218 lines
29 KiB
XML
218 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5BAE4745C12115F6F85D0F3A80B327B5">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="91A4285FC71D09D386936A40CD7694CE">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8D05FFA87779F6F110BA554EAD072570">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20802BE451849313F48AFEB469926B2E">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E53BBB6E85348F254EF0B0DAE05955D">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CD2EA8E79A28CCAF4C8672388461A743">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="683E0559983B6F5874FAEE65BE412E2C">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B81181EE793C4D2061E5FC8B98614D86">2022-12-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFDFFFF4E0D053678CBEFC49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517984" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7517984" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFDFFFF4E0D053678CBEFC49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFDFFFF4E0D053678CBEFC49" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDFFFF5E0D0536789D9FCE5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDFFFF5E0D053678C71FEB9" blockId="30.[151,1437,330,825]" box="[151,342,330,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="604781C1FFDFFFF5E0D053678C71FEB9" bold="true" box="[151,342,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDFFFF5E0D053678C71FEB9" ID-CoL="4S7NY" ID-ENA="1539421" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,342,330,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDFFFF5E0D053678C71FEB9" bold="true" box="[151,342,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDFFFF5E080534289D9FCE5" blockId="30.[151,1437,330,825]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDFFFF5E08053428CE9FE55" bold="true" box="[199,462,367,393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on nine tadpoles at Stages 36 and 37 (LCS 649). Total length 20.6 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFDFFFF5E0E853BE8C20FE71" box="[175,263,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
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(N = 9). Body oval in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDFFFF5E42553BE89C7FE71" box="[1122,1248,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[153,1410,859,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-313@30.[151,1436,849,1913]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 9. Tadpole of Rhinella marina (LCS 649) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517982/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in both dorsal and lateral views. Eyes medium-sized, dorsally positioned and dorsolaterally directed. Nostrils medium-sized, oval, dorsally positioned closer to eyes than to snout, with opening anterodorsally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDFFFF5E23353D28FECFDC5" box="[628,715,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[153,1410,859,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-313@30.[151,1436,849,1913]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 9. Tadpole of Rhinella marina (LCS 649) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517982/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, laterally emarginate; marginal papillae elongate, uniseriate, with wide dorsal and ventral gaps. Submarginal papillae forming an irregular row lateroanteriorly and lateroposteriorly. LTRF 2(2)/3; A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 slightly longer than P2; P3 shorter than P2. Jaw sheaths moderately wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath U-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, slightly below the body midline, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a medial opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin of moderate height, convex, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin of moderate height and parallel to the ventral margin of caudal musculature. Tail tip rounded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="6FCF6625FFDFFFF5E0D055BD8C41F810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7517982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517982/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[151,250,1936,1960]" targetBox="[153,1410,859,1905]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDFFFF5E0D055BD8C41F810" blockId="30.[151,1436,1936,1996]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDFFFF5E0D055BD8C35F874" bold="true" box="[151,274,1936,1960]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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Tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDFFFF5E1CC55BD8F17F874" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[395,560,1936,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDFFFF5E1CC55BD8F17F874" box="[395,560,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(LCS 649) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDEFFF4E08052BB882DFE16" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDEFFF4E08052BB8FB9FEC7" blockId="31.[151,1437,150,917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E08052BB8C07FF6C" bold="true" box="[199,288,150,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative, dorsum, flanks of body and dorsal half to 2/3 of the caudal musculature dark brown to black; ventral half to 1/3 of the caudal musculature unpigmented; chest dark grey, venter black, tail fins transparent. In life, body black, dorsal half to 2/3 of the caudal musculature black, venter black, ventral half to 1/3 of caudal musculature unpigmented, tail fins tansparent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDEFFF4E0805309882DFE16" blockId="31.[151,1437,150,917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E08053098CA2FEE1" bold="true" box="[199,389,291,318]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Pigmented eggs are deposited in shallow water as two gelatinous strings with 4,000 to 10,000 eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E09E536A8CBFFEBD" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[217,408,327,353]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFDEFFF4E09E536A8C31FEBD" box="[217,278,327,353]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E15B536A8C73FEBD" box="[284,340,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in the dry season in temporary and permanent ponds and lakes in terrafirme forest edge, deforested land and várzea and igapó floodplains. Tadpoles are unpalatable to fish and form ameboid, loosely aggregated schools (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E25C53A08FFDFE7B" author="Wassersug, R. J." box="[539,730,397,423]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="273 - 297" refId="ref85052" refString="Wassersug, R. J. (1973) Aspects of social behavior in anuran larvae. In: Vial, J. L. (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, pp. 273 - 297." type="book chapter" year="1973">Wassersug 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). The black color is presumably aposematic. Tadpoles exhibit necrophagy. Tadpoles are preyed upon by the snake
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDEFFF4E298539D8821FE16" authority="(Kaefer & Montanarin 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Kaefer & Montanarin" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[735,1286,432,458]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" genus="Helicops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angulatus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E298539D8E9FFE16" box="[735,952,432,458]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Helicops angulatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E380539D89D9FE16" author="Kaefer, I. L. & Montanarin, A." box="[967,1278,432,458]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="291" refId="ref79222" refString="Kaefer, I. L. & Montanarin, A. (2011) Helicops angulatus (South American Watersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review, 42, 291." type="journal article" year="2011">Kaefer & Montanarin 2011</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFDEFFF4E08053FE8CBEFC49" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFDEFFF4E08053FE8CBEFC49" blockId="31.[151,1437,150,917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E08053FE8C68FE31" bold="true" box="[199,335,467,493]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFDEFFF4E1A453F98F73FE31" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[483,596,468,493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFDEFFF4E1A453F98F73FE31" box="[483,596,468,493]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">R. marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were previously described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E3E953F98975FE31" author="Savage, J. M." box="[942,1106,467,494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 236" refId="ref83133" refString="Savage, J. M. (1960) Geographic variation in the tadpole of the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 1960, 233 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1439663" type="journal article" year="1960">Savage (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E4DF53F989D3FE32" box="[1176,1268,468,494]" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Panamá</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E4B853F988BBFE31" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[1279,1436,467,494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E09253DA8CE5FDCD" box="[213,450,503,529]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E18853DA8FB7FDCD" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[463,656,503,529]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E29153DA8E12FDCD" box="[726,821,503,529]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia,
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E4AA53DA8813FDCD" box="[1261,1332,503,529]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E50753DA8C6AFDE8" author="Rada de Martinez, D." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="391 - 403" refId="ref81922" refString="Rada de Martinez, D. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de las larvas de anfibios de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 49, 391 - 403." type="journal article" year="1990">Rada de Martinez (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E1D750378F21FDE8" box="[400,518,538,564]" name="Venezuela" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E25650378FD4FDE8" author="Ford, P. L. & Scott Jr., N. J." box="[529,755,538,564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="253 - 257" refId="ref77070" refString="Ford, P. L. & Scott Jr., N. J. (1996) Descriptions of Bufo tadpoles from the Southwestern Coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology, 30, 253 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565517" type="journal article" year="1996">Ford & Scott (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E37050378EA8FDE8" box="[823,911,538,564]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Duelman (2005) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E4D2503789ECFDE8" box="[1173,1227,538,564]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E542503788BBFDE8" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[1285,1436,538,564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E09250108C60FD8B" box="[213,327,573,599]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. As expected for such wide geographic range, several chacteristics were found to vary between the tadpoles herein characterized, and those described from other locations. These are dorsal fin originating on the tail, nostrils with a small medial projection of the rim, spiracle posteriorly directed, and submarginal papillae scattered lateroanteriorly in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E241508A8F42FD1D" box="[518,613,679,705]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDEFFF4E233508A8FE3FD1D" box="[628,708,679,705]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1641,1665]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,642,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-218@56.[151,1436,632,1617]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 29. Tadpole of Dendropsophus parviceps (LCS 619) at Stage 33: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518042/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="FC489B48FFDEFFF4E2EF508A8FE3FD1D" box="[680,708,679,705]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="29.0">29</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E2A0508A8E56FD1D" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[743,881,679,705]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E3E9508A893BFD1D" box="[942,1052,679,705]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDEFFF4E46C508A895CFD1D" box="[1067,1147,679,705]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,957,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-345@42.[151,1436,957,1853]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 18. Tadpole of Boana fasciata (CZPB 199/448) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518010/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="FC489B48FFDEFFF4E418508A895CFD1D" box="[1119,1147,679,705]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="18.0">18</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E4DA508A8801FD1D" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[1181,1318,679,705]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), absent in those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E15150E78C6EFD38" box="[278,329,714,740]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E11F50E78F2BFD39" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[344,524,714,741]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); tail tip pointed in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E3C050E78EC7FD38" box="[903,992,714,740]" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E3A850E789A3FD38" author="Savage, J. M." box="[1007,1156,714,740]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 236" refId="ref83133" refString="Savage, J. M. (1960) Geographic variation in the tadpole of the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 1960, 233 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1439663" type="journal article" year="1960">Savage 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); P2 shorter than P1 and, according to
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDEFFF4E16A50C08C5CFCDB" box="[301,379,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[282,1305,179,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-20@5.[282,1305,179,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Larval amphibian habitat in Central Amazonia. (A) isolated forest pond, (B) streamside pond, (C) forest floor, (D) bromeliad, (E) treehole (with male Trachycephalus cunauaru), (F) stream, (G) river (blackwater), (H) várzea floodplain lake with floating meadows, and (I) igapó floodplain lake. Pictures by Marcelo Gordo (A, B, D, E, F, G, H) and LS (C, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517959/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFDEFFF4E1F350C08CE5FCDB" box="[436,450,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1823,1847]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,198,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[156,1431,181,1799]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Walter-Lieth climate diagram of Manaus representing mean monthly temperature (red line, left axis) and precipitation (blue line, right axis) from 1961 to 1990. Data from INMET, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (http://www.inmet.gov. br/portal/index.php?r=clima/graficosClimaticos, accessed October 4, 2015)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517961/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">2</figureCitation>
|
||
snout sloped, and biseriate marginal papillae in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E4D550C089CFFCDB" box="[1170,1256,749,775]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E4BF50C088A8FCDB" author="Savage, J. M." box="[1272,1423,749,775]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 236" refId="ref83133" refString="Savage, J. M. (1960) Geographic variation in the tadpole of the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 1960, 233 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1439663" type="journal article" year="1960">Savage 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); body ovoid in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E190513D8F13FCF6" box="[471,564,784,810]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E206513D8FD6FCF6" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[577,753,784,810]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E32D513C8EBAFCF7" box="[874,925,785,811]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E3EC513D8979FCF7" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[939,1118,784,811]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); LTRF 2(2)/3[1] in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E092511E8C6FFC91" box="[213,328,819,845]" name="Venezuela" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E11F511E8F40FC92" author="Rada de Martinez, D." box="[344,615,819,846]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="391 - 403" refId="ref81922" refString="Rada de Martinez, D. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de las larvas de anfibios de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 49, 391 - 403." type="journal article" year="1990">Rada de Martinez 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); marginal papillae uniseriate, but frequently biseriate posteriorly in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E151517A8C4BFCAD" box="[278,364,855,881]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E13E517A8F68FCAD" author="Ford, P. L. & Scott Jr., N. J." box="[377,591,855,881]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="253 - 257" refId="ref77070" refString="Ford, P. L. & Scott Jr., N. J. (1996) Descriptions of Bufo tadpoles from the Southwestern Coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology, 30, 253 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565517" type="journal article" year="1996">Ford & Scott 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); posterior sheath broadly V-shaped and ventral fin convex in tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFDEFFF4E0D051568DEDFC49" box="[151,202,891,917]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFDEFFF4E09E51568CAAFC49" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[217,397,890,917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |