228 lines
26 KiB
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228 lines
26 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" ID-PMC="PMC8971126" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e80804" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" ID-PubMed="35437395" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e80804" checkinTime="1648143502398" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander & Lazkov, Georgy" docDate="2022" docId="F29598F0705D5C6EBB57C79E65738642" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e80804" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" docTitle="Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 1762" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" lastPageNumber="80804" masterDocId="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2" masterLastPageNumber="80804" masterPageNumber="80804" pageNumber="80804" updateTime="1668122133334" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>80804</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80804</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F29598F0705D5C6EBB57C79E65738642" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F29598F0705D5C6EBB57C79E65738642" lastPageNumber="80804" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F29598F0-705D-5C6E-BB57-C79E65738642" authority="(L.) L. 1762" authorityName="(L.) L." authorityYear="1762" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 1762</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">Hemerocallis fulva</taxonomicName>
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(L.) L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 462 (1762) -
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus subsp. var. var. fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lilioasphodelus" subSpecies="var." variety="fulva">Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. fulva</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 1: 324 (1753).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Central and Southern China, Korea, Japan.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">North America, New Zealand (neophyte); Europe, Western and Southern Asia (archaeophyte).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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In Europe, the ornamental cultivation of the species has a long history, recorded as common in Britain by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gerard, J." journalOrPublisher="John Norton, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632154" refString="Gerard, J., 1597. The Herball, or Generall historie of plantes. John Norton, London" title="The Herball, or Generall historie of plantes" year="1597">Gerard (1597)</bibRefCitation>
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and in Central Europe by
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<bibRefCitation author="L'Obel, M." journalOrPublisher="C. Plantin, Antwerp" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632364" refString="L'Obel, M., 1576. Plantarum seu Stirpium historia. C. Plantin, Antwerp" title="Plantarum seu Stirpium historia" year="1576">L'Obel (1576)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Clusius, C." journalOrPublisher="J. Moret, Antwerp" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632317" refString="Clusius, C., 1601. Rariorum plantarum historia. J. Moret, Antwerp" title="Rariorum plantarum historia" year="1601">Clusius (1601)</bibRefCitation>
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already in the 16th century. It is currently known as naturalised in many countries, including Great Britain (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clement, E. J." journalOrPublisher="Botanical Society of the British Isles, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7469475" refString="Clement, E. J., Foster, M. C., 1994. Alien plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London" title="Alien plants of the British Isles" year="1994">Clement and Foster 1994</bibRefCitation>
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) and Belgium (
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasilieva, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kazakhstan" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7619341" refString="Verloove F. Manual of the alien plants of Belgium http://alienplantsbelgium.be/ 2021-12-15T00:00:00+02:00" year="1965">Verloove 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hemerocallis fulva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was common in the North American ornamental cultivation since the late 19th century; now it became invasive in several states of the USA, occurring along roadsides and river banks (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pazij, V. K." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia. Critical synopsis of the flora of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632569" refString="Database Pennsylvania Flora Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania www.paflora.org 2021-12-25T00:00:00+02:00" year="1971">Pennsylvania Flora Database 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Escaped from traditional ornamental cultivation in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species was known from subspontaneous occurrences in Kyrgyzstan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghizian SSR. Manual of vascular plants of the Kirghizian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632103" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1951. . Flora of the Kirghizian SSR. Manual of vascular plants of the Kirghizian SSR Vol. 3" volume="Vol. 3" year="1951">Nikitina 1951</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pazij, V. K." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia. Critical synopsis of the flora of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632090" refString="Pazij, V. K., 1971. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia. Critical synopsis of the flora of Central Asia Vol.2" volume="Vol. 2" year="1971">Pazij 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). Its presence in Uzbekistan has not been mentioned in literature, but unpublished herbarium specimens (deposited at LE) were collected from the vicinities of Charvak Village, Tashkent Region (in 1899) and Qora-Qo'rg'on Village, Namangan Region (in 1912).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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In historical times, a major part of the mountainous Central Asia, with its highly developed culture in populated oases, was known as Transoxiana (in Latin) or Mavarannahr (in Arabic). This territory, subordinated to various major contemporary states but being
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">de facto</emphasis>
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autonomous, became the Khanate (then Emirate and finally Republic) of Buxoro from the 16th century until 1924. It included two major cities, Buxoro and Samarqand. The Khanate of Buxoro was characterised by extensive cultivation of numerous fruits, vegetables, ornamental and medicinal plants, which were recorded by early European travellers and native writers of Buxoro and Samarqand (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Meyendorff, G." journalOrPublisher="Dondey-Dupre pere et fils, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632116" refString="Meyendorff, G., 1826. Voyage d'Orenbourg a Boukhara, fait en 1820, a travers les steppes qui s'etendent a l'est de la mer d'Aral et au-dela de l'ancien Jaxartes. Dondey-Dupre pere et fils, Paris" title="Voyage d'Orenbourg a Boukhara, fait en 1820, a travers les steppes qui s'etendent a l'est de la mer d'Aral et au-dela de l'ancien Jaxartes" year="1826">Meyendorff 1826</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kojo, Abu Tahir" journalOrPublisher="Reference book for Samarqand Region" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632132" refString="Kojo, Abu Tahir, 1899. . Reference book for Samarqand Region 1898" volume="1898" year="1899">Abu Tahir Kojo 1899</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The cultivation of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hemerocallis fulva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Samarqand was recorded by Olga Fedtschenko in 1869 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Regel, E." journalOrPublisher="Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 165" refId="B7632145" refString="Regel, E., 1876. Flora of Turkestan, 1. Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii 21 (2): 1 - 165" title="Flora of Turkestan, 1" volume="21" year="1876">Regel 1876</bibRefCitation>
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). This species, therefore, belongs to the ornamental cultivation of the Khanate of Buxoro, predating the Russian colonisation of the country. Its feral occurrences were recorded in the lower mountains surrounding the Fergana Depression in the early 1870s (
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<bibRefCitation author="Regel, E." journalOrPublisher="Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 165" refId="B7632145" refString="Regel, E., 1876. Flora of Turkestan, 1. Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii 21 (2): 1 - 165" title="Flora of Turkestan, 1" volume="21" year="1876">Regel 1876</bibRefCitation>
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), thus indicating that the species was capable of running wild, long before the beginning of the botanical records.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">As evident from herbarium records (collections of A. Regel at LE, dated 1877), the species was cultivated also in Qulja [Yining], Xinjiang, China. This means that its historical cultivation apparently included also the agricultural areas of northern Kyrgyzstan.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Since the Khanate of Buxoro maintained close connections and trade of medicinal and other plants with India (
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<bibRefCitation author="Meyendorff, G." journalOrPublisher="Dondey-Dupre pere et fils, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632116" refString="Meyendorff, G., 1826. Voyage d'Orenbourg a Boukhara, fait en 1820, a travers les steppes qui s'etendent a l'est de la mer d'Aral et au-dela de l'ancien Jaxartes. Dondey-Dupre pere et fils, Paris" title="Voyage d'Orenbourg a Boukhara, fait en 1820, a travers les steppes qui s'etendent a l'est de la mer d'Aral et au-dela de l'ancien Jaxartes" year="1826">Meyendorff 1826</bibRefCitation>
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), we assume that
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hemerocallis fulva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was originally imported from that country; its broad distribution suggests the early period of introduction. It is also possible that the species was first imported as a vegetable, for its edible flowers and fleshy rhizomes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="3 - 19" refId="B7653821" refString="Li, H. L., 1970. The origin of cultivated plants in Southeast Asia. Economic Botany 24 (1): 3 - 19" title="The origin of cultivated plants in Southeast Asia" volume="24" year="1970">Li 1970</bibRefCitation>
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), and was subsequently turned into an ornamental.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Currently, the species is very commonly cultivated in Central Asia (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F7632164" captionText="Figure 10. Hemerocallis fulva in modern ornamental cultivation in Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan (photo by T. Tillaev, 28 June 2018). Source: https: // www. plantarium. ru / page / image / id / 582460. html (Plantarium 2021)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/627755" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">10</figureCitation>
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), although seemingly from some commercial sources, different from the historical cultivation. Its recent subspontaneous populations are not recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Western Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F7632451" captionText="Figure 11. Historical records of Hemerocallis fulva in Kyrgyzstan." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632498" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">11</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">The species was found along rivers and irrigation ditches in the lower mountain belt (950-1100 m a.s.l.) near populated places surrounding the Fergana Depression.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Riversides in forests and grasslands in the native distribution area; stream sides, road sides and grasslands in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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In China, the species was recorded at altitudes of 300-2500 m (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, X." journalOrPublisher="Flora of China" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632166" refString="Chen, X., Noguchi, J., 2000. . Flora of China 24" volume="24" year="2000">Chen and Noguchi 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). In the secondary distribution area, it was recorded in the Indian Himalayas as high as 1600-2200 m above sea level (
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<bibRefCitation author="Khuroo, A. A." journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="269 - 292" refId="B7632187" refString="Khuroo, A. A., Rashid, Irfan, Reshi, Zafar, Dar, G. H., Wafai, B. A., 2006. The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya. Biological Invasions 9 (3): 269 - 292" title="The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya" volume="9" year="2006">Khuroo et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), whereas in the Caucasus it occurred mostly at lower altitudes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grossheim, A. A." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Caucasus" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632179" refString="Grossheim, A. A., 1940. . Flora of the Caucasus Vol. 2" volume="Vol. 2" year="1940">Grossheim 1940</bibRefCitation>
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). According to herbarium specimens, the historical localities of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Hemerocallis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemerocallis fulva" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulva">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hemerocallis fulva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Central Asia were situated at 700-1100 m above sea level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Rhizomatous perennial. Flowers opening diurnal half-day, due to specialisation to diurnal moths (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hirota, S. K." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632305" refString="Hirota, S. K., Yasumoto, A. A., Nitta, Kozue, Tagane, Misa, Miki, Nozomu, Suyama, Yoshihisa, Yahara, Tetsukazu, 2021. Evolutionary history of Hemerocallis in Japan inferred from chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies and levels of interspecific gene flow. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164" title="Evolutionary history of Hemerocallis in Japan inferred from chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies and levels of interspecific gene flow" volume="164" year="2021">Hirota et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Easily propagated by rhizomes, resulting in monoclonal cultivation (
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<bibRefCitation author="Stout, A. B." journalOrPublisher="Torreya" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="57 - 62" refId="B7632325" refString="Stout, A. B., 1921. Sterility and fertility in species of Hemerocallis. Torreya 21 (4): 57 - 62" title="Sterility and fertility in species of Hemerocallis" volume="21" year="1921">Stout 1921</bibRefCitation>
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). Plants in cultivation are largely sterile, with undeveloped seed capsules (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grier, N. M." journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="353 - 355" refId="B7632338" refString="Grier, N. M., 1914. Notes on Hemerocallis. American Midland Naturalist 3 (12): 353 - 355" title="Notes on Hemerocallis" volume="3" year="1914">Grier 1914</bibRefCitation>
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), which is explained by their triploid chromosome number (
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<bibRefCitation author="Stout, A. B." journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="250 - 259" refId="B7632372" refString="Stout, A. B., 1932. Chromosome numbers in Hemerocallis, with reference to triploidy and secondary polyploidy. Cytologia 3: 250 - 259" title="Chromosome numbers in Hemerocallis, with reference to triploidy and secondary polyploidy" volume="3" year="1932">Stout 1932</bibRefCitation>
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). Such triploid clones may naturally occur in the wild (
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<bibRefCitation author="Matsuoka, Michio" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Breeding" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="275 - 284" refId="B7632382" refString="Matsuoka, Michio, 1971. Spotaneous occurrence of triploid Hemerocallis in Japan. Japanese Journal of Breeding 21 (5): 275 - 284" title="Spotaneous occurrence of triploid Hemerocallis in Japan" volume="21" year="1971">Matsuoka 1971</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">According to the specimens examined, the traditional cultivation in Central Asia was represented by at least two forms; one was slender with narrow leaves and the other was more robust. The fruits were not developed, thus indicating triploidy. Double-flowered forms were not observed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="period of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Period of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Archaeophyte.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">The species was common in ornamental cultivation in the Khanate of Buxoro, and found in the territories around the Fergana Depression that belonged to this state. This introduction is at least some centuries old.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="pathways of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Escape from confinement: Ornamental purpose other than horticulture.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Although the plant is edible, its latest historical use was ornamental cultivation in private gardens (
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<bibRefCitation author="Regel, E." journalOrPublisher="Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 165" refId="B7632145" refString="Regel, E., 1876. Flora of Turkestan, 1. Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii 21 (2): 1 - 165" title="Flora of Turkestan, 1" volume="21" year="1876">Regel 1876</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="invasion status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Invasion status</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Locally naturalised, maintained by vegetative reproduction (colonophyte).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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In Kyrgyzstan, feral populations of the species were known along rivers and irrigation ditches near populated places, from the area of semi-wild apple and walnut forests at the lower belt in the north-western part of the Fergana Range (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pazij, V. K." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia. Critical synopsis of the flora of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632090" refString="Pazij, V. K., 1971. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia. Critical synopsis of the flora of Central Asia Vol.2" volume="Vol. 2" year="1971">Pazij 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). These populations had been repeatedly sampled from the early 1870s till 1927 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F7632459" captionText="Figure 12. The last historical specimen of Hemerocallis fulva from Kyrgyzstan (MW 0813045)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/627839" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">12</figureCitation>
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), thus indicating their conspicuousness. Although these territories belong to the most visited and intensely studied areas in the country (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Sukachev, V. N." journalOrPublisher="Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow & Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7632441" refString="Sukachev, V. N., 1949. Fruit forests of Southern Kirghizia and their use. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow & Leningrad" title="Fruit forests of Southern Kirghizia and their use" year="1949">Sukachev 1949</bibRefCitation>
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), no further collections or observations originated in the latest 95 years; this indicates that the populations had significantly declined or even disappeared. Their current status or even existence have not been verified; the old feral populations may be currently extinct.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="evidence of impact">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Agriculture - no impact (not weedy). Native ecosystems - minor impact (colonising riversides near populated places). Urban areas - minor impact (colonising irrigation ditches in populated places).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="trend">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Trend</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Declining (inferred).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |