196 lines
28 KiB
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196 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C3C69CFF1222E5EB2D6B0D3F218B825E">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2AFB1FB8D3EAF4BB21AB320053D99DB4">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E2B70394D90CBAF65EA3170D2C419EFB">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E2A470BF4A947DACCB0FD13D138D860">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6A2776319B469E41EDD136B8D890CFBA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="85F8B3272C3AB3529208C39CFFDB605C">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFFFFFABE0D05518882EFD58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518082" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789568" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518082" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFFFFFABE0D05518882EFD58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFFFFFABE0D05518882EFD58" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFFFFFD4E0D055188C5BFE0D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFFFFD5E0D055188C8FF893" blockId="62.[151,1436,1845,2016]" box="[151,424,1845,1872]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="604781C1FFFFFFD5E0D055188C8FF893" bold="true" box="[151,424,1845,1872]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFFFFFD5E0D055188C8FF893" ID-CoL="75BMX" ID-ENA="248862" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,424,1845,1872]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFFFFD5E0D055188C8FF893" bold="true" box="[151,424,1845,1872]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Osteocephalus taurinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFFFFD4E08055778C5BFE0D" blockId="62.[151,1436,1845,2016]" lastBlockId="63.[151,1437,150,465]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFFFFD5E08055778CE8F8A8" bold="true" box="[199,463,1882,1908]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on three tadpoles at Stage 37 (LCS 545). Total length 32.8 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFFFFFD5E53E55778DE4F844" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
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(N = 3). Body ovoid in dorsal view and globular in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFFFFFD5E3E85550891EF844" box="[943,1081,1917,1944]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1496,1520]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,536,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-164@63.[151,1436,525,1473]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 35. Tadpole of Osteocephalus taurinus (LCS 589) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518060/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 35A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout truncate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view. Eyes medium-sized, dorsally positioned and laterally directed. Nostrils small, oval, dorsolaterally positioned, near to eyes, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFFEFFD4E10C52BA8C95FF6D" box="[331,434,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1496,1520]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,536,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-164@63.[151,1436,525,1473]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 35. Tadpole of Osteocephalus taurinus (LCS 589) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 35C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present laterally. LTRF 2(2)/7(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 shorter than P2; P3 to P6 similar in length and smaller than P2; P7 shorter. Anterior jaw sheath moderately wide and posterior jaw sheat narrow, both finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow and convex, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin shallow, convex. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="6FCF6625FFFEFFD4E0D057F58C9BF9C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518060" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" startId="63.[151,250,1496,1520]" targetBox="[164,1411,536,1466]" targetPageId="63">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFEFFD4E0D057F58C9BF9C9" blockId="63.[151,1437,1496,1557]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E0D057F58C07FA2C" bold="true" box="[151,288,1496,1520]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
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Tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFFEFFD4E1D057F48FA1FA2C" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1862" box="[407,646,1497,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E1D057F48FA1FA2C" box="[407,646,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Osteocephalus taurinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(LCS 589) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFFEFFABE080546E8994FEC1" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFEFFD4E080546E8FC9F979" blockId="63.[151,1436,1603,2025]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E080546E8C07F981" bold="true" box="[199,288,1603,1629]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative dorsum grayish brown; caudal musculature cream and fins translucent, both with diffuse pigmentation. In life body transparent olive to brown with scattered white and/or black chromatophores; tail transparent (see
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFFEFFD4E10854A68CF5F979" box="[335,466,1675,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 72" captionStartId="108.[151,250,1663,1687]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-162@108.[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURE 72. Indirect and direct development in anurans from Central Amazonia. (A) Amplectant pair of Osteocephalus taurinus in a temporary pond. (B) Eggs, (C) embryos, (D) tadpole, (E) metamorph and (F) newly metamorphosed froglet of O. taurinus. (G) Amplectant pair of Pristimantis fenestratus on the forest floor. (H) Eggs, (I, J and K) embryos at different developmental stages, and (L) newly hatched froglet of Pristimantis fenestratus. In I, J, and K the outermost, tougher egg capsule was removed to permit visualization of the developing embryo. Note the very large yolk reserve in (I) and the egg tooth in the snout of the about-to-hatch embryo in (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518170/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 72D, E</figureCitation>
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) (Hero 1990; this study).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFEFFD4E0805482893BF915" blockId="63.[151,1436,1603,2025]" box="[199,1052,1711,1738]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E08054828C18F915" bold="true" box="[199,319,1711,1737]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 2(2)/3, 2(2)/4, 2(2)/5, 2(2)/5(1) between Stages 25 and 28.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFEFFD4E08054FE8E05F885" blockId="63.[151,1436,1603,2025]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E08054FE8C4FF931" bold="true" box="[199,360,1747,1773]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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dorsal and lateral surfaces grey except for a black canthal stripe continuing as a supratympanic stripe posterior to eye to insertion of the arm; dorsal surfaces of upper arm and proximal half of lower arm white; an orange spot on elbow; a large white spot, capped by a smaller orange one, on heel; another orange spot on knee; finger- and toe-discs orange; iris bright red (see
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFFEFFD4E2F555128E32F885" box="[690,789,1855,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 72" captionStartId="108.[151,250,1663,1687]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-162@108.[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURE 72. Indirect and direct development in anurans from Central Amazonia. (A) Amplectant pair of Osteocephalus taurinus in a temporary pond. (B) Eggs, (C) embryos, (D) tadpole, (E) metamorph and (F) newly metamorphosed froglet of O. taurinus. (G) Amplectant pair of Pristimantis fenestratus on the forest floor. (H) Eggs, (I, J and K) embryos at different developmental stages, and (L) newly hatched froglet of Pristimantis fenestratus. In I, J, and K the outermost, tougher egg capsule was removed to permit visualization of the developing embryo. Note the very large yolk reserve in (I) and the egg tooth in the snout of the about-to-hatch embryo in (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518170/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 72F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFFEFFABE080554E8994FEC1" blockId="63.[151,1436,1603,2025]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1437,151,644]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E080554E8CA2F8A1" bold="true" box="[199,389,1891,1917]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are deposited as a floating film (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFFEFFD4E377554E8E91F8A1" box="[816,950,1891,1917]" captionStart="FIGURE 72" captionStartId="108.[151,250,1663,1687]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-162@108.[158,1430,453,1640]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURE 72. Indirect and direct development in anurans from Central Amazonia. (A) Amplectant pair of Osteocephalus taurinus in a temporary pond. (B) Eggs, (C) embryos, (D) tadpole, (E) metamorph and (F) newly metamorphosed froglet of O. taurinus. (G) Amplectant pair of Pristimantis fenestratus on the forest floor. (H) Eggs, (I, J and K) embryos at different developmental stages, and (L) newly hatched froglet of Pristimantis fenestratus. In I, J, and K the outermost, tougher egg capsule was removed to permit visualization of the developing embryo. Note the very large yolk reserve in (I) and the egg tooth in the snout of the about-to-hatch embryo in (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518170/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 72A–C</figureCitation>
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) containing from 1,794 to 3,154 pigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFFEFFD4E09F55AA8C56F87E" author="Gascon, C." box="[216,369,1927,1954]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="2222 - 2229" refId="ref77383" refString="Gascon, C. (1995) Tropical larval anuran fitness in the absence of direct effects of predation and competition. Ecology, 76, 2222 - 2229. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941695" type="journal article" year="1995">Gascon 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in all months of the year in isolated forest ponds, streamside ponds and occasionally streams in terra-firme forest and forest edge. Eggs are preyed upon by dytiscid beetle larvae (this study) and wasps (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFFEFFD4E15055E28CB9F835" author="Lacey, L. A." box="[279,414,1999,2025]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="755 - 762" refId="ref79369" refString="Lacey, L. A. (1979) Predac " o em girinos por uma vespa e outras associacies de insetos com ninhos de duas especies de r " s da Amazonia. Acta Amazonica, 9, 755 - 762. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979094755" type="journal article" year="1979">Lacey 1979</bibRefCitation>
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; this study). Tadpoles are preyed upon by the snake
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFFEFFD4E39E55E28997F835" baseAuthorityName="Martins & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[985,1200,1999,2025]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" genus="Helicops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angulatus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFD4E39E55E28997F835" box="[985,1200,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Helicops angulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(this study) and
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFFEFFABE52055FD8CEEFF6D" authority="(Buchacher 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Buchacher" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Pipa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" order="Anura" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arrabali">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFFEFFABE52055FD8DD3FF6D" italics="true" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Pipa arrabali</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE14352BA8CE6FF6D" author="Buchacher, C. O." box="[260,449,151,177]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="59 - 69" refId="ref75148" refString="Buchacher, C. O. (1993) Field studies on the small Surinam toad, Pipa arrabali, near Manaus, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 14, 59 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853893 X 00192" type="journal article" year="1993">Buchacher 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In experiments eggs were found to be avoided by fish but consumed by adult dytiscid beetles and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF81FFABE15952968C9FFF09" baseAuthorityName="Buchacher" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[286,440,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Pipa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arrabali">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE15952968C9FFF09" box="[286,440,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pipa arrabali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE18052968FCCFF09" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[455,747,187,213]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE2BF52968EB9FF09" author="Gascon, C." box="[760,926,187,213]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="971 - 980" refId="ref77302" refString="Gascon, C. (1992 a) Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in central Amazonia: field data and experimental manipulations. Ecology, 73, 971 - 980. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1940173" type="journal article" year="1992">Gascon 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b). In experiments tadpoles were found to be consumed by dragonfly larvae, oophagous tadpoles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF81FFABE2A152F28E58FF25" baseAuthorityName="Buchacher" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[742,895,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Pipa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arrabali">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE2A152F28E58FF25" box="[742,895,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pipa arrabali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and fish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE3B752F2894BFF25" author="Hero, J-M." box="[1008,1132,223,249]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE43F52F288B0FF25" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[1144,1431,223,249]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE0D0532E8C1BFEC1" author="Gascon, C." box="[151,316,259,285]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="971 - 980" refId="ref77302" refString="Gascon, C. (1992 a) Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in central Amazonia: field data and experimental manipulations. Ecology, 73, 971 - 980. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1940173" type="journal article" year="1992">Gascon 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF81FFABE124532E8CC5FEC0" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1862" box="[355,482,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE124532E8CC5FEC0" box="[355,482,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">O. taurinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tadpoles are oophagous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE2B8532E8E5CFEC1" author="Hero, J-M." box="[767,891,259,285]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE3C1532E8981FEC1" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[902,1190,259,285]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF81FFABE080530B882EFD58" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF81FFABE080530B882EFD58" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,644]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE080530B8C68FE9C" bold="true" box="[199,335,294,320]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF81FFABE1A0530A8F4EFE9C" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1862" box="[487,617,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE1A0530A8F4EFE9C" box="[487,617,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">O. taurinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF81FFABE2F5530A8E7DFE9D" box="[690,858,295,321]" name="French Guiana" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE32C530A8939FE9D" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[875,1054,295,321]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) differ from those herein characterized by presenting body elongately elliptical in dorsal view, vent tube dextral, tail acutely rounded, marginal papillae biseriate, and LTRF 3/5. Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF81FFABE28453428FD1FE55" box="[707,758,367,393]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
present body ovoid, snout broad and bluntly rounded, vent tube dextral and pointed tail tip (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE24653BF8F92FE71" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[513,693,402,429]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tadpoles from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF81FFABE3D053BF8ECEFE70" box="[919,1001,402,428]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
lowlands have vent tube medial with a dextral opening, marginal papillae row varying from uniseriate to biseriate anterolaterally, laterally and posteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF81FFABE0D853F78C59FE29" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[159,382,474,501]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE14653F68C14FE28" box="[257,307,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tadpoles from Central Amazonia were illustrated by Hero (1990) and described in detail by Schiesari
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE14053D28C1CFDC4" box="[263,315,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1996). Tadpoles illustrated by Hero (1990) differ from those herein characterized by presenting papillae round, submarginal papillae lateroanteriorly and lateroposteriorly, P5 ad P6 shorter than the anterior tooth rows, spiracle posteriorly directed, and tail tip narrow. Those described by Schiesari
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF81FFABE40A506A89A1FDBC" box="[1101,1158,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996) differ from those herein characterized by presenting a uniseriate row of papillae anteriorly and biseriate lateroventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |