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,611,687,713]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF1056F6017C45D6" bold="true" box="[151,611,687,713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF1056F602CB45D6" bold="true" box="[151,468,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Rhopalodina lageniformis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FE5C56F6017C45D6" author="Gray" box="[475,611,687,713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) Description of Rhopalodina, a new form of Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2 nd serie, 11: 301 - 302." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF10568B03EA45F5" blockId="1.[151,611,687,746]" box="[151,245,722,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<figureCitation id="13272A48FFD6FA49FF10568B03EA45F5" box="[151,245,722,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[179,1415,145,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8. 23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.? tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3066546FFD6FA49FF10574300EB4450" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF10574300EB4450" blockId="1.[151,1436,794,847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0C11E3FFD6FA49FF10574300EB4450" infered="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD6FA49FF105743014C442F" ID-CoL="4SKPP" authority="Gray, 1853: 301" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="301" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,595,794,816]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF10574302BD442F" box="[151,418,794,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Rhopalodina lageniformis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABD10DCFFD6FA49FE2C5742014C442F" author="Gray" box="[427,595,794,816]" page="301" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" year="1853">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FE2C5742013E442F" author="Gray" box="[427,545,794,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) Description of Rhopalodina, a new form of Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2 nd serie, 11: 301 - 302." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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: 301
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–302;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FD1157430034442F" author="Panning" box="[662,811,794,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1932) Echinoderma III: Holothurioidea 3 (Fam. Rhopalodindae). In Michaelsen eds. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas 3: 361 - 372." type="journal article" year="1932">Panning, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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(synonymy); 362–372, plates 1 & 2;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FB3057430659442F" author="Panning" box="[1207,1350,794,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning 1935</bibRefCitation>
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(synonymy): 24–27;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABD10DCFFD6FA49FED1576001564450" author="Cherbonnier" box="[342,585,825,847]" page="294" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FED1576001094450" author="Cherbonnier" box="[342,534,825,847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1958) Holothuries des cotes de Sierra-Leone. 4 e note. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2 serie 30 (3): 294 - 299." type="journal article" year="1958">Cherbonnier, 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 294
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1965: 10;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FD3D5760005A4450" author="Heding" box="[698,837,825,847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G. (1937) A new dendrochirote Holothurian from South Africa, with some remarks on the Rhopalodinidae. Annals of the South African Museum 32: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1937">Heding, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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(passim): 36–39,
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3066546FFD6FA49FF10572202954390" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF10572202954390" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF1057220215448B" bold="true" box="[151,266,891,916]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(amended herein). A medium-sized rhopalodinid holothuroid (
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FC4F57250733448B" box="[968,1068,892,916]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
<quantity id="4CE49B28FFD6FA49FBB45725079E448B" box="[1075,1153,892,916]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
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in length); proboscis and sphere clearly delineated. Tentacle number approximately 20 (15 + 5). Radial plates of calcareous ring with short paired posterior prolongations and several anterior incisions. Pedicels may or may not traverse ventral pole of sphere. Body wall deposits include tables, normally restricted to sphere (absent in the
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FBE957BE07CF44E0" box="[1134,1232,999,1023]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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) and multilocular plates. Table discs with crenulated or smooth margins; spire of moderate height (± 90 µm), of four pillars, with/ without crossbars, usually terminating in a ring or cluster of few to many spines. Plates thick, delicate, smooth, with/without super-structure; non-spired cruciform plates present at pole of sphere. Pedicels with curved or elongated, plate-like rods.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3066546FFD6FA49FF4050C2070043AB" box="[199,1055,1179,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF4050C2070043AB" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" box="[199,1055,1179,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF4050C202AF43AB" bold="true" box="[199,432,1179,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FE3050C5010143AB" box="[439,542,1180,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FE3050C5010143AB" box="[439,542,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Holotype</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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NHM,
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<collectingCountry id="F30B765DFFD6FA49FDF350C4018043AB" box="[628,671,1181,1204]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">UK</collectingCountry>
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, 1938.8.23.67,
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<collectingCountry id="F30B765DFFD6FA49FCCC50C5008943AB" box="[843,918,1180,1204]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Expedition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3066546FFD6FA4BFF40509901E044AF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF40509900484293" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FF405099022443C7" bold="true" box="[199,315,1216,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD6FA49FEC55099017843C7" box="[322,615,1216,1240]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FEC55099017843C7" box="[322,615,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Rhopalodina lageniformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FCB2509900A143C7" author="Gray" box="[821,958,1216,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) Description of Rhopalodina, a new form of Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2 nd serie, 11: 301 - 302." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray (1853)</bibRefCitation>
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from a single specimen collected from the
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<collectingCountry id="F30B765DFFD6FA49FF1050BD03FA43E3" box="[151,229,1252,1276]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Congo</collectingCountry>
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. Gray commented that the whole of the internal organs appeared to be destroyed, either by diluted alcohol or by evisceration, and that the animal was so compressed leaving no internal cavity. However, on careful examination Gray determined that the body form of his unique specimen was ovate with a slight keel on each side. The
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FF10510903E64277" box="[151,249,1360,1384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of the species at NHM,
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<collectingCountry id="F30B765DFFD6FA49FD80510801304277" box="[519,559,1361,1384]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">UK</collectingCountry>
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is in an excellent state of preservation and the “keel” is not obvious. However, it lacks internal organs thus corroborating Gray’s observations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF4051C1075141CF" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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Gray’s description of the species is superficial. Since then this species was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FB2851C1064642AF" author="Semper" box="[1199,1369,1432,1456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Semper, C. (1868) Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band, Holothurien Heft iv. & v. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 288 pps, 40 pls." type="book chapter" year="1868">Semper (1868)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FAE151C1021242CB" author="Ludwig" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Ludwig, H. L. (1877) (4) Uber Rhopalodina lageniformis, Gray, und die darauf gegrundete Classe Diplostomidea, Semper." type="book chapter" year="1877">Ludwig (1877</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FE9F51E5024B42CB" author="Ludwig" box="[280,340,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Ludwig, H. L. (1889) Nochmals die Rhopalodina lageniformis. Zeitschrift Fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologiez 48: 60 - 66." type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
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),
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FEEF51E4013742CB" author="Perrier" box="[360,552,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Perrier, E. (1886) Les Explorations sous marines. Library de Hachette, Paris 352 pps." type="journal volume" year="1886">E. Perrier (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FDB351E501C342CB" author="Panning" box="[564,732,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1932) Echinoderma III: Holothurioidea 3 (Fam. Rhopalodindae). In Michaelsen eds. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas 3: 361 - 372." type="journal article" year="1932">Panning (1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FD6F51E5003C42CB" author="Panning" box="[744,803,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FCB051E5072642CB" author="Heding" box="[823,1081,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G. (1937) A new dendrochirote Holothurian from South Africa, with some remarks on the Rhopalodinidae. Annals of the South African Museum 32: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1937">Heding (1937, passim)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FBF751E5068742CB" author="Heding" box="[1136,1432,1468,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G., & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae: eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologische Musei Hauniensis 13: 1 - 209, 102 figures." type="book chapter" year="1954">Heding & Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. It is not clear from these works whether anyone re-examined the
|
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FCFA51B900C042E7" box="[893,991,1504,1528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
for we have failed to find any descriptions or illustrations of its calcareous deposits. In addition, the number of tentacles and the form of the calcareous ring of the
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<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FE945270025C415E" box="[275,323,1577,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
remain undetermined.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FDCF527101EE415F" author="Semper" box="[584,753,1576,1600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Semper, C. (1868) Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band, Holothurien Heft iv. & v. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 288 pps, 40 pls." type="book chapter" year="1868">Semper (1868)</bibRefCitation>
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, whose description of the species is quite detailed, illustrates just one table and one pedicel rod of his material which he identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD6FA49FC3A52140776417B" box="[957,1129,1612,1636]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
|
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FC3A52140776417B" box="[957,1129,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">R. lageniformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only reasonable illustrations of the deposits of presumably this species are those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FCD45229071F4197" author="Panning" box="[851,1024,1648,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but once again not from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FAC65228066E4196" box="[1345,1393,1649,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
but from some materials in the Hamburg Museum. The tentacle number of this species has been worked out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FACE52CD03FE41CF" author="Heding" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G. (1937) A new dendrochirote Holothurian from South Africa, with some remarks on the Rhopalodinidae. Annals of the South African Museum 32: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1937">Heding (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the calcareous ring illustrated by both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FD4252E1007341CF" author="Semper" box="[709,876,1720,1744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Semper, C. (1868) Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band, Holothurien Heft iv. & v. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 288 pps, 40 pls." type="book chapter" year="1868">Semper (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FC2552E1075441CF" author="Heding" box="[930,1099,1720,1744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G. (1937) A new dendrochirote Holothurian from South Africa, with some remarks on the Rhopalodinidae. Annals of the South African Museum 32: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1937">Heding (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA49FF40528403C0409B" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
We hence provide descriptions and figures of the calcareous deposits of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FB9B5284075341EA" box="[1052,1100,1757,1781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
but did not dissect it to determine the tentacle number and the form of the calcareous ring. We are in no position to determine whether the identifications of materials of the above authors to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD6FA49FD37537C00414023" box="[688,862,1828,1852]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD6FA49FD37537C00414023" box="[688,862,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">R. lageniformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are correct, since several variations from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FAEC537C06844022" box="[1387,1435,1829,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
have relatively recently been described as new species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FCA0531100D1407F" author="Heding" box="[807,974,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Heding, S. G. (1937) A new dendrochirote Holothurian from South Africa, with some remarks on the Rhopalodinidae. Annals of the South African Museum 32: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1937">Heding (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FC5C53110797407F" author="Panning" box="[987,1160,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FB4753110688407F" author="Cherbonnier" box="[1216,1431,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Expedition Oceanographique Belge dans les Eaux Cotieres Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949). Resultats Scientifiques: Holothurides. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 3 (2): 3 - 23, 11 pls." type="journal article" year="1965">Cherbonnier (1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD6FA49FF10533503CC409B" author="Cherbonnier" box="[151,211,1900,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Especes nouvelles ou peu connues de Rhopalodinidae (Echinodermes, Holothuries). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 4 serie 10 A (3): 429 - 448." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD6FA4BFF4053C907B546D8" blockId="1.[151,1437,891,1996]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The external morphology of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD6FA49FDB453C8017C40B6" box="[563,611,1937,1961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is adequately described by Gray. It is here noted that the tube feet, which are restricted to the sphere, are almost threadlike (filiform), and up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE49B28FFD6FA49FC3453ED00EB40D3" box="[947,1012,1972,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, with an expanded terminal sucker. Contrary to Heding’s (1937) observations, and Thandar’s (2001) reiteration of the characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFAC554C103C847CC" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFAC554C103C847CC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tube feet of the mid-ventral ambulacrum clearly traverse the ventral pole of the sphere as they do in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFF10548702B047E9" authority="Heding" authorityName="Heding" box="[151,431,222,246]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFF105487024C47E9" box="[151,339,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Heding
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFE6E5487002E47E9" authority="Cherbonnier" authorityName="Cherbonnier" box="[489,817,222,246]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFE6E5487018447E9" box="[489,667,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodinaria</emphasis>
|
||
Cherbonnier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the other two genera of the family. Since tube feet at the pole of the sphere are also present in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFC88555800BF4606" box="[783,928,257,281]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFC88555800BF4606" box="[783,928,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFB81555B07BB4606" box="[1030,1188,257,281]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cabrinovici" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFB81555B07BB4606" box="[1030,1188,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. cabrinovici</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B57A4FFD4FA4BFB2C555807F74607" box="[1195,1256,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFB74555B03EC4624" authority="Panning" authorityName="Panning" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pachyderma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFB74555B06844606" box="[1267,1435,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. pachyderma</emphasis>
|
||
Panning
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFEA9557C01684624" authority="Cherbonnier" authorityName="Cherbonnier" box="[302,631,291,316]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvalamina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFEA9557C02C04623" box="[302,479,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. parvalamina</emphasis>
|
||
Cherbonnier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFD03557D000A4623" box="[644,789,292,316]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFD03557D000A4623" box="[644,789,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot now be characterized as lacking tube feet in the pole of the sphere. Despite this, the polytentaculate genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFCB3551F00DA4641" box="[820,965,326,350]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFCB3551F00DA4641" box="[820,965,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFC7B551F07A74641" box="[1020,1208,326,350]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFC7B551F07A74641" box="[1020,1208,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are still valid, characterised by the clear separation of the mouth and anus in the latter and their close association as to be almost indistinguishable, in the former. In addition, the numerous, non-imbricating, small knobbed, minute plates of the sphere in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD4FA4BFF3355F6026F46D8" box="[180,368,431,455]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD4FA4BFF3355F6026F46D8" box="[180,368,431,455]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhopalodinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very distinctive and there are rosette-shaped granules in the tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF636645FFD5FA4AFF1053F1071B40FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD5FA4AFF1053F1071B40FE" blockId="2.[151,1435,1960,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD5FA4AFF1053F1020C40A1" bold="true" box="[151,275,1960,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFFD5FA4AFE9D53F1014040A1" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[282,607,1960,1982]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lageniformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EADFFFD5FA4AFE9D53F1013B40A1" box="[282,548,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Rhopalodina lageniformis</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8.23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.?tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD4FA4BFF40558B0725452F" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The proboscis also bears sparse outgrowths which may be either reduced tube feet or epizoons. The length of the proboscis is
|
||
<quantity id="4CE49B28FFD4FA4BFED555AC02BA4512" box="[338,421,501,525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and the entire animal, including the sphere, is
|
||
<quantity id="4CE49B28FFD4FA4BFC4055AC07044512" box="[967,1051,501,525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
|
||
. These measurements are slightly smaller than those recorded by Gray and can be attributed to subsequent shrinkage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CDFFD4FA4BFF40566201E044AF" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Both the proboscis and the sphere of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD4FA4BFD14566501DC454B" box="[659,707,572,596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
are characterized by large imbricating, round to oval, multilocular, smooth plates, with those of the proboscis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A48FFD4FA4BFD28560700134569" box="[687,780,606,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[179,1415,145,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8. 23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.? tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A) being slightly smaller than those of the sphere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A48FFD4FA4BFAD6560703BE4586" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[179,1415,145,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8. 23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.? tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) (proboscis plates 301–586 µm, mean 436.5 µm, ± 72.88, n = 10; sphere: 457–561 µm, mean 509.3 µm, ± 34.78, n = 10). These measurements are much smaller than those recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD4FA4BFB8256FD07AC45A3" author="Panning" box="[1029,1203,676,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who reports a maximum diameter of over
|
||
<quantity id="4CE49B28FFD4FA4BFE1F569E02C645C0" box="[408,473,711,735]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
for both the proboscis and sphere plates. The holes of the plates are fairly large, measuring up to 56 µm and 70 µm in diameter in the proboscis and sphere respectively. Despite numerous attempts we found no tables in either the proboscis or the sphere and no evidence that these were dissolved in the preserving fluid. No ossicles, except some broken rods were detected in the tube feet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A48FFD4FA4BFC6F576907594457" box="[1000,1094,816,840]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[179,1415,145,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8. 23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.? tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) but no clues to betray their original structure. We also found no evidence of any end-plates.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFFD4FA4BFCF4570B073D4475" author="Panning" box="[883,1058,850,874]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refString="Panning, A. (1935) Die Gattung Rhopalodina. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (4) 5: 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report some cross-shaped, perforated, spired plates from the pole of the sphere in his material. We also find similar plates in the pole of the sphere of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7886FFFD4FA4BFF5957C0021144AE" box="[222,270,921,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
but their spires are not obvious (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A48FFD4FA4BFDF957C101C444AF" box="[638,731,920,944]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[195,1412,187,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[179,1415,145,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhopalodina lageniformis Gray, Holotype, NHM, 1938.8. 23.67. A. Plate from the proboscis; B.? tube feet deposits; C. plate from the sphere; D. plates from the pole; E. cross-shaped plates from pole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |