840 lines
99 KiB
XML
840 lines
99 KiB
XML
<document id="1CDB4592DAD66ACFEBD2777A172EF407" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.189264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0392bb9-ec66-4e36-bb9d-a65a3103c8ce" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="189264" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461100542827" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ebert, David A. & Compagno, Leonard J. V." docDate="2009" docId="F41A87DEFFDE250CC2C5DDFEFAE731C5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02173p018.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2173" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chlamydoselachus africana Ebert & Compagno, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="0823FFA6FFDC2500C252D957FF8B3442" masterDocTitle="Chlamydoselachus africana, a new species of frilled shark from southern Africa (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae)" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698591175506" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DC233944D30016D9788D241F08506A64">Chlamydoselachus africana, a new species of frilled shark from southern Africa (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="457D004CAABC7368E08367551DA7D35F">Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9120FC146D54426EB79077221237D37C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A06A4908DEDEB8F6140A84462CF15790">Compagno, Leonard J. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B0BAF37EBE34F04F049B19EDE8C906A5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="587E03D3715F77B0C5C2E13CBB647790">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0804D49796229CC26F70DA017FA23F56">
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<mods:date id="AF50275476C51E436F93BBECB71C6EE8">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6A744503BA430A4429EFFD403B4A6FC0" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6F89DF54C2ECAC5CFBED0B4364C39795">2173</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F41A87DEFFDE250CC2C5DDFEFAE731C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6223518" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119621575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6223518" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F41A87DEFFDE250CC2C5DDFEFAE731C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F41A87DEFFDE250CC2C5DDFEFAE731C5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDE2502C2C5DDFEFE2A30A4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DDFEFDC63080" blockId="2.[151,589,1192,1292]" box="[151,589,1192,1219]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="274481A4FFDE2502C2C5DDFEFDC63080" bold="true" box="[151,589,1192,1219]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C2C5DDFEFDC63080" bold="true" box="[151,589,1192,1219]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDE2502C2C5DDFEFE623081" ID-CoL="5XWT6" box="[151,489,1193,1219]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C2C5DDFEFE623081" bold="true" box="[151,489,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="55F457A1FFDE2502C3A2DDFFFDC63080" box="[496,589,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DD9BFE2A30A4" blockId="2.[151,589,1192,1292]" box="[151,417,1228,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Southern Frilled Shark</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDE2502C2C5DDA5FE10314E" box="[151,411,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DDA5FE10314E" blockId="2.[151,589,1192,1292]" box="[151,411,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDE2502C2CDDDA5FE84314E" box="[159,271,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,558,582]" captionTargetBox="[173,1422,328,506]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,313,533]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lateral view of Chlamydoselachus africana, female, 1170 mm TL, holotype (SAM 31028)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189265/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDE2502C34FDDA5FEA5314E" box="[285,302,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,257,851,875]" captionTargetBox="[373,1214,669,794]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[361,1225,638,827]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lateral view of Chlamydoselachus africana, male, 916 mm TL, paratype (SAM 36076), specimen now skeletonized. Illustration by L. J. V. Compagno." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189266/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="31310373FFDE2502C368DDA5FE04314E" box="[314,399,1266,1292]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,246,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length for the type series of Chlamydoselachus africana." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDE2502C2C5DC17FD6A31B5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DC17FB0731F5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1344,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDE2502C2C5DC17FDEC3115" ID-CoL="5Y8T6" authority="Smith 1951" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,615,1344,1367]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
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<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C2C5DC17FE5D3115" box="[151,470,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chlamydoselachus anguineus</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C3B4DC17FDEC3115" author="Smith" box="[486,615,1344,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1951) A new galeorhinid shark from South Africa, with notes on other species. Annuals & Magazine of Natural History Series 12, 4, 86 - 93." type="journal article" year="1951">Smith 1951</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, 87;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C0CDDC17FC943115" author="Smith" box="[671,799,1344,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1965) The sea fishes of Southern Africa. Fifth Edition. 580 pp. Central News Agency Ltd., South Africa." type="book" year="1965">Smith 1965</bibRefCitation>
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, 511,
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<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDE2502C131DC17FC283115" box="[867,931,1344,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,255,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,591,906]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,1366,583,921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pectoral fin skeleton of (a) C. africana paratype SAM 36076 and (b) Taiwan C. anguineus (DAE 881204)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189267/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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b;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C193DC17FBC23115" author="Smith" box="[961,1097,1344,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1967) The lizard shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman in South Africa. Occasional Papers of the Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 10, 105 - 115." type="journal article" year="1967">Smith, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 105, pl. 19–23;
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<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C756DC17FA133115" author="Trunov" box="[1284,1432,1344,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refString="Trunov, I. A. (1968) The whalefish (Barbourisia rufa, Fam. Barbourisiidae) and the frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Fam. Chlamydoselachidae) from South West African coastal waters. Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 135 - 138." type="journal article" year="1968">Trunov, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 137, fig. 3;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C313DC37FE783135" author="Bass" box="[321,499,1376,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. & Kistnasamy, N. (1975) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. V. The families Hexanchidae, Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Pristiophoridae, and Squatinidae. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 43, 50 p." type="book" year="1975">
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||
Bass
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||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C32BDC37FE253135" box="[377,430,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1975
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 16, text fig. 9, pl. 6;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C086DC37FC273135" author="Domanevskiy" box="[724,940,1376,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Domanevskiy, L. N. (1975) The frill shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884, from the Cape Blanco area (Central Eastern Atlantic). Journal of Ichthyology, 15, 1117 - 1119." type="journal article" year="1975">Domanevskiy, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1117;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C1A4DC37FB2F3135" author="Timokhin" box="[1014,1188,1376,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refString="Timokhin, I. G. (1980) Discovery of the frill shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, in the south-west Indian Ocean. Journal of Ichthyology, 20, 125 - 126." type="journal article" year="1980">Timokhin, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 125;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C6B1DC37FA133135" author="Allue" box="[1251,1432,1376,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Allue, C., Borruel, C., Lloris, D. & Rucabado, J. A. (1984) Datos pesqueros de la campana " Benguela II ". In: Resultados de las Expediciones Oceanografico-Pesqueras " Benguela I " (1979) y " Benguela II " (1980) Realizadas en el Atlantico Sudoriental (Nambia). Rucabado, J. A. and C. Bas (Eds). Datos Infms Inst. Investnes pesq., Barcelona, 9, 85 - 190." type="journal article" year="1984">
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||
Allue
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C777DC37FAD13135" box="[1317,1370,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 124;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C2AFDCD7FE3A31D5" author="Compagno" box="[253,433,1408,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4, Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, vol. 4, pt. 1 (noncarcharhinoids), 1 - 250." type="book chapter" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 14, ill.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C042DCD7FD0931D5" author="Bass" box="[528,642,1408,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Bass, A. J. (1986) Family Chlamydoselachidae. In Smith's Sea Fishes, ed. by M. M. Smith & P. C. Heemstra, Macmillian, Johannesburg, pp. 47 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1986">Bass 1986</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 47, Fig. 3.1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C144DCD7FC1731D5" author="Lloris" box="[790,924,1408,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Lloris, D. (1986) Ictiofauna demersal y aspectos biogeograficos de la costa sudoccidental de Africa (SWA / Namibia). Monografias de Zoologia Marina, Barcelona, 1, 9 - 432." type="journal article" year="1986">Lloris, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 87, figs. 17–18;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C604DCD7FAC631D5" author="Compagno" box="[1110,1357,1408,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. & Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 160 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
||
Compagno
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||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C680DCD7FA8331D5" box="[1234,1288,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 1989
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 19, pl. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C2B0DCF7FED031F5" author="Ebert" box="[226,347,1440,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Ebert, D. A. (1990) The taxonomy, biogeography and biology of cow and frilled sharks (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa." type="book" year="1990">Ebert 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 30, Fig. 3.1, Tab. 2.1;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C003DCF7FCCB31F5" author="Compagno" box="[593,832,1440,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. & Cowley, P. D. (1991) Distribution of offshore demersal cartilaginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) of the west coast of southern Africa, with notes on their systematics. South African Journal of Marine Science, 11, 43 - 139." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
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Compagno
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C09EDCF7FC8931F5" box="[716,770,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 51,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDE2502C121DCF7FC3B31F5" box="[883,944,1440,1463]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,255,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,591,906]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,1366,583,921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pectoral fin skeleton of (a) C. africana paratype SAM 36076 and (b) Taiwan C. anguineus (DAE 881204)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189267/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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||
a (distribution map).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DCB7FD6A31B5" blockId="2.[151,813,1504,1559]" box="[151,737,1504,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDE2502C2C5DCB7FEEA31B5" ID-CoL="3NH8" box="[151,353,1504,1527]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C2C5DCB7FEEA31B5" box="[151,353,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"sp. A"
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C3E9DCB7FDB031B5" author="Ebert" box="[443,571,1504,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Ebert, D. A. (1990) The taxonomy, biogeography and biology of cow and frilled sharks (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa." type="book" year="1990">Ebert, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 217, Fig. 3.12.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDE2502C2C5DF57FCDE3360" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DF57FCA63255" blockId="2.[151,813,1504,1559]" box="[151,813,1536,1559]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDE2502C2C5DF57FEEA3255" box="[151,353,1536,1559]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C2C5DF57FEEA3255" box="[151,353,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"sp. A"
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDE2502C3EEDF57FD393255" author="Compagno" box="[444,690,1536,1559]" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005) Sharks of the world. Collins Field Guide, Harper Collins Publishers, London, U. K. 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Compagno
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C065DF57FDE63255" box="[567,621,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 65, Plate 1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C2C5DF11FDDE32C5" blockId="2.[151,1437,1606,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDE2502C2C5DF11FE823222" box="[151,265,1606,1632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. SAM 31028, 1170 mm TL, immature female, off the Cunene River,
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||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C617DF11FB253222" box="[1093,1198,1606,1632]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C6E8DF11FAAA3222" box="[1210,1313,1606,1632]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-19.983334">19° 59'S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C77DDF11FA1C3222" box="[1327,1431,1606,1632]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="11.8">11° 48'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C2C5DF3AFF6A32C5" box="[151,225,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.09" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="409.0">409 m</quantity>
|
||
deep, trawled by RV
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C3B2DF3AFDC532C4" box="[480,590,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Benguela</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2502C294DFC3FCDE3360" blockId="2.[151,1437,1606,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDE2502C294DFC3FEB732EC" box="[198,316,1684,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="6AB5FD41FFDE2502C318DFC3FE6A32EC" box="[330,481,1684,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C3BDDFC3FDB932EC" box="[495,562,1684,1710]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">RUSI</collectingCountry>
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C06FDFC3FD6532EC" box="[573,750,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.423915" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2423915.0">2423, 915 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL mature male, off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C1A8DFC3FB0E32EC" box="[1018,1157,1684,1710]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Walvis Bay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C6C7DFC3FB7532EC" box="[1173,1278,1684,1710]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C75EDFC3FAC432EC" box="[1292,1359,1684,1710]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">RUSI</collectingCountry>
|
||
2424, 1010 mm TL, immature female, off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C032DFEDFD7A3296" box="[608,753,1722,1748]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Walvis Bay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C0ADDFEDFCE53296" box="[767,878,1722,1748]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; SAM
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C195DFEDFB933296" box="[967,1048,1722,1748]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6076916" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.6076916E7">36076</quantity>
|
||
, 916 mm TL, mature male, off Lüderitz,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C359DFB6FEFF32B9" box="[267,372,1761,1787]" name="Namibia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C3D3DFB6FE6B32B9" box="[385,480,1761,1787]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-26.633333">26°38'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C3BCDFB6FDC532B9" box="[494,590,1761,1787]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="15.166667">15°10'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C00EDFB6FD2332B9" box="[604,680,1761,1787]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="425.0">425 m</quantity>
|
||
deep,
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFDE2502C0AADFB6FC5B32B9" box="[760,976,1761,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1988-02-19">19 February 1988</date>
|
||
; USNM
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C668DFB6FA8532B9" box="[1082,1294,1761,1787]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0346699" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.0346699E8">203466, 990 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL, mature male, Bahia Farta,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDE2502C327DE5FFE453360" box="[373,462,1800,1826]" name="Angola" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C388DE5FFDB33360" box="[474,568,1800,1826]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-12.6">12°36'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFDE2502C016DE5FFD273360" box="[580,684,1800,1826]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="13.2">13° 12'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFDE2502C0EADE5FFCDA3360" box="[696,849,1800,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1968-04-05">5 April 1968</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDE2503C294DE79FB0C34BD" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDE2503C294DE79FB0C34BD" blockId="2.[151,1437,1606,2019]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,255]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C294DE79FEB4330A" bold="true" box="[198,319,1838,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. An external morphologically similar looking, smaller-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDE2502C67CDE78FA80330A" box="[1070,1291,1839,1864]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDE2502C67CDE78FA80330A" box="[1070,1291,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to at least
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDE2502C2C5DE02FE8E332D" box="[151,261,1877,1903]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1170.0">1170 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL) with a proportionally long head length 17.3–17.9% TL, prepectoral length 15.1–17.7% TL, predorsal fin length 62.6–64.5% TL, head height 6.2–8.6% TL and width 6.6–8.9% TL, broad interorbital width (5.7–6.4% TL) and internarial width (3.9–4.8% TL), mouth broad (6.0–8.1% TL), gill openings long, analcaudal fin space (0.2–1.3% TL), pectoral fin length (8.8–9.6% TL), pelvic fin length (11.6–15.4% TL), mean number of upper tooth rows (x = 28.8), pectoral mesopterygial radial counts (7), metapterygial radial counts (8), anal fin radials (30), total vertebral counts (147), MP vertebral count (18), DP count (76), DC count (52), MP/DP transition just posterior to the pelvic fins, spiral intestinal valve counts 26–28.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFDF2503C2C5DB79FB7B3607" box="[151,1264,558,582]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189265/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[173,1422,328,506]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C2C5DB79FB7B3607" blockId="3.[151,1264,558,582]" box="[151,1264,558,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDF2503C2C5DB79FE923604" bold="true" box="[151,281,558,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDF2503C39BDB78FD783604" box="[457,755,559,582]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDF2503C39BDB78FD783604" box="[457,755,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, 1170 mm TL, holotype (SAM 31028).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFDF2503C2C5DA04FD0337CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189266/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[373,1214,669,794]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C2C5DA04FD0337CF" blockId="3.[151,1436,851,909]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDF2503C2C5DA04FE953729" bold="true" box="[151,286,851,875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDF2503C384DA03FC813729" box="[470,778,852,875]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDF2503C384DA03FC813729" box="[470,778,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, 916 mm TL, paratype (SAM 36076), specimen now skeletonized. Illustration by L.J.V. Compagno.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDF2506C294DAECFD8733B4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C294DAECFAF931E4" blockId="3.[151,1437,955,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDF2503C294DAECFEDC3797" bold="true" box="[198,343,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length are given for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDF2503C2C5DAB5FF7537BE" box="[151,254,994,1020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
followed by the four
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDF2503C3ABDAB5FDE237BE" box="[505,617,994,1020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
in parentheses (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDF2503C176DAB5FCF737BE" box="[804,892,994,1020]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,246,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length for the type series of Chlamydoselachus africana." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Skeletal description and clasper morphology based on adult male
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDF2503C3D9DD5EFE7B3061" box="[395,496,1033,1059]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 36076). Body long, slender, eel-like, compressed behind the pelvic fins. Pectoral-pelvic space is moderately long with a noticeable difference between males 23.0–24.1% and females 26.8 (24.6–27.7)% of total length. Head broad, flattened, wider than high, slightly convex; head length 17.3 (17.4–17.9)% TL. Preoral snout length 0.1 times mouth width. Snout tip broadly rounded. Nostrils lateral, width
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDF2503C2B6DDF3FEA230FC" box="[228,297,1188,1214]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4986" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="5.9">5.9 in</quantity>
|
||
internarial width,
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDF2503C05EDDF3FDD930FC" box="[524,594,1188,1214]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.588" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="2.2">2.2 in</quantity>
|
||
eye length, and
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDF2503C14EDDF3FCE830FC" box="[796,867,1188,1214]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="0.2">0.2 in</quantity>
|
||
third gill opening. Eyes large, rounded, length approximately 10.1 times in head length. Spiracle present or absent and when present about 13.3 times in eye length and located about 3.3 eye lengths behind posterior margin of eye. Distance from snout tip to sixth gill opening 1.5 times in pectoral-pelvic space. Height of gill openings descending in length, with the sixth being about 1.4 times height of first; first gill opening extends across throat; width of third gill opening about 2.4 times in head length and 4.3 times eye length. Mouth broadly rounded, large, distensible, length is about 0.9 times in mouth width; the width is about 2.7 times in head length, and 1.0 of head width at mouth corners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C297DCE5FB2F32CC" blockId="3.[151,1437,955,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Teeth are similar in both upper and lower jaws. Each tooth has three long, slender, smooth-edged cusps. Between each cusp is a small pointed cusplet. Upper medial teeth paired, form similar to anterolateral teeth, but noticeably reduced. Lower jaw with a single medial tooth that is undifferentiated from the anterolaterals. The teeth on upper and lower jaws are curved inwards and set on a broad base that projects behind and interlocks with the tooth base posterior to it. Tooth count for
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDF2503C1D5DF1AFC7B3225" box="[903,1008,1613,1639]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFDF2503C647DF1AFBFC3225" box="[1045,1143,1613,1639]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1914-02-14">14-2-14</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFDF2503C6D0DF1AFB503225" box="[1154,1243,1613,1639]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1913-01-13">13-1-13</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDF2503C6BEDF1AFAD83225" box="[1260,1363,1613,1639]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,246,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length for the type series of Chlamydoselachus africana." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDF2503C729DF1AFA063225" box="[1403,1421,1613,1639]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1295,1319]" captionText="TABLE 2. Regional tooth counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Bass, 1979; 3. Lozano Rey, 1928; 4. Garman, 1885; 5. Gudger and Smith, 1933; 6. Günther, 1887; 7. Hawkes, 1907; 8. Jordan and Fowler 1903; 9. Nakaya and Bass, 1978; 10. Collett, 1897; 11. Bertrand, 1926." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). There was no sexual dimorphism observed between the teeth of male and female sharks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C294DFCDFADF3299" blockId="3.[151,1437,955,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lateral trunk denticles lanceolate, single cusped, with flattened bases. Crown slightly projected above the body with four longitudinal ridges extending from the base to the cusp. Denticle crowns widely spaced.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDF2503C297DFBFFB4B3381" blockId="3.[151,1437,955,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Pectoral fins are broad, rounded and low on body. Both anterior and posterior margins are convex. Pectoral length 9.2 (8.8–9.6)% TL and 1.0 times into anterior margin length; pectoral fins much smaller than pelvic fins; pectoral origin is posterior to sixth gill opening. Pectoral fin skeleton radials (SAM 36076) extend about 3.6 times into length of pectoral anterior margin; radials divided into a maximum of six segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDF2503C2CDDED5FE8233DE" box="[159,265,1922,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,255,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,591,906]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,1366,583,921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pectoral fin skeleton of (a) C. africana paratype SAM 36076 and (b) Taiwan C. anguineus (DAE 881204)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189267/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Propterygium small with no radials, mesopterygium with 7 radials, and metapterygium with 4 radials on basal segment and 4 on metapterygial axis; total radial counts were 15 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDF2503C604DEFEFB3B3381" box="[1110,1200,1961,1987]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin radial counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Braus 1902; 3. Deinega 1909; 4. Garman 1885; 5. Goodey 1910." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD82504C2C5D9C0FE433493" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD82504C2C5D9C0FE433493" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD82504C2C5D9C0FE9D34ED" bold="true" box="[151,278,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length for the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD82504C2C5D9EDFE4A3493" box="[151,449,186,209]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD82504C2C5D9EDFE4A3493" box="[151,449,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD92505C2C5D9CCFE0034F0" box="[151,395,155,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD92505C2C5D9CCFE0034F0" blockId="5.[151,395,155,179]" box="[151,395,155,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD92505C2C5D9CCFE8334F1" bold="true" box="[151,264,155,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
(continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD92505C2C5DC58FCA53124" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD92505C2C5DC58FCA53124" blockId="5.[151,1436,1295,1382]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD92505C2C5DC58FE833165" bold="true" box="[151,264,1295,1319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Regional tooth counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD92505C074DC58FD7B3164" box="[550,752,1295,1318]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD92505C074DC58FD7B3164" box="[550,752,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Bass, 1979; 3. Lozano Rey, 1928; 4. Garman, 1885; 5. Gudger and Smith, 1933; 6. Günther, 1887; 7. Hawkes, 1907; 8. Jordan and Fowler 1903; 9. Nakaya and Bass, 1978; 10. Collett, 1897; 11. Bertrand, 1926.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFDA2506C2C5D9C0FCC23493" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C2C5D9C0FCC23493" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,209]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDA2506C2C5D9C0FE8334ED" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin radial counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDA2506C11CD9CFFB9334ED" box="[846,1048,152,175]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDA2506C11CD9CFFB9334ED" box="[846,1048,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Braus 1902; 3. Deinega 1909; 4. Garman 1885; 5. Goodey 1910.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DB7EFD6C3741" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Pelvic fins large and broadly rounded, with anterior margin 1.0 times pectoral anterior margin; anterior and posterior margins convex; inner margin sexually dimorphic with males being somewhat longer than females. Inner margin of male
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDA2506C05BDB21FDF036D2" box="[521,635,630,656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
do not form a clasper scroll. Pelvic fin skeleton (SAM 36076) is a flattened band of cartilage, slightly concave dorsally and enlarged at the ends; a long basipterygium with three segments from which 20 radials extend diagonally from its axis (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C1C9DB95FC73369E" box="[923,1016,706,732]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin radial counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Braus 1902; 3. Deinega 1909; 4. Garman 1885; 5. Goodey 1910." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Pelvic radials with four segments each, except for the last two that are unsegmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DA58FCAF3734" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The claspers from one of the male
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDA2506C0D3DA58FD71376B" box="[641,762,783,809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 36076) consist of an elongated axial cartilage connected to the basipterygium by an intermediate segment followed by the beta cartilage. In the adult condition the end-style is joined by a terminal cartilage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DAD5FD313074" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Anal fin very large, broadly rounded, its height is 2.0 times dorsal fin height, base length
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDA2506C757DAD5FAC137DE" box="[1285,1354,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="1.7">1.7 in</quantity>
|
||
dorsal base. Anterior and posterior fin margins are rounded and convex; an acute angle forms at the tip of the posterior and inner margins. Fin height 2.3 to 2.7 times into base and 2.0 to 4.2 times inner margin. Anal fin skeleton (SAM 36076) composed of an elongated basal cartilage with 30 radial cartilages (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C6ECDAA1FA9C3052" box="[1214,1303,1014,1040]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin radial counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Braus 1902; 3. Deinega 1909; 4. Garman 1885; 5. Goodey 1910." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
) extending diagonally from it; each radial has 4 segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DD15FC4030B4" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The dorsal fin is set far back, about 64.2 (62.6–64.5)% TL from snout tip, and low, only 1.9 times anal fin height. Anterior margin is rounded and convex with posterior margin. Base is short, 0.5 times dorsal-caudal space, height 3.1 times in base, and inner margin 0.9 times in height and
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDA2506C1A9DDD8FBB430EB" box="[1019,1087,1167,1193]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.874" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="3.1">3.1 in</quantity>
|
||
base. The dorsal fin skeleton (SAM 36076) has a basal cartilage that is elongate, slightly convex distally and flattened proximally. Basal cartilage radials number 15 with each having four segments (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C133DD8BFC3030B4" box="[865,955,1244,1270]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin radial counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Braus 1902; 3. Deinega 1909; 4. Garman 1885; 5. Goodey 1910." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DC55FEEA3101" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caudal fin elongated, subtriangular, and without a subterminal lobe; length of dorsal margin 2.6 times in precaudal length.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DC18FC5231F4" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Total vertebral column count from SAM 36076 was 147. The MP-DP counts were 18 MP and 76 DP for a total precaudal count of 94 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C3B2DC21FDB731D2" box="[480,572,1398,1424]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Vertebral counts for Chlamydoselachus africana and C. anguineus. Monospondylous precaudal vertebrae (MP); Diplospondylous precaudal vertebrae (DP); Diplospndylous caudal vertebrae (DC)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The transition between the MP and DP vertebrae occurred just posterior to the pectoral fins at the 18th vertebra. The caudal count (DC) was 53.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DC95FCFA32AB" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The cranium of one
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDA2506C3EFDC95FDAD319E" box="[445,550,1474,1500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 36076) was dissected out and measured (
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C625DC95FB5E319E" box="[1143,1237,1474,1500]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,241,689,713]" captionText="TABLE 5. Cranial measurements expressed as a percentage of the nasobasal length for a C. africana, 916 mm TL, from Namibia (SAM 36076) and a C. anguineus, 1252 mm TL, from Taiwan (DAE 881204)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Neurocranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDA2506C2CDDCBEFE8C3241" box="[159,263,1513,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[397,1214,1067,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[361,1225,1034,1926]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Illustration of Chlamydoselachus africana cranial skeleton with dorsal, lateral, and ventral views (paratype SAM 36076). Illustration by L. J. V. Compagno." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189268/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) short, with a blunt rostral cartilage, not hypercalcified in adult. Medial rostral cartilage length is about 19 times into nasobasal length. Width across lateral rostral cartilage bases about 4.9 times in length of medial rostral cartilage. Nasal capsules longer than wide, with rounded edges. Width of cranium across nasal capsules
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDA2506C353DF0BFECF3234" box="[257,324,1628,1654]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="1.7">1.7 in</quantity>
|
||
nasobasal length. Nasal apertures moderately large and transversely oval, separated by a space 1.8 times there widths. Anterior fontanelle large, rounded anteriorly, sub-triangular posteriorly, slightly longer than wide. Cranial roof 1.3 times orbital length. Orbital notches 1.3 times orbital length. Suborbital shelves 0.7 times orbital length. Otic capsules 0.9 times orbital length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DFA1FF3D3374" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The number of spiral valve turns was 27 for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDA2506C0AEDFA1FCE83352" box="[764,867,1782,1808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and ranged from 26–28 for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDA2506C688DFA1FAC13352" box="[1242,1354,1782,1808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="31310373FFDA2506C70BDFA1FF233374" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,241,731,755]" captionText="TABLE 6. Spiral valve counts for Chlamydoselachus species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Günther 1887; 3. Hawkes 1907; 4. Smith, 1937; 5. Collett, 1897." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C297DE14FBEE33C1" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The liver is large and extremely oily, consisting of two lobes, one on each side of the body, extending the entire length of the abdominal cavity. The lobes are of equal size and alike in form.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDA2506C294DED8FD8733B4" blockId="6.[151,1437,553,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDA2506C294DED8FEC633EB" bold="true" box="[198,333,1935,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
. In life a dark chocolate brown, but with a thin membranous mucous covering the shark that upon being rinsed off after death revealed a dark gray color beneath the membrane. Color after preservation varies from light brown to gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFDB2507C2C5D9C0FBD33493" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDB2507C2C5D9C0FBD33493" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,209]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C2C5D9C0FE8734ED" bold="true" box="[151,268,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Vertebral counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C3A5D9CFFCA134ED" box="[503,810,152,175]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C3A5D9CFFCA134ED" box="[503,810,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C132D9CFFC7A34ED" box="[864,1009,152,175]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C132D9CFFCF934ED" box="[864,882,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C1D3D9CFFC7A34ED" box="[897,1009,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Monospondylous precaudal vertebrae (MP); Diplospondylous precaudal vertebrae (DP); Diplospndylous caudal vertebrae (DC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFDB2507C2C5DBE6FBCB36A9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDB2507C2C5DBE6FBCB36A9" blockId="7.[151,1436,689,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C2C5DBE6FE87368B" bold="true" box="[151,268,689,713]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Cranial measurements expressed as a percentage of the nasobasal length for a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C604DBE5FB44368B" box="[1110,1231,690,713]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C604DBE5FB44368B" box="[1110,1231,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 916 mm TL, from Namibia (SAM 36076) and a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C386DB83FD2836A9" box="[468,675,724,747]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C386DB83FDEA36A9" box="[468,609,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
, 1252
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mm TL, from Taiwan (DAE 881204).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDB2507C294DF04FB9F32F9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDB2507C294DF04FB9F32F9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1619,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C294DF04FED8322F" bold="true" box="[198,339,1619,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C06CDF03FD2A322F" box="[574,673,1620,1645]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C06CDF03FD2A322F" box="[574,673,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in allusion to the Marine and Coastal Management research vessel “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C2A5DF2DFEEA32D1" box="[247,353,1658,1683]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C2A5DF2DFEEA32D1" box="[247,353,1658,1683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” in recognition of the excellent research surveys this vessel has conducted over the past several decades. It is also the vessel that collected the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFDB2507C142DFF6FCFE32F9" box="[784,885,1697,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
SAM 36076.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFDB2508C294DF90FC97364C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFDB2507C294DF90FA1633B2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1619,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C294DF90FEEC32A3" bold="true" box="[198,359,1735,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
In the southeastern Atlantic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C08FDF9FFCE232A3" box="[733,873,1736,1761]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C08FDF9FFCE232A3" box="[733,873,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed only from off southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDB2507C714DF90FA1732A3" box="[1350,1436,1735,1761]" name="Angola" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
southwards to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDB2507C3E7DFB9FD90334A" box="[437,539,1774,1800]" name="Namibia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E4882A4DFFDB2507C079DFB9FD1F334A" box="[555,660,1774,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,257,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[274,1308,207,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[265,1322,194,1379]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distribution of Chlamydoselachus africana. The star represents the location of the holotype, the closed triangles represent the capture locations of two paratypes, and the open triangle represents two paratypes caught at the same location. The open circles represent records of Chlamydoselachus specimens whose species identification could not be confirmed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189269/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although Indian Ocean records are scarce,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C6EEDFB9FA173345" box="[1212,1436,1774,1799]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C6EEDFB9FA173345" box="[1212,1436,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have been caught in oceanic waters off the Transkei coast, Eastern Cape Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDB2507C6ACDE42FA17336D" box="[1278,1436,1813,1839]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDB2507C2CDDE6CFED53317" author="Timokhin" box="[159,350,1851,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" refString="Timokhin, I. G. (1980) Discovery of the frill shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, in the south-west Indian Ocean. Journal of Ichthyology, 20, 125 - 126." type="journal article" year="1980">Timokhin, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and off the kwaZulu-Natal coast (R. White, fishermen, kwaZulu-Natal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFDB2507C6EEDE6CFADD3317" box="[1212,1366,1851,1877]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C730DE6BFF553339" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.). Specimens caught from off the Transkei coast were taken in depths of between
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFDB2507C69ADE35FAF7333E" box="[1224,1404,1890,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1230" valueMax="1400">
|
||
1230 and
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDB2507C712DE35FAF7333E" box="[1344,1404,1890,1916]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDB2507C2CDDEDEFEE233E1" author="Timokhin" box="[159,361,1929,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" refString="Timokhin, I. G. (1980) Discovery of the frill shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, in the south-west Indian Ocean. Journal of Ichthyology, 20, 125 - 126." type="journal article" year="1980">Timokhin 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while the kwaZulu-Natal specimen was caught in about
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFDB2507C602DEDEFB2B33E1" box="[1104,1184,1929,1955]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
depth by a ski boat fisherman (R. White, pers. comm.). One additional Eastern Cape record worth noting was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFDB2507C704DEF8FF6233B2" author="Smith" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1951) A new galeorhinid shark from South Africa, with notes on other species. Annuals & Magazine of Natural History Series 12, 4, 86 - 93." type="journal article" year="1951">Smith (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of an angler who supposedly caught a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFDB2507C081DE81FC3733AD" box="[723,956,2006,2031]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFDB2507C081DE81FC3733AD" box="[723,956,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from off a pier at Port Alfred.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD42508C2C5D9CFFB903582" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Unfortunately, the specimen was discarded before its identity could be confirmed. One of us (DAE) spoke with Margaret M. Smith (now deceased), former director J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD42508C2C5D9B2FEBA34BD" box="[151,305,229,255]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFD42508C308D9B2FD9234BD" box="[346,537,229,255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1986-12">December 1986</date>
|
||
who knew the angler personally that caught this specimen and considered him to be very reliable in fish identification. Given that the continental shelf is very broad in this area it seems unlikely that this deepwater species would occur so far out of its normal range. It may be that this particular specimen was ill, disabled, or at least disoriented when caught. Thus, this record is only tentatively included here. Identification of these latter specimens as to whether they represent the new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD42508C698D8D7FADA35DB" box="[1226,1361,384,409]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C698D8D7FADA35DB" box="[1226,1361,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD42508C7D3D8D7FE9B3582" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C7D3D8D7FE9B3582" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown as these specimens were unavailable for examination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD42508C294D89AFC97364C" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C294D89AFF7235A5" bold="true" box="[198,249,461,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Size</emphasis>
|
||
. The largest female on record, an immature specimen, is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD42508C18BD89AFBB435A5" box="[985,1087,461,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
that measured
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD42508C6A5D89AFAE335A5" box="[1271,1384,461,487]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1170.0">1170 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. Males reach a maximum length of at least
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD42508C0DAD8A3FD61364C" box="[648,746,500,526]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="990.0">990 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD42508C2C5DAEDFA1B3793" box="[151,1424,954,978]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189267/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[233,1353,591,906]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD42508C2C5DAEDFA1B3793" blockId="8.[151,1424,954,978]" box="[151,1424,954,978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C2C5DAEDFE923790" bold="true" box="[151,281,954,978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Pectoral fin skeleton of (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD42508C011DAEDFD363793" box="[579,701,954,977]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C011DAEDFD363793" box="[579,701,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype SAM 36076 and (b) Taiwan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD42508C604DAEDFB683793" box="[1110,1251,954,977]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C604DAEDFB683793" box="[1110,1251,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DAE 881204).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD42508C2C5DEC9FD04339A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189268/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[397,1214,1067,1877]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD42508C2C5DEC9FD04339A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1950,2008]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C2C5DEC9FE9233F4" bold="true" box="[151,281,1950,1974]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD42508C3E9DEC8FD6D33F4" box="[443,742,1951,1974]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD42508C3E9DEC8FD6D33F4" box="[443,742,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cranial skeleton with dorsal, lateral, and ventral views (paratype SAM 36076). Illustration by L.J.V. Compagno.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD52509C2C5DC2CFEDF31B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189269/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[274,1308,207,1361]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD52509C2C5DC2CFEDF31B9" blockId="9.[151,1436,1403,1531]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C2C5DC2CFE9631D1" bold="true" box="[151,285,1403,1427]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C382DC2BFC8F31D1" box="[464,772,1404,1427]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C382DC2BFC8F31D1" box="[464,772,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The star represents the location of the holotype, the closed triangles represent the capture locations of two paratypes, and the open triangle represents two paratypes caught at the same location. The open circles represent records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C08ADC96FC2E319A" box="[728,933,1473,1496]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C08ADC96FC2E319A" box="[728,933,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens whose species identification could not be confirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34A96543FFD5250CC294DF7AFAE731C5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD52509C294DF7AFEE13314" blockId="9.[151,1436,1581,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C294DF7AFE073205" bold="true" box="[198,396,1581,1607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biological notes</emphasis>
|
||
. Based on the degree of calcification of the terminal cartilage elements it is concluded that male southern frilled sharks mature at a minimum size of
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD52509C12EDF03FC54322C" box="[892,991,1620,1646]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="915.0">915 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. The epididymis of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C7D3DF03FF7432D1" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C7D3DF03FF7432D1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were enlarged and coiled and sperm could be expelled by applying pressure along the posterior portion of the genital papilla.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD52509C3A6DFF6FD6B32F9" box="[500,736,1697,1723]" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" refString="Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., ABE, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. & Suzuki, K. (1990) The reproductive biology of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, from Suruga Bay, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 273 - 291." type="journal article">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C002DFF6FD0132F8" box="[592,650,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that the onset of maturity for male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C753DFF6FA1732F8" box="[1281,1436,1697,1722]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C753DFF6FA1732F8" box="[1281,1436,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred at approximately
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD52509C387DF9FFDCF32A0" box="[469,580,1736,1762]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1100.0">1100 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. The smallest adult male recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD52509C664DF9FFAAF32A0" box="[1078,1316,1736,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" refString="Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., ABE, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. & Suzuki, K. (1990) The reproductive biology of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, from Suruga Bay, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 273 - 291." type="journal article">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C6C1DF9FFB4532A3" box="[1171,1230,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD52509C730DF9FFF4E334A" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.178" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1178.0">1178 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. Claspers of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C3EEDFB9FD39334A" box="[444,690,1774,1800]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chlamydoselachidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not enclosed within a scroll formed by the pelvic fin inner margin as in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C30CDE42FE77336D" box="[350,508,1813,1839]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Hexanchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hexanchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but a hexanchid-like clasper sac is present in adult males of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C746DE42FA17336C" box="[1300,1436,1813,1838]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C746DE42FA17336C" box="[1300,1436,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C29ADE6BFEE83317" box="[200,355,1852,1877]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C29ADE6BFEE83317" box="[200,355,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD5250AC297DE35FE033564" blockId="9.[151,1436,1581,2032]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,152,294]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
No adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C3D5DE35FD873339" box="[391,524,1890,1915]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C3D5DE35FD873339" box="[391,524,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were examined during this study. However, it is assumed that development is viviparous without placenta. Litter size is at least three based on an observation made by Dr. A.I.L. Payne (pers. comm., Cefas, Suffolk,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD52509C3A6DEE7FDD33388" box="[500,600,1968,1994]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
) of a specimen caught off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD52509C1D9DEE7FC783388" box="[907,1011,1968,1994]" name="Namibia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but not retained. Maturity in female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD52509C2C5DE80FEBA33B2" box="[151,305,2007,2032]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C2C5DE80FEBA33B2" box="[151,305,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been variously reported from
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD52509C090DE81FCB933B2" box="[706,818,2006,2032]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2559999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1256.0">1256 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD52509C13EDE81FBC433B2" author="Tanaka" box="[876,1103,2006,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" refString="Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., ABE, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. & Suzuki, K. (1990) The reproductive biology of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, from Suruga Bay, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 273 - 291." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD52509C19BDE80FB8F33B2" box="[969,1028,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to approximately
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD52509C77EDE81FA1733B2" box="[1324,1436,2006,2032]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1500.0">1500 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD6250AC299D9CFFEFF34F0" author="Gudger" box="[203,372,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Gudger, E. W. (1940) The breeding habits, reproductive organs and external embryonic development of Chlamydoselachus, based on notes and drawings by Bashford Dean. Bashford Dean Mem. Vol., Archaic Fishes, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 5, 243 - 319." type="journal article" year="1940">Gudger, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD6250AC3F7D9CFFD9D34F0" box="[421,534,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.398" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1398.0">1398 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL specimen illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD6250AC134D9CFFB9F34F0" author="Gudger" box="[870,1044,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Gudger, E. W. (1940) The breeding habits, reproductive organs and external embryonic development of Chlamydoselachus, based on notes and drawings by Bashford Dean. Bashford Dean Mem. Vol., Archaic Fishes, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 5, 243 - 319." type="journal article" year="1940">Gudger (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was immature while a
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD6250AC779D9CFFA1734F0" box="[1323,1436,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1550.0">1550 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL specimen was mature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD6250AC380D9E9FD37349A" box="[466,700,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., ABE, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. & Suzuki, K. (1990) The reproductive biology of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, from Suruga Bay, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 273 - 291." type="journal article">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC07FD9E8FDEC349A" box="[557,615,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in an extensive study of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC18CD9E8FBF3349A" box="[990,1144,191,216]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC18CD9E8FBF3349A" box="[990,1144,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found the minimum size of maturity in females to be
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD6250AC3BBD9B2FDD034BD" box="[489,603,229,255]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2559999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1256.0">1256 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. Fecundity has been reported as between 2 and 12 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD6250AC6A2D9B2FA1C34BD" author="Gudger" box="[1264,1431,229,255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Gudger, E. W. (1940) The breeding habits, reproductive organs and external embryonic development of Chlamydoselachus, based on notes and drawings by Bashford Dean. Bashford Dean Mem. Vol., Archaic Fishes, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 5, 243 - 319." type="journal article" year="1940">Gudger, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD6250AC2C5D85BFEF03564" author="Tanaka" box="[151,379,268,294]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., ABE, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. & Suzuki, K. (1990) The reproductive biology of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, from Suruga Bay, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 273 - 291." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC2A0D85BFEA63567" box="[242,301,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD6250AC2C5DAA9FC8E307A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189270/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[158,1436,351,988]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD6250AC2C5DAA9FC8E307A" blockId="10.[151,1436,1022,1081]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC2C5DAA9FE943054" bold="true" box="[151,287,1022,1046]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Cranial skeleton, including dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC64ADAA8FADA3054" box="[1048,1361,1023,1046]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC64ADAA8FADA3054" box="[1048,1361,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SAM 36076) and (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC36EDD75FE42307B" box="[316,457,1058,1081]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC36EDD75FE42307B" box="[316,457,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Taiwan (DAE 881204).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD6250AC2C5DFB6FE9E337F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189271/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[475,1099,1139,1727]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD6250AC2C5DFB6FE9E337F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1761,1853]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC2C5DFB6FE9232BB" bold="true" box="[151,281,1761,1785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Euclidean bi-plot of Principal Component 1 (PC1) and Principal Component 2 (PC2) case scores calculated from 28 morphological variables measured for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC093DE53FB8C3359" box="[705,1031,1796,1819]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC093DE53FB8C3359" box="[705,1031,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chlamydoselachus africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC64BDE53FBAD3359" box="[1049,1062,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC6C9DE53FABE3359" box="[1179,1333,1796,1819]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC6C9DE53FABE3359" box="[1179,1333,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC715DE53FADF3359" box="[1351,1364,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10) individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD6250BC294DE3BFD1636EA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1900,2003]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD6250AC3EDDE3BFDAD33C4" box="[447,550,1900,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD6250AC038DE3BFD5133C4" box="[618,730,1900,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC15EDE3BFC1C33C7" box="[780,919,1900,1925]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC15EDE3BFC1C33C7" box="[780,919,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
yielded some dietary information on this species. One
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD6250AC365DEC5FE1533EE" box="[311,414,1938,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 36076), measuring
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD6250AC0B0DEC5FCCE33EE" box="[738,837,1938,1964]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="916.0">916 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL, contained a partially digested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD6250AC6BEDEC5FAE133E9" box="[1260,1386,1938,1963]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Apristurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD6250AC6BEDEC5FAE133E9" box="[1260,1386,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Apristurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., measuring approximately
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD6250AC39BDEEEFDA13391" box="[457,554,1977,2003]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="265.0">265 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the cranial base to the caudal region and weighing 98.8 gm. Another
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD7250BC2C5D9CFFF7734F0" box="[151,252,152,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD7250BC359D9CFFEDB34F0" box="[267,336,152,178]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">RUSI</collectingCountry>
|
||
2424),
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD7250BC3F9D9CFFD9734F0" box="[427,540,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1010.0">1010 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL, contained the skeletal remains of a digested cartilaginous fish, possibly a member of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC3E3D9E9FDEB349A" box="[433,608,190,216]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scyliorhinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD7250BC0DDD9E9FD7B349A" box="[655,752,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="990.0">990 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL specimen (USNM 203466) from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD7250BC746D9E9FAE1349A" box="[1300,1386,190,216]" name="Angola" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
had a squaloid spine embedded in its stomach. The
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD7250BC0BBD9B2FCD734BD" box="[745,860,229,255]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1170.0">1170 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD7250BC1C0D9B2FC7634BD" box="[914,1021,229,255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 31028) had a nearly intact
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC2C5D85BFEAD3567" box="[151,294,268,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Galeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polli">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC2C5D85BFEAD3567" box="[151,294,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Galeus polli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
measuring
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD7250BC3FFD85BFD853564" box="[429,526,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="342.0">342 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL and weighing 97.7 gm in its stomach. On the basis of the limited available data, it would appear that both species of frilled sharks prey primarily on scyliorhinid sharks though they probably feed on other items of an appropriate size.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC15DD80EFC5B3531" author="Taniuchi" box="[783,976,345,371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" refString="Taniuchi, T. (1987) Frill shark from Choshi. Report of Japanese Group for Elasmobranch Studies, 23, 19 - 20." type="journal article" year="1987">Taniuchi (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the remains of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC74CD80EFE8135DB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Apristurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC74CD80EFE8135DB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Apristurus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a Japanese specimen. A North Atlantic specimen examined during this study was also found to contain the remains of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC387D8F0FDDE3582" box="[469,597,423,448]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Apristurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC387D8F0FDDE3582" box="[469,597,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Apristurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in its stomach. Unfortunately, very little else is known about the feeding habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC335D89AFDCD35A4" box="[359,582,461,486]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC335D89AFDCD35A4" box="[359,582,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species to confirm their suspected prey preference. However, predation on scyliorhinids and possibly squaloids, as well as other smaller deepwater sharks, would coincide with suspected movement patterns of both predator and its potential prey. Evidence has shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC2C5DB16FE0A3618" box="[151,385,577,602]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC2C5DB16FE0A3618" box="[151,385,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are commonly caught in midwater trawls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC1ADDB16FA873619" author="Shiobara" box="[1023,1292,577,603]" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" refString="Shiobara, Y., Abe, H. & Hioki, K. (1987) Some biological information on the frill shark in Suruga Bay. Report of Japanese Group for Elasmobranch Studies, 23, 7 - 10." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Shiobara
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC62ADB16FB333618" box="[1144,1208,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, members of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC3E7DB3FFDBE36C3" box="[437,565,616,641]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Apristurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC3E7DB3FFDBE36C3" box="[437,565,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Apristurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC020DB3FFC8936C3" box="[626,770,616,641]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Parmaturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC020DB3FFC8936C3" box="[626,770,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Parmaturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to migrate vertically into the water column (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC2CDDBD9FE9236EA" author="Lee" box="[159,281,654,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Lee, R. S. (1969) The filetail catshark, Parmaturus xaniurus, in mid-water in the Santa Barbara Basin off California. California Fish & Game, 55, 88 - 90." type="journal article" year="1969">Lee, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC377DBD9FE3E36EA" author="Cross" box="[293,437,654,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Cross, J. N. (1988) Aspects of the biology of two scyliorhinid sharks, Apristurus brunneus and Parmaturus xaniurus, from the upper continental slope off southern California. Fishery Bulletin 86, 691 - 702." type="journal article" year="1988">Cross, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC392DBD9FD1B36EA" author="Ebert" box="[448,656,654,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Ebert, D. A., Cowley, P. D. & Compagno, L. J. V. (1996) A preliminary investigation of the feeding ecology of catsharks (Scyliorhinidae) off the west coast of southern Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science, 17, 233 - 240." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Ebert
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC055DBD8FDC936EA" box="[519,578,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="28CC6640FFD7250BC2C5DB8CFDB93757" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD7250BC2C5DB8CFDB93757" blockId="11.[151,1436,731,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC2C5DB8CFE8636B1" bold="true" box="[151,269,731,755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiral valve counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC04ADB8BFD6C36B1" box="[536,743,732,755]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC04ADB8BFD6C36B1" box="[536,743,732,755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Source: 1. present study; 2. Günther 1887; 3. Hawkes 1907; 4. Smith, 1937; 5. Collett, 1897.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD7250BC2C5DC11FAD931C3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1348,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC2C5DC11FE86311C" bold="true" box="[151,269,1350,1374]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Hydrographic data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC05FDC11FD02311F" box="[525,649,1350,1373]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC05FDC11FD02311F" box="[525,649,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SAM 36076) caught off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD7250BC1F7DC11FB89311F" box="[933,1026,1350,1373]" name="Namibia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFD7250BC676DC11FB0F311F" box="[1060,1156,1348,1373]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-26.633333">26º 38' S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1987500FFFD7250BC6C2DC11FB65311F" box="[1168,1262,1348,1373]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="15.166667">15º 10' E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="080D1008FFD7250BC74ADC11FF5B31C3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1988-02-19">19 February 1988</date>
|
||
. Key: salinity, S o/oo; dissolved oxygen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD7250BC0D8DC3DFD1631C3" box="[650,669,1386,1409]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
2; nitrogen, N; silicates, Si; phosphates, P; chlorophyll A, Chl A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD7250CC297DED9FD2C36EA" blockId="11.[151,1437,1934,2037]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,1415]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The epipelagic ommastrephid squids found in the stomachs of Suruga Bay
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC6D6DED9FAA033E5" box="[1156,1323,1934,1959]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC6D6DED9FAA033E5" box="[1156,1323,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fastswimming, highly active and relatively large species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18224B39FFD7250BC137DEE3FBE5338C" author="Kubota" box="[869,1134,1972,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Kubota, T., Shiobara, Y. & Kubodera, T. (1991) Food habits of the frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus collected from Suruga Bay, central Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57, 15 - 20." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Kubota
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC182DEE2FB9F338C" box="[976,1044,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD7250BC2C5DE8CFEF133B6" box="[151,378,2011,2036]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD7250BC2C5DE8CFEF133B6" box="[151,378,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not be sufficiently swift to catch healthy fast squids but might prey on spent, post reproductive squids and injured individuals. Unfortunately the squid prey of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC601D9CFFB7E34F3" box="[1107,1269,152,177]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC601D9CFFB7E34F3" box="[1107,1269,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined by Kubota and colleagues were highly digested and could not be examined for reproductive condition or injuries.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC2C5D9B2FEF434BC" box="[151,383,229,254]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC2C5D9B2FEF434BC" box="[151,383,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species may indeed select spent or injured squids, but the possibility also exists that perfectly healthy epipelagic squid could fall prey to these sharks. The long mouth of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC6EED85BFA103567" box="[1212,1435,268,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC6EED85BFA103567" box="[1212,1435,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can accommodate relatively large prey, and their snakelike heads and firm, muscular bodies suggest that they may be able to slowly approach fast epipelagic squids, or might be approached closely by squid investigating or attacking them, and make a sudden snakelike lunge to snag them with their relatively strong, tooth-studded jaws. The mouth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC07AD8F0FC8E3582" box="[552,773,423,448]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC07AD8F0FC8E3582" box="[552,773,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears a functional resemblance to a squid jig, with many needle-sharp, inward and diagonally-directed curved points on its teeth which is enhanced by the outward rotation of the tooth rows when the jaws are protruded. Even a glancing strike by a shark on a squid or other soft-bodied prey could readily snag it. Squid might also jig themselves by grabbing at the conspicuous whitish tooth rows. Live
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC337DB16FDCD3618" box="[357,582,577,602]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC337DB16FDCD3618" box="[357,582,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been photographed swimming in captivity with mouth agape and with tooth bands highlighted by the dark mouth, but whether this lures squids into striking at the teeth and hooking themselves is speculative at present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD0250CC297DBE2FA1A3151" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Examination of fresh caught specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC088DBE2FCE3368C" box="[730,872,693,718]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC088DBE2FCE3368C" box="[730,872,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern Africa and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC6E6DBE2FAD3368C" box="[1204,1368,693,718]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC6E6DBE2FAD3368C" box="[1204,1368,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. anguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD0250CC2C5DB8BFF7A36B4" box="[151,241,732,758]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
revealed that the jaws and buccal cavity are highly distensible, suggesting that these sharks are capable of ingesting quite large prey items. The inwardly projecting, needle-sharp teeth further indicate that this is a highly specialized feeder. In addition, the abdomen is elongate and the stomach distensible, further indicating that this predator is capable of ingesting fairly large prey. Given these morphological characteristics, e.g. the elongated abdomen, anguiform tooth arrangement, terminal mouth, and highly distensible jaws, these sharks appear to have a rather specialized body arrangement reminiscent of gulper eels (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC2CDDA93FEF4379C" box="[159,383,964,990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Saccopharyngidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saccopharyngiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Saccopharyngidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or viperfish (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC07FDA93FD77379C" box="[557,764,964,990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chauliodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chauliodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC1E4DA93FB01379F" box="[950,1162,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselchus</emphasis>
|
||
species are capable of swallowing relatively large prey items ranging from 1/3 to at least 1/2 their own body length, in much the same way as gulper eels and viper fish are able to engulf large prey items. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC663DD46FB263068" box="[1073,1197,1041,1066]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Apristurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC663DD46FB263068" box="[1073,1197,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Apristurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. found in the
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD0250CC722DD46FF433010" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="916.0">916 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL Namibian specimen measured 29% of the predator's TL. However, this was only a partial measurement since most of the head and half the tail region had been digested. Forensic examination of the prey item indicated that it had been ingested whole. In life, it would probably have measured closer to 35 or 40 % of this shark's TL. The unique body shape of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC117DDFBFBCF3084" box="[837,1092,1196,1222]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chlamydoselachidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is optimal for grasping and engulfing prey and their ability to forage in both demersal and midwater habitats indicate a highly evolved life style that is not remotely primitive. Thus, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC0FCDDAEFC293151" box="[686,930,1273,1299]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chlamydoselachidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be highly specialized predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C0C36C8FFD0250CC294DC48FAE731C5" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC294DC48FEAD317B" bold="true" box="[198,294,1311,1337]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Hydrographic and substratum data are virtually unknown for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBB34D4BFFD0250CC60ADC77FABE317B" box="[1112,1333,1312,1337]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Chlamydoselachidae" genus="Chlamydoselachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexanchiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EC7EADAFFD0250CC60ADC77FABE317B" box="[1112,1333,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chlamydoselachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
records published to date. Hydrographic data on a
|
||
<typeStatus id="A308886AFFD0250CC0F3DC11FC833122" box="[673,776,1350,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SAM 36076) caught at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="BB4B9B2DFFD0250CC6E4DC11FA893122" box="[1206,1282,1350,1376]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="425.0">425 m</quantity>
|
||
off southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="04A47658FFD0250CC2C5DC3AFF7731C5" box="[151,252,1389,1415]" name="Namibia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicate that it was in a low oxygen, high nutrient zone (Table 7), with a soft bottom substratum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |