474 lines
55 KiB
XML
474 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="1159565C5BF3E60FC5810CB5BD45550F" ID-CLB-Dataset="46344" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.206707" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6d2330e7-2f0d-458c-a30f-266e7c575b99" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="206707" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460389640538" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hoskin, Conrad J. & Aland, Kieran" docDate="2011" docId="0394566BFFCFFF24F8EAEC799AAAB130" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03027p051.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3027" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cophixalus pakayakulangun Hoskin & Aland, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFAD2E13FFC8FF2EF87DEE5A985DB327" masterDocTitle="Two new frog species (Microhylidae: Cophixalus) from boulder habitats on Cape York Peninsula, north-east Australia" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698298057368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="FC8DF91397B6CC43CE5E549CF99079D1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="40EEE6B193713256B4F666ADC00C02E8">
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<mods:title id="58AE79E75EADDFF4C07F0F28C1F57980">Two new frog species (Microhylidae: Cophixalus) from boulder habitats on Cape York Peninsula, north-east Australia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B4982281AED3F97F89441BA3705E95FD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1FB80D65C6CF99397393F39ED21A5B31">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6EEF7CCB9E90D5A589CC13B432BB1288">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="72445A7AA4B6F039EF20804D01C73484">Hoskin, Conrad J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="3F1E36299831E9CE19B031175056AEE6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F3A6524242A8446D6008AAA41AAEE872">
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<mods:roleTerm id="050A99AC4FE04C552B3277EFF2AD582A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="035C59641983DC664BD4F9ABAEFB8455">Aland, Kieran</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7F4460F701F6344886230DA07A5CC3D8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="66C8BD32E42520F9658D6475FDA52A8F" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BFD1989C31746A9FCE6CF8A8661E9FBF">
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<mods:title id="2046ED86923D34C6912CFD9FB9623BD7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A4CB9DC7407BC05D77A5CA003EFEB0FB">
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<mods:date id="70933471DF9EC92CE2A1B4CFC75CB030">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F1CB0E2147A78A8F12C698F73EC9F315" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3F85E49E94F751A1A566B7374A96D07A">3027</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="E735C2FFD175653CA2E4FAA0A5A8084F" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="691D3785B70AF667B9AF381D90FFC1B1">39</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="744930D45E84BE25E60DDDB3F3F38C11">51</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="ABE6545A2956E7AAD429AA66B74492C5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="611AC3E2D7E0E87DBF2C74017D371873" type="CLB-Dataset">46344</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="35B238C7892AF2036D4AB426184EBE22" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.206707</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0D4413355431BA772E0B926309700FF7" type="GBIF-Dataset">6d2330e7-2f0d-458c-a30f-266e7c575b99</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0B9C7C67463D75586D3E6534DD764FD3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A08802DFD4E7F5BE8261302F797B7C5F" type="Zenodo-Dep">206707</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0394566BFFCFFF24F8EAEC799AAAB130" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6193252" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119416405" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6193252" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0394566BFFCFFF24F8EAEC799AAAB130" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394566BFFCFFF24F8EAEC799AAAB130" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCFFF29F8EAEC7998B6B1A3" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8EAEC799A18B11B" blockId="7.[151,581,547,644]" box="[151,581,547,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0CA5011FFCFFF29F8EAEC799A18B11B" bold="true" box="[151,581,547,572]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" reason="2">
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||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8EAEC799A18B11B" bold="true" box="[151,581,547,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCFFF29F8EAEC7999B8B11B" ID-CoL="Y44T" box="[151,485,547,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8EAEC7999B8B11B" bold="true" box="[151,485,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCFFF29F991EC7E9A18B11B" box="[492,581,548,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8EAEC1D98B6B1A3" blockId="7.[151,581,547,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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Golden-capped Boulder-frog (
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<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCFFF29F8E2EC3698BEB1A3" box="[159,227,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCFFF29F8EAECE99A7EB07B" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8EAECE99A7EB07B" blockId="7.[151,1437,690,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8EAECE99A4CB1EB" bold="true" box="[151,529,691,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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Material examined.
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29F9E6ECEE9A51B1EB" box="[411,524,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88547, female, boulder field just south of Stanley Hill (12°27′50S, 143°16′14″E, elevation
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F9D8EC8D99BFB1C8" box="[421,482,727,751]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
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), Cape York Peninsula, north-east Queensland, C. J. Hoskin and K.
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<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCFFF29FC94EC8D9D6DB1C8" box="[1257,1328,727,751]" name="Aland Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Aland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<date id="FF83C1BDFFCFFF29FD40EC8D988EB033" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2010-04-18">18 April 2010</date>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8A3ECA69902B033" bold="true" box="[222,351,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29F8A3ECA69907B033" box="[222,346,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88548 (female), QMJ88545 (male), QMJ88546 (male), QMJ88534 (juvenile), QMJ88535 (juvenile), collection details as for
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29FA5BED459AD1B010" box="[550,652,799,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FAE5ED459BD2B01F" bold="true" box="[664,911,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Additional material:</emphasis>
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An additional three individuals from the
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29FD16ED7A9DC6B01F" box="[1387,1435,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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locality were measured in the field.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCFFF29F8BAED3D9C1AB0CB" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8BAED3D9C1AB0CB" blockId="7.[151,1437,690,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8BAED3D991CB0A7" bold="true" box="[199,321,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A medium sized frog with long, slender fingers and large, obviously truncated finger pads.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCFFF29FD3FED3299DAB083" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FD3FED3299DAB083" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCFFF29F9F2EDD699B7B083" box="[399,490,908,932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F9F2EDD699B7B083" bold="true" box="[399,490,908,932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: large size (SVL:
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F9EEEDF59A52B0EF" box="[403,527,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="47.5" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="42.0">42–53 mm</quantity>
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, average
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FA01EDF59A8CB0E0" box="[636,721,943,967]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
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); no red/orange in groin or axilla or on posterior thigh; golden tinge to eyelids and forehead; dorsum and flanks fairly uniform pale, grey or brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCFFF29F8BAEDA29DD8B75B" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8BAEDA29DD8B75B" blockId="7.[151,1437,690,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8BAEDA29913B737" bold="true" box="[199,334,1016,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Etymology.</emphasis>
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From the Kuuku Ya’u words
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FAE3EDA29AB2B737" box="[670,751,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">pakaya</emphasis>
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– down/inside/under,
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FB94EDA29C7EB737" box="[1001,1059,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">kul’a</emphasis>
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– rocks/boulders,
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FC8FEDA39D77B737" box="[1266,1322,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">ngun</emphasis>
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– belonging to. The name translates approximately to ‘belonging among the boulders’. The specific epithet was suggested by Mrs Suzie Pascoe and Mrs Lucy Hobson in liaison with Rev. David Thompson. Mrs S. Pascoe and L. Hobson are recognised among the custodians of Kuuku Ya’u country. The species epithet is used as a noun in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCFFF27F8BAEAD29ADCB2D3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF29F8BAEAD29CCAB7E3" blockId="7.[151,1437,690,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8BAEAD29A53B787" bold="true" box="[199,526,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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Measurements of
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29F9DDEAD29A54B787" box="[416,521,1160,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88547, female; SVL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FB3FEAD29BF6B787" box="[834,939,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.17" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="51.7">51.7 mm</quantity>
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; TL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FB98EAD29C13B787" box="[997,1102,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="23.7">23.7 mm</quantity>
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; FL 11.8; HW
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FC82EAD29D34B787" box="[1279,1385,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="18.6">18.6 mm</quantity>
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; HL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F8EAEAF698A3B7E3" box="[151,254,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="12.7">12.7 mm</quantity>
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; ED
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F948EAF699D3B7E3" box="[309,398,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
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; EN
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F9BBEAF69A42B7E3" box="[454,543,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
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; IN
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FA32EAF69AF5B7E3" box="[591,680,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
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; 3DW
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FA8AEAF69B0DB7E3" box="[759,848,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
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; 3FL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FBECEAF69BB7B7E3" box="[913,1002,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
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; 4TL 11.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCFFF26F8BAEA959B00B28B" blockId="7.[151,1437,690,2012]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,969]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F8BAEA959A5AB7CF" bold="true" box="[199,519,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
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Description of
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCFFF29F903EA8A99ECB7CF" box="[382,433,1232,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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series.
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</emphasis>
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Data presented as range followed by mean in brackets.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FCDDEA959DC1B7CF" bold="true" box="[1184,1436,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Adult measurements</emphasis>
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(mm): SVL 42.2–51.7 (46.8); TL 19.4–24.8 (22.3); FL 10.2–12.9 (11.6); HW 15.7–18.6 (17.2); HL 10.8–12.7 (11.8); ED 4.1–4.5 (4.3); EN 3.6–3.9 (3.7); IN 3.2–4.4 (3.8); 3DW 2.6–3.7 (3.2); 3FL 6.8–8.7 (7.9); 4TL 9.3–11.1 (10.4).
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F896EB61999BB673" bold="true" box="[235,454,1339,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Adult proportions</emphasis>
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: TL/SVL 0.46–0.49 (0.48); FL/SVL 0.23–0.27 (0.25); FL/TL 0.50–0.54 (0.52); HW/ SVL 0.36–0.39 (0.37); HL/SVL 0.25–0.26 (0.25); HW/HL 1.41–1.51 (1.45); ED/SVL 0.09–0.10 (0.09); EN/IN 0.86–1.15 (1.00); EN/ED 0.83–0.90 (0.87); 3DW/SVL 0.062–0.071 (0.068); 3FL/SVL 0.16–0.17 (0.17); 4TL/SVL 0.21–0.23 (0.22).
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F919EBFD9A35B6E7" bold="true" box="[356,616,1447,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Comparison of sexes:</emphasis>
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Females (average SVL =
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FBE6EBF29C59B6E7" box="[923,1028,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.13" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="51.3">51.3 mm</quantity>
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, range = 49.0–52.9) are larger than males (average SVL =
|
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29F9DBEB969A4CB6C3" box="[422,529,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.38" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="43.8">43.8 mm</quantity>
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, range = 42.2–46.7). No differences in proportions were detected between the sexes.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F89FEBB599A4B52F" bold="true" box="[226,505,1519,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Juvenile measurements</emphasis>
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(mm): SVL 24.0–24.6 (24.3); TL 12.2–12.7 (12.4); FL 5.4–6.0 (5.7); HW 8.4–8.8 (8.6); HL 6.7–6.7 (6.7); ED 2.7–2.9 (2.8); EN 1.8–2.0 (1.9); IN 1.9–2.2 (2.0); 3DW 1.3–1.4 (1.4); 3FL 4.0–4.0 (4.0); 4TL 5.6–5.9 (5.8).
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F9B8E86D9A9CB577" bold="true" box="[453,705,1591,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Juvenile proportions</emphasis>
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||
: TL/SVL 0.51–0.52 (0.51); FL/SVL 0.22–0.25 (0.23); FL/TL 0.44–0.47 (0.46); HW/SVL 0.35–0.36 (0.35); HL/SVL 0.27–0.28 (0.28); HW/HL 1.26–1.31 (1.28); ED/SVL 0.11– 0.12 (0.12); EN/IN 0.90–0.95 (0.93); EN/ED 0.63–0.72 (0.68); 3DW/SVL 0.056–0.058 (0.057); 3FL/SVL 0.16– 0.17 (0.16); 4TL/SVL 0.23–0.24 (0.24). Compared to adults, juveniles have a proportionally longer head, larger eyes, longer hindlegs, shorter forearms and smaller finger discs.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FB00E89D9B98B5C7" bold="true" box="[893,965,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Narrower than body, triangular in dorsal view; snout truncated at the nares, noticeably projecting in profile; canthus rostralis angular, loreal region steep; nares much closer to tip of snout than to eye, nares anterolateral on tip of snout; eyes large; eye diameter greater than eye to naris distance; internarial distance about equal to distance from eye to naris; tympanum large (approximately half diameter of eye) but indistinct beneath overlying skin, bordered dorsally by supra-tympanic fold.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FD2AE90D9DC1B457" bold="true" box="[1367,1436,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Body:</emphasis>
|
||
Rotund.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F883E9219912B4B3" bold="true" box="[254,335,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Limbs:</emphasis>
|
||
Hindlimbs and forearms relatively long; fingers and toes unwebbed; relative finger length 3>4>2>1; fingers 2, 3 and 4 long and slender with very large and obviously truncated discs, first finger short with disc expanded but small and only slightly truncated; rounded outer palmar tubercle and smaller, ovoid inner palmar tubercle; subarticular tubercles low, moderately prominent; relative length of toes 4>3>5>2>1, toe 4 very long and slender; large, obviously truncated discs on toes 2, 3 and 4, discs smaller and more rounded on toes 1 and 5; low, rounded inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles low and rounded, moderately prominent; discs on longest fingers larger than discs on longest toes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26FBE0EF599B81B23B" bold="true" box="[925,988,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Skin:</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral surface smooth; dorsal surfaces covered in fine tubercles; distinct supra-tympanic fold.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26FB79EF7D9C35B267" bold="true" box="[772,1128,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Colour pattern in preservative:</emphasis>
|
||
Even brown dorsally; tympanum paler; forehead triangle and eyelids heavily flecked with grey. White patches at the base of the finger and toe discs. Brown merges to paler ventral colour on the lower flanks. Ventral surfaces of chest, belly and hindlimbs pale; throat, forearms and feet brown. Tubercles and discs pale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC0FF26F8BAEFE299A4B130" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26F8BAEFE29A02B2F7" bold="true" box="[199,607,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Measurements of live individuals.</emphasis>
|
||
Seven adults and two juveniles were measured in the field: adults SVL 43.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC0FF26F8ABEF869966B2D3" box="[214,315,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.29" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="52.9">52.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(average = 47.4), WT
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC0FF26FA3EEF869AE6B2D2" box="[579,699,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="12.6" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="g" value="9.75" valueMax="12.6" valueMin="6.9">6.9–12.6 g</quantity>
|
||
(average = 9.4); juveniles SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC0FF26FC50EF869C8CB2D3" box="[1069,1233,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" metricValueMax="2.6399999999999997" metricValueMin="2.48" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="25.6" valueMax="26.4" valueMin="24.8">24.8–26.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(average = 25.6), WT
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC0FF26F8B4EFA5996FB13F" box="[201,306,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="g" value="1.45" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.6 g</quantity>
|
||
(average = 1.45).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC0FF26F8BAEC7999F0B0E0" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26F8BAEC799994B11B" bold="true" box="[199,457,547,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Colour pattern in life</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26F9A6EC7E9A42B11B" box="[475,543,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26FA4AEC799ADFB11B" bold="true" box="[567,642,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Adults</emphasis>
|
||
. No sexual dimorphism in colour pattern evident. Dorsal colour most often even brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26F915EC1D99F7B178" box="[360,426,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A), but sometimes uneven or diffusely mottled brown or grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26FC1EEC1D9CFBB178" box="[1123,1190,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Forehead and eyelids usually gold or yellowish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26F98CEC369A69B1A3" box="[497,564,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 6B), but silver or grey in some individuals. Gold or silver flecking particularly conspicuous on eyelids. Sometimes also yellowish colouration to tympanum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26FC47ECD59C23B180" box="[1082,1150,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Loreal region dark; in pale individuals this appears as a dark canthal streak (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26FA8AECEE9B66B1EB" box="[759,827,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Dark supratympanic fold and sometimes also dark marking below the tympanum. Tympanum pale. Pale lumbar ocelli indistinctly visible in some individuals. Ventral surfaces pale with grey wash to throat, armpits and forelimbs, and darker palms and soles of feet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26FC9FECA69D78B033" box="[1250,1317,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Generally no orange colouration to groin, posterior thigh and inner calf; where this is present it is at most a pale salmon wash.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26F8A3ED19990FB07B" bold="true" box="[222,338,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Juveniles.</emphasis>
|
||
Sandy yellow dorsal surfaces with dark blotches on the back, flanks and limbs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC0FF26FCAEED1E9D4BB07B" box="[1235,1302,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D). There is a yellow forehead triangle and yellow lumbar ocelli. A dark canthal streak extends behind the eye above and below the tympanum. The groin, posterior thigh, calf and top of foot have a salmon orange wash. The ventral surfaces are grey, flecked with white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF42B7F5FFC0FF26F8EAE9F69A26B4C1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC0FF26F8EAE9F69A26B4C1" blockId="8.[151,1436,1964,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26F8EAE9F6994FB4E5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1964,1987]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC0FF26F964E9F79A67B4E4" box="[281,570,1965,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26F964E9F79A67B4E4" box="[281,570,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC0FF26FA3DE9F79ACCB4E5" box="[576,657,1965,1986]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC0FF26FA3DE9F79ACCB4E5" bold="true" box="[576,657,1965,1986]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8BAEECD9B3DB388" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" box="[199,864,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8BAEECD98A2B397" bold="true" box="[199,255,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Call.</emphasis>
|
||
The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F9FAEEC29A3DB397" box="[391,608,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F9FAEEC29A3DB397" box="[391,608,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FA1AEEC29A9CB397" box="[615,705,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FA1AEEC29A9CB397" bold="true" box="[615,705,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8BAEEE19978B218" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8BAEEE1993FB3F3" bold="true" box="[199,354,187,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F915EEE69AFAB3F3" box="[360,679,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F915EEE69AFAB3F3" box="[360,679,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FAD0EEE69B5BB3F3" box="[685,774,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAD0EEE69B5BB3F3" bold="true" box="[685,774,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does not co-occur with any other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FCFCEEE69D5CB3F3" box="[1153,1281,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCFCEEE69D5CB3F3" box="[1153,1281,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It could only be confused with the other three boulder-adapted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FAB0EEBA9B11B3DF" box="[717,844,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAB0EEBA9B11B3DF" box="[717,844,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FB20EEBA9BBDB3DF" box="[861,992,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FB20EEBA9BBDB3DF" box="[861,992,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FB94EEBA9C19B3DF" box="[1001,1092,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FB94EEBA9C19B3DF" bold="true" box="[1001,1092,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC1FF27FC29EE859CC4B3D0" box="[1108,1177,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FCCFEEBA9D74B3DF" box="[1202,1321,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCCFEEBA9D74B3DF" box="[1202,1321,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC1FF27FD47EE859D22B3D0" box="[1338,1407,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 1D) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F881EF5F9926B23B" box="[252,379,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F881EF5F9926B23B" box="[252,379,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC1FF27F9F1EF5E998DB23B" box="[396,464,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 1B). See the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FAF3EF5F9B4DB23B" box="[654,784,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAF3EF5F9B4DB23B" box="[654,784,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FB64EF5E9B29B23B" box="[793,884,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FB64EF5E9B29B23B" bold="true" box="[793,884,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
‘Comparison’ section for a comparison of these four species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8BAEF119ADCB2D3" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8BAEF119968B243" bold="true" box="[199,309,331,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
Average sequence divergence (for 944 bp 12S and 16S rRNA) between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FC1CEF179D66B243" box="[1121,1339,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FC1CEF179D66B243" box="[1121,1339,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FD3FEF169DC1B243" box="[1346,1436,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FD3FEF169DC1B243" bold="true" box="[1346,1436,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and all other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F9DAEF2A9A7AB2AF" box="[423,551,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F9DAEF2A9A7AB2AF" box="[423,551,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 12.9% (range = 8.3–17.1%) (Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FB97EF2B9C7FB2AF" box="[1002,1058,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F924EFCE9AC4B28B" box="[345,665,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F924EFCE9AC4B28B" box="[345,665,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FAE2EFCE9AA4B28B" box="[671,761,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAE2EFCE9AA4B28B" bold="true" box="[671,761,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FC61EFCF9CC0B28B" box="[1052,1181,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FC61EFCF9CC0B28B" box="[1052,1181,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FCDEEFCE9CA0B28B" box="[1187,1277,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCDEEFCE9CA0B28B" bold="true" box="[1187,1277,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and that both are allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F95CEFE299CAB2F7" box="[289,407,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F95CEFE299CAB2F7" box="[289,407,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F983EFE39A6BB2F7" box="[510,566,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished). A 16S sequence for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FBC3EFE29CC5B2F7" box="[958,1176,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FBC3EFE29CC5B2F7" box="[958,1176,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FCE3EFE29CAAB2F7" box="[1182,1271,440,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCE3EFE29CAAB2F7" bold="true" box="[1182,1271,440,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was deposited in GenBank (accession number
|
||
<accessionNumber id="946E7A9EFFC1FF27F980EF869A28B2D3" box="[509,629,476,500]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JN208372" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">JN208372</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFC1FF24F8BAEFA59AAAB130" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8BAEFA599C5B178" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8BAEFA5993DB13F" bold="true" box="[199,352,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F91AEC5A9AFAB13F" box="[359,679,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F91AEC5A9AFAB13F" box="[359,679,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FAD2EC5A9B54B13F" box="[687,777,512,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAD2EC5A9B54B13F" bold="true" box="[687,777,512,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548659DFFFC1FF27FC63EC5A9C13B13F" box="[1054,1102,512,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, just south of Stanley Hill in north-east Queensland (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC1FF27F989EC7E9A67B11B" box="[500,570,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,740,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,735,1704]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of the Iron Range region showing the localities for C. kulakula sp. nov. (filled circles) and C. pakayakulangun sp. nov. (filled square). Other localities mentioned in the text are shown. The inset shows Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206709/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is north of the Pascoe River and approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC1FF27FCDBEC7E9CB3B11B" box="[1190,1262,548,572]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
north of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FDFFEC7F98A5B147" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FDFFEC7F98A5B147" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27F883EC129905B147" box="[254,344,584,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F883EC129905B147" bold="true" box="[254,344,584,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8BAEC319ACAB058" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8BAEC3199EFB1A3" bold="true" box="[199,434,619,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Habitat and habits.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F9C7EC369AA1B1A3" box="[442,764,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F9C7EC369AA1B1A3" box="[442,764,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FB79EC369B3DB1A3" box="[772,864,620,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FB79EC369B3DB1A3" bold="true" box="[772,864,620,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
inhabits deeply piled granite boulder field habitat that is festooned with vegetation such as vines, creepers, ferns and umbrella trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FC34ECCA9CE7B18F" box="[1097,1210,656,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Schefflera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FC34ECCA9CE7B18F" box="[1097,1210,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Schefflera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC1FF27FCA9ECD59D47B180" box="[1236,1306,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1934,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,949,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,949,1913]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Habitat of Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov., Stanley Hill area (photo: Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206714/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFC1FF27FD4CECCA9D0DB18F" box="[1329,1360,656,680]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FDFFECCA98A5B1EB" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FDFFECCA98A5B1EB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27F883ECEE9905B1EB" box="[254,344,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F883ECEE9905B1EB" bold="true" box="[254,344,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, this species appears to be restricted to boulder habitat and no individuals were found away from rocks. The frogs emerge from the jumbled boulders on dusk to forage at night on the rocks and associated vegetation. No other frog species were observed utilizing boulder habitat at this site.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFC1FF27FC79ECA69C7EB033" box="[1028,1059,764,788]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FC2FECA79C8EB033" box="[1106,1235,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FC2FECA79C8EB033" box="[1106,1235,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FCA7ECA69D69B033" box="[1242,1332,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCA7ECA69D69B033" bold="true" box="[1242,1332,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, analysis of scats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F96FED7A99B1B01F" box="[274,492,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F96FED7A99B1B01F" box="[274,492,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27F989ED7A9A13B01F" box="[500,590,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F989ED7A9A13B01F" bold="true" box="[500,590,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
revealed that they feed primarily on ants (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FCE3ED7A9D4AB01F" box="[1182,1303,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FCE3ED7A9D4AB01F" box="[1182,1303,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Polyrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27FD5BED7A98E5B07B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FD5BED7A98E5B07B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Camponotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F893ED1E99C5B07B" box="[238,408,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F893ED1E99C5B07B" box="[238,408,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as well as Coleoptera and Blattodea. This diet conforms broadly to that recorded for other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F96FED329ACEB058" authority="Williams et al. 2006" authorityName="Williams et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[274,659,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F96FED3299CCB0A7" box="[274,401,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFC1FF27F9DDED3D9AD6B058" author="Williams" box="[416,651,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refString="Williams, Y. M., Williams, S. E., Alford, R. A., Waycott, M. & Johnson, C. (2006) Niche breadth and geographical range: ecological compensation for geographical rarity in rainforest frogs. Biology Letters, 2, 532 - 535." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Williams
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FA72ED339A1AB0A7" box="[527,583,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF42B7F5FFC1FF27F8EAE9D49CEEB483" box="[151,1203,1934,1957]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206714/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[151,1436,949,1912]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC1FF27F8EAE9D49CEEB483" blockId="9.[151,1203,1934,1957]" box="[151,1203,1934,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F8EAE9D4994EB483" bold="true" box="[151,275,1934,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC1FF27F9F8E9D49AFBB483" box="[389,678,1934,1956]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27F9F8E9D49AFBB483" box="[389,678,1934,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC1FF27FAD1E9D59AA0B483" box="[684,765,1935,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC1FF27FAD1E9D59AA0B483" bold="true" box="[684,765,1935,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, Stanley Hill area (photo: Conrad Hoskin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC2FF24F8BAEEC29C0DB218" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC2FF24F8BAEEC29A5AB397" box="[199,519,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24F8BAEEC29A5AB397" box="[199,519,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC2FF24FA6DEEC29A36B397" box="[528,619,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FA6DEEC29A36B397" bold="true" box="[528,619,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was abundant at the site during wet weather towards the end of the wet season (
|
||
<date id="FF83C1BDFFC2FF24F88DEEE6992DB3F3" box="[240,368,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" value="2010-04">April 2010</date>
|
||
), with males and females being observed in approximately equal abundance. However, no calling was heard and this suggests that breeding occurs earlier in the wet season. This is supported by the abundance of juveniles (approx.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFC2FF24F9ECEF5E99B8B23B" box="[401,485,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
) at the site in April.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC2FF24FA9CEF5E9C79B23B" box="[737,1060,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FA9CEF5E9C79B23B" box="[737,1060,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Cophixalus pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC2FF24FC53EF5E9CD1B23B" box="[1070,1164,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FC53EF5E9CD1B23B" bold="true" box="[1070,1164,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
almost certainly lays a clutch of terrestrial eggs, as seen in other Australian microhylid frogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFC2FF24FBD3EF7D9C18B218" author="Hoskin" box="[942,1093,295,319]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFC2FF24F8BAEF179AAAB130" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Two tubular structures are visible under the skin on the ventral surface of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC2FF24FCEBEF179D2FB243" box="[1174,1394,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FCEBEF179D2FB243" box="[1174,1394,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC2FF24FD07EF169895B2AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FD07EF169895B2AF" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC2FF24F97EEF2A99DBB2AF" box="[259,390,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24F97EEF2A99DBB2AF" box="[259,390,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFC2FF24F9F2EF2A99B6B2AF" box="[399,491,368,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24F9F2EF2A99B6B2AF" bold="true" box="[399,491,368,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFC2FF24FA0CEF359AE9B2A0" box="[625,692,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D). These structures lie on either side of the midline, are easy to observe and allow for immediate determination of sex of live individuals (but are less obvious in preservative). We have subsequently observed these on males of other Australian frogs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFC2FF24FB9AEFE29C0AB2F7" box="[999,1111,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Uperoleia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFC2FF24FB9AEFE29C0AB2F7" box="[999,1111,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Uperoleia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). On dissection, these structures appear to lie within the muscular layers of the abdominal wall. We do not know what these structures are but we hypothesize that they might be involved in calling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |