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<mods:title id="33B296A60FB99093377F9D9E17B28915">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F5FC75FBABF8D20B716F9E0" blockId="52.[151,1437,1554,2013]" box="[151,632,1554,1581]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBABF8D20B5D4F9E0" bold="true" box="[151,186,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">74.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FBAE88D20B71AF9E0" ID-CoL="CMFK" ID-ENA="34609" authority="Koch, 1844 a" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[192,628,1554,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBAE88D20B4B5F9E1" bold="true" box="[192,475,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBBC98D20B71AF9E0" author="Koch, C. L." box="[481,628,1554,1580]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="217 - 239" refId="ref219297" refString="Koch, C. L. (1844 a) Systematische Ubersicht ¸ ber die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv f ¸ r Naturgeschichte, 10, 217 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29560" type="journal article" year="1844">Koch, 1844a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F5FC75FB8558D20B782F970" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F5FC75FB8558D20B782F970" blockId="52.[151,1437,1554,2013]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Nearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FB9208D20B630F9E0" box="[776,862,1554,1580]" name="Mexico" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(north), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FB9F58D20B177F9E0" box="[989,1049,1554,1580]" name="United States of America" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USA</collectingCountry>
; Neotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBEFC8D20B070F9E0" box="[1236,1310,1554,1580]" name="Belize" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBF6F8D20B5D2F99C" name="Colombia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBACC8D04B40EF99C" box="[228,352,1590,1616]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBBA08D04B489F99C" box="[392,487,1590,1616]" name="Ecuador" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FB8278D04B7E5F99C" box="[527,651,1590,1616]" name="Guatemala" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FB89B8D04B64DF99C" box="[691,803,1590,1616]" name="Honduras" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Honduras</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FB9628D04B6CEF99C" box="[842,928,1590,1616]" name="Mexico" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(south), 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBE088D04B1F8F99C" box="[1056,1174,1590,1616]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBE968D05B19AF99D" box="[1214,1268,1591,1617]" name="Peru" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Peru</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBF018D04B0F2F99C" box="[1321,1436,1590,1616]" name="Venezuela" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBAB78D68B4F6F9B8" author="Cooley, R. A. &amp; Kohls, G. M." box="[159,408,1626,1652]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="77 - 111" refId="ref185000" refString="Cooley, R. A. &amp; Kohls, G. M. (1944) The genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United States. Journal of Parasitology, 30, 77 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3272571" type="journal article" year="1944">Cooley &amp; Kohls 1944</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBB8A8D69B70EF9B8" author="Jones, E. K. &amp; Clifford, C. M. &amp; Keirans J. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M." box="[418,608,1626,1653]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref212254" refString="Jones, E. K., Clifford, C. M., Keirans J. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M. (1972) The ticks of Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a key to the species of Amblyomma in the Western Hemisphere. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 17 (4), 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1972">
Jones
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBBCF8D69B771F9B8" box="[487,543,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
1972
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FB8428D68B127F9B8" author="Mendoza-Uribe, L. &amp; Chavez-Chorocco, J." box="[618,1097,1626,1652]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref230157" refString="Mendoza-Uribe, L. &amp; Chavez-Chorocco, J. (2004) Ampliacion geografica de siete especies de Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) y primer reporte de A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 para Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 44, 69 - 72." type="journal article" year="2004">Mendoza-Uribe &amp; Chávez-Chorocco 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBE7A8D68B044F9B9" author="Alvarez, V. C. &amp; Hernandez, V. F. &amp; Hernandez, J. G." box="[1106,1322,1626,1653]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="81 - 88" refId="ref168612" refString="Alvarez, V. C., Hernandez, V. F. &amp; Hernandez, J. G. (2005) Catalogo de garrapatas suaves (Acari: Argasidae) y duras (Acari: Ixodidae) de Costa Rica. Brenesia, 63 - 64, 81 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">
Alvarez
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBE998D69B187F9B8" box="[1201,1257,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
, GuzmánCornejo
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBAD08D4DB45EF954" box="[248,304,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
2011,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBB528D4CB7E8F954" author="Polsomboon, S. &amp; Hoel, D. F. &amp; Murphy, J. R. &amp; Linton, Y. M. &amp; Motoki, M. &amp; Robbins, R. G. &amp; Briceno, I. &amp; Achee, N. L. &amp; Grieco, J. P. &amp; Ching, W. M. &amp; Chao, C. C." box="[378,646,1662,1688]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1718 - 1726" refId="ref243759" refString="Polsomboon, S., Hoel, D. F., Murphy, J. R., Linton, Y. M., Motoki, M., Robbins, R. G., Bautista. K., Briceno, I., Achee, N. L., Grieco, J. P., Ching, W. M. &amp; Chao, C. C. (2017) Molecular detection and identification of Rickettsia species in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from Belize, Central America. Journal of Medical Entomol ogy, 54, 1718 - 1726. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjx 141" type="journal article" year="2017">
Polsomboon
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB8258D4DB72AF954" box="[525,580,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FB8B88D4CB627F954" author="Lado, P. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Mendoz-Uribe, L. &amp; Caceres, A. G. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, J. &amp; Licona-Enriquez, J. D. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, D. &amp; Labruna, M. B. &amp; Durden, L. A. &amp; Allerdice, M. E. J. &amp; Paddock, C. D. &amp; Szabo, M. P. J. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L." box="[656,841,1662,1688]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref224040" refString="Lado, P., Nava, S., Mendoz-Uribe, L., Caceres, A. G., Delgado-de la Mora, J., Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Delgado-de la Mora, D., Labruna, M. B., Durden, L. A., Allerdice, M. E. J., Paddock, C. D., Szabo, M. P. J., Venzal, J. M., Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L. (2018) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) group of ticks: phenotypic plasticity or incipient speciation? Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (article 610), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3186 - 9" type="journal article" year="2018">
Lado
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FB97A8D4CB1C6F954" author="Acevedo-Gutierrez, L. Y. &amp; Paternina, L. E. &amp; Perez-Perez, J. C. &amp; Londono, A. F. &amp; Lopez, G. &amp; Rodas, J. D." box="[850,1192,1662,1688]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="126 - 139" refId="ref166777" refString="Acevedo-Gutierrez, L. Y., Paternina, L. E., Perez-Perez, J. C., Londono, A. F., Lopez, G. &amp; Rodas, J. D. (2020) Garrapatas duras (Acari: Ixodidae) de Colombia, una revision a su conocimiento en el pais. Acta Biologica. Colombiana, 25, 126 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.15446 / abc. v 25 n 1.75252" type="journal article" year="2020">
Acevedo-Gutiérrez
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Allerdice
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBF378D4DB039F954" box="[1311,1367,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
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2020
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBBE38D90B7B1F970" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[459,735,1698,1724]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref199969" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Nava, S. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2021) Neotropical hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). A critical analysis of their taxonomy, distribution, and host relationships. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 486 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 72353 - 8" type="book" year="2021">
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB84C8D91B7F3F970" box="[612,669,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
2021
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F5FC75EBAEF8DF4B458FD48" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F5FC75EBAEF8DF4B7B9FE8D" blockId="52.[151,1437,1554,2013]" lastBlockId="53.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Determining the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FB8818DF4B6D9F92C" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[681,951,1734,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB8818DF4B6D9F92C" box="[681,951,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult because literature records of this species may include the morphologically related
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FB8948DD8B6E7F8C8" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[700,905,1770,1796]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triste">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB8948DD8B6E7F8C8" box="[700,905,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma triste</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or both names may be treated as different species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBAF98C3CB4F3F8E4" author="Lado, P. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Mendoz-Uribe, L. &amp; Caceres, A. G. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, J. &amp; Licona-Enriquez, J. D. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, D. &amp; Labruna, M. B. &amp; Durden, L. A. &amp; Allerdice, M. E. J. &amp; Paddock, C. D. &amp; Szabo, M. P. J. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L." box="[209,413,1806,1832]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref224040" refString="Lado, P., Nava, S., Mendoz-Uribe, L., Caceres, A. G., Delgado-de la Mora, J., Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Delgado-de la Mora, D., Labruna, M. B., Durden, L. A., Allerdice, M. E. J., Paddock, C. D., Szabo, M. P. J., Venzal, J. M., Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L. (2018) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) group of ticks: phenotypic plasticity or incipient speciation? Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (article 610), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3186 - 9" type="journal article" year="2018">
Lado
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBB3A8C3DB425F8E4" box="[274,331,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
found molecular evidence suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FB9A98C3CB120F8E4" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[897,1102,1806,1832]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triste">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB9A98C3CB120F8E4" box="[897,1102,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma triste</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FBF388C3CB47DF880" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBF388C3CB47DF880" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but support for this opinion should also include cross-breeding studies.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBE7C8C00B03CF880" author="Allerdice, M. E. J. &amp; Snellgrove, A. N. &amp; Hecht, J. A. &amp; Hartzer, K. &amp; Jones, E. S. &amp; Biggerstaff, B. J. &amp; Ford, S. L. &amp; Karpathy, S. E. &amp; de la Mora, J. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, D. &amp; Licona-Enriquez, J. D. &amp; Goddard, J. &amp; Levin, M. L. &amp; Paddock, C. D." box="[1108,1362,1842,1868]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="543 - 557" refId="ref168251" refString="Allerdice, M. E. J., Snellgrove, A. N., Hecht, J. A., Hartzer, K., Jones, E. S., Biggerstaff, B. J., Ford, S. L., Karpathy, S. E., Delgado- de la Mora, J., Delgado-de la Mora, D., Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Goddard, J., Levin, M. L. &amp; Paddock, C. D. (2020) Reproductive incompatibility between Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) group ticks from two disjunct geographical regions within the USA. Experimental and Applied Acarol ogy, 82, 543 - 557. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 020 - 00557 - 4" type="journal article" year="2020">
Allerdice
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBEED8C01B191F880" box="[1221,1279,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
partly addressed this issue by cross-breeding populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FB8C28C64B696F8BC" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[746,1016,1878,1904]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB8C28C64B696F8BC" box="[746,1016,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the southeastern and southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5FC75FBAEA8C48B593F858" box="[194,253,1914,1940]" name="United States of America" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USA</collectingCountry>
, finding reproductive incompatibility between these tick populations.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FBE3A8C48B198F858" author="Cuervo, P. F. &amp; Flores, F. S. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Nava, S." box="[1042,1270,1914,1940]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="2865 - 2876" refId="ref185848" refString="Cuervo, P. F., Flores, F. S., Venzal, J. M. &amp; Nava, S. (2021) Niche divergence among closely related taxa provides insight on evolutionary patterns of ticks. Journal of Biogeography, 48, 2865 - 2876. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 14245" type="journal article" year="2021">
Cuervo
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBE448C49B1CBF858" box="[1132,1189,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
did not confer specific status on two morphotypes included in the study of
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5FC75FB9078CACB696F874" author="Lado, P. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Mendoz-Uribe, L. &amp; Caceres, A. G. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, J. &amp; Licona-Enriquez, J. D. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, D. &amp; Labruna, M. B. &amp; Durden, L. A. &amp; Allerdice, M. E. J. &amp; Paddock, C. D. &amp; Szabo, M. P. J. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L." box="[815,1016,1950,1976]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref224040" refString="Lado, P., Nava, S., Mendoz-Uribe, L., Caceres, A. G., Delgado-de la Mora, J., Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Delgado-de la Mora, D., Labruna, M. B., Durden, L. A., Allerdice, M. E. J., Paddock, C. D., Szabo, M. P. J., Venzal, J. M., Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L. (2018) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) group of ticks: phenotypic plasticity or incipient speciation? Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (article 610), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3186 - 9" type="journal article" year="2018">
Lado
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FB9468CADB6CBF874" box="[878,933,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
, one from South America and another from North America.
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5FC75FBBA48CF0B734F810" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[396,602,1986,2012]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triste">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5FC75FBBA48CF0B734F810" box="[396,602,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Amblyomma triste</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is treated here as a valid species, while acknowledging the difficulties attending morphological diagnosis of adults of this tick when compared with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBE4B8BA5B01AFF7D" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1123,1396,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBE4B8BA5B01AFF7D" box="[1123,1396,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as shown in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBB2D8B89B794FF19" author="Mendoza-Uribe, L. &amp; Chavez-Chorocco, J." box="[261,762,187,213]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref230157" refString="Mendoza-Uribe, L. &amp; Chavez-Chorocco, J. (2004) Ampliacion geografica de siete especies de Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) y primer reporte de A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 para Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 44, 69 - 72." type="journal article" year="2004">Mendoza-Uribe &amp; Chávez-Chorocco (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EB92E8B89B6BCFF19" author="Lado, P. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Mendoz-Uribe, L. &amp; Caceres, A. G. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, J. &amp; Licona-Enriquez, J. D. &amp; Delgado-de &amp; la Mora, D. &amp; Labruna, M. B. &amp; Durden, L. A. &amp; Allerdice, M. E. J. &amp; Paddock, C. D. &amp; Szabo, M. P. J. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L." box="[774,978,187,213]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref224040" refString="Lado, P., Nava, S., Mendoz-Uribe, L., Caceres, A. G., Delgado-de la Mora, J., Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Delgado-de la Mora, D., Labruna, M. B., Durden, L. A., Allerdice, M. E. J., Paddock, C. D., Szabo, M. P. J., Venzal, J. M., Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Beati, L. (2018) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) group of ticks: phenotypic plasticity or incipient speciation? Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (article 610), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3186 - 9" type="journal article" year="2018">
Lado
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EB96F8B89B6EEFF19" box="[839,896,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBE228B89B19FFF19" author="Cuervo, P. F. &amp; Flores, F. S. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Nava, S." box="[1034,1265,187,213]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="2865 - 2876" refId="ref185848" refString="Cuervo, P. F., Flores, F. S., Venzal, J. M. &amp; Nava, S. (2021) Niche divergence among closely related taxa provides insight on evolutionary patterns of ticks. Journal of Biogeography, 48, 2865 - 2876. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 14245" type="journal article" year="2021">
Cuervo
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBE4C8B89B1F3FF19" box="[1124,1181,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
, among others.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBABF8BEDB4D5FF35" author="Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Venzal, J. M. &amp; Mangold, A. J. &amp; Cafrune, M. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A." box="[151,443,222,249]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="99 - 112" refId="ref192630" refString="Estrada-Pena, A., Venzal, J. M., Mangold, A. J., Cafrune, M. M. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. (2005) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae: Amblyomminae) tick group: diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitarsum Neumann, 1901, 16 S rDNA sequences, distribution and hosts. Systematic Parasitology, 60, 99 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 004 - 1382 - 9" type="journal article" year="2005">
Estrada-Peña
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBB1A8BEDB404FF35" box="[306,362,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
stressed the problems involved in determining the immature stages of these two species, as well as those of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBB5C8A31B707FED0" box="[372,617,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBB5C8A31B707FED0" box="[372,617,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a third species in this group that only complicates efforts to define the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBBE98A15B7BEFE8D" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[449,720,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBBE98A15B7BEFE8D" box="[449,720,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F5EC75EBAEF8A79B458FD48" blockId="53.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBAEF8A79B4F7FEA9" author="Need, J. T. &amp; Dale, W. E. &amp; Keirans, J. M. &amp; Dasch, G. A." box="[199,409,331,357]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="590 - 597" refId="ref234988" refString="Need, J. T., Dale, W. E., Keirans, J. M. &amp; Dasch, G. A. (1991) Annotated list of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae: Argasidae) reported in Peru: distribution, hosts, and bibliography. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28, 590 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 28.5.590" type="journal article" year="1991">
Need
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBB228A79B42AFEA9" box="[266,324,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBB8D8A79B788FEA9" author="Munoz, L. E. &amp; Casanueva, M. E." box="[421,742,331,357]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="193 - 210" refId="ref232978" refString="Munoz, L. E. &amp; Casanueva, M. E. (2001) Estado actual del conocimiento de las garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae) asociada a Canis familiaris L. Gayana, 65, 193 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0717 - 65382001000200011" type="journal article" year="2001">Muñoz &amp; Casanueva (2001)</bibRefCitation>
and others set the southern limit of the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBF388A79B47DFE45" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBF388A79B47DFE45" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EBB128A5DB4C2FE45" box="[314,428,367,393]" name="Argentina" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, but records from this country, as well as
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EB9A78A5DB68AFE45" box="[911,996,367,393]" name="Bolivia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EB9D98A5DB15EFE45" box="[1009,1072,367,393]" name="Chile" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EBE168A5DB1ECFE45" box="[1086,1154,367,393]" name="Brazil" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EBE958A5DB04EFE45" box="[1213,1312,367,393]" name="Uruguay" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
, are provisionally regarded here as having resulted from confusion with
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EB97B8AA1B12BFE60" box="[851,1093,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EB97B8AA1B12BFE60" box="[851,1093,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBE438AA1B051FE60" box="[1131,1343,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBE438AA1B055FE60" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1131,1339,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triste">Amblyomma triste</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Keirans (1982) listed records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBB818A85B7D4FE1D" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[425,698,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBB818A85B7D4FE1D" box="[425,698,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EB9288A85B61CFE1D" box="[768,882,439,465]" name="Argentina" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, but the specimens involved were in fact
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBF638A85B428FE38" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBF638A85B428FE38" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EB8388AE9B62EFE39" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Keirans J. E. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[528,832,475,501]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref199234" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Estrada-Pena, A., Keirans J. E. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2003) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region. Special Publication of the Integrated Consortium on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases- 2, Atalanta, Houten, The Netherlands, 173 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EB8848AE9B786FE39" box="[684,744,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EB9668AE9B17AFE39" author="Newstead, R." box="[846,1044,475,501]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="421 - 468" refId="ref235971" refString="Newstead, R. (1909) Reports of the twenty first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Jamaica, 1908 - 1909. Section I. Medical and economic entomology. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 3, 421 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1909.11685250" type="journal article" year="1909">Newstead (1909)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBE0A8AE9B181FE39" author="Thompson, G. B." box="[1058,1263,474,501]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="220 - 229" refId="ref258944" refString="Thompson, G. B. (1950) Ticks in Jamaica, B. W. I. Records and notes (including a summary of the distribution of the West Indian species). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 3, 220 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935008654709" type="journal article" year="1950">Thompson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBF048AE9B42EFDD5" author="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A." pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="353 - 379" refId="ref263132" refString="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A. (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 353 - 379." type="journal article" year="1987">Walker &amp; Olwage (1987)</bibRefCitation>
included
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EBB868ACDB766FDD5" box="[430,520,511,537]" name="Jamaica" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EB8C18ACDB696FDD5" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[745,1016,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EB8C18ACDB696FDD5" box="[745,1016,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBE198ACDB1A9FDD5" author="Morel, P. C." box="[1073,1223,511,537]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="307 - 321" refId="ref231972" refString="Morel, P. C. (1966) Etude sur les tiques du betail en Guadeloupe et Martinique. I. Les tiques et leur distribution (Acariens, Ixodoidea). Revue de l'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 19, 307 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 7396" type="journal article" year="1966">Morel (1966)</bibRefCitation>
found no evidence of the presence of this tick in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EBBC88911B753FDF1" box="[480,573,547,573]" name="Jamaica" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, which is excluded from its range.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EB9EA8911B1C4FDF1" author="Khattak, R. M. &amp; Ali, S. &amp; Jahangir, M. &amp; Khan, M. N. &amp; Rasul, A. &amp; Iqbal, F." box="[962,1194,547,573]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1239 - 1244" refId="ref217425" refString="Khattak, R. M., Ali, S., Jahangir, M., Khan, M. N., Rasul, A. &amp; Iqbal, F. (2012) Prevalence of ectoparasites in wild and domesticated grey (Francolinus pondicerianus) and black partridge (Francolinus francolinus) from Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44, 1239 - 1244." type="journal article" year="2012">
Khattak
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBE098911B137FDF1" box="[1057,1113,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F5EC75EBEC88911B0F2FDF1" author="Eyo, J. E. &amp; Ekeh, F. N. &amp; Ivoke, N. &amp; Atama, C. I. &amp; Onah, I. E. &amp; Ezenwaji, N. E. &amp; Ikele, C. B." box="[1248,1436,547,573]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="479 - 486" refId="ref193151" refString="Eyo, J. E., Ekeh, F. N., Ivoke, N., Atama, C. I., Onah, I. E., Ezenwaji, N. E. &amp; Ikele, C. B. (2014) Survey of tick infestation of cattle at four selected grazing sites in the tropics. Global Veterinaria, 12, 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="2014">
Eyo
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBF3B8911B025FDF1" box="[1299,1355,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F5EC75EBB3A8975B74CFDAD" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[274,546,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F5EC75EBB3A8975B74CFDAD" box="[274,546,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Amblyomma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is established in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EB8CE8975B62BFDAD" box="[742,837,583,609]" name="Pakistan" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F5EC75EB9558975B6BAFDAD" box="[893,980,583,609]" name="Nigeria" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, respectively, but these countries are not included here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>