190 lines
24 KiB
XML
190 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8E6C0A8888077B14232259C8655CABCB">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DDF39A3D8472C62D14B808B6E87DAC19">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4478185BD6C35FEE275F3D53560D0D04">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="665F05E81827E68ED431CCD3DA3B1533">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="642F31FBB05DCECE1940CBD2CB279AEA">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="90911C7D1E803BF59FBF82E6A3350C7D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C58AF080742348142475619F0DF0F60D">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFA4FF8DE0D056138EF8FA21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518200" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789523" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518200" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFA4FF8DE0D056138EF8FA21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFA4FF8DE0D056138EF8FA21" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA4FF8EE0D0561389C8F9D5" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8EE0D056138C94FB85" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" box="[151,435,1086,1113]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="604781C1FFA4FF8EE0D056138C94FB85" bold="true" box="[151,435,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA4FF8EE0D056138C94FB85" ID-CoL="PQD9" ID-ENA="2782223" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,435,1086,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Callimedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE0D056138C94FB85" bold="true" box="[151,435,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Callimedusa tomopterna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8EE080564E89C8F9D5" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE080564E8CEBFBA1" bold="true" box="[199,460,1123,1149]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on three tadpoles between Stages 35 and 39 (LCS 587, 615/2). Total length 50.8 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFA4FF8EE17656AA8CA0FB7D" box="[305,391,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="7.9">7.9 mm</quantity>
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(N = 3). Body elongate oval in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA4FF8EE48756AA8861FB7D" box="[1216,1350,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="102.[151,250,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[175,1427,352,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-88@102.[151,1436,345,1269]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 68. Tadpole of Callimedusa tomopterna (LCS 574/5) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518160/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 68A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes small, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, oval, laterally positioned near to snout, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA4FF8EE52856E28DE0FAD1" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="102.[151,250,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[175,1427,352,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-88@102.[151,1436,345,1269]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 68. Tadpole of Callimedusa tomopterna (LCS 574/5) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518160/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 68C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap and a small ventral gap. Submarginal papillae present laterally. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 longer than P2; P3 of about two third of the length of P2. Jaw sheaths moderately wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, ventrolateral, cylindrical, very short and wide, posteriorly directed, large opening at the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow throughout its length, highest posteriorly, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin of moderate height, convex. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA4FF8EE080543F8956F8AD" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8EE080543F8933F9A9" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE080543F8C07F9F0" bold="true" box="[199,288,1554,1580]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative body whitish or grayish brown; venter opaque; caudal musculature whitish cream; fins translucent with diffuse melanic pattern. In life body transparent olive or whitish with a silver venter; tail transparent or whitish with a diffuse orange patch midway along the lower fin (Hero 1990).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8EE08054538FCFF945" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" box="[199,744,1662,1689]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE08054538C18F944" bold="true" box="[199,319,1662,1688]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 2(2)/3 or 2(2)/3(1) at Stage 38.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8EE080548E8956F8AD" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE080548E8CAEF960" bold="true" box="[199,393,1698,1725]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are deposited in a gelatinous mass in leaf nests overhanging isolated or streamside ponds in terra-firme forests; upon hatching tadpoles fall in the water (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE3E554EA8944F93D" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[930,1123,1735,1761]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFA4FF8EE3E554EA8EF8F93D" box="[930,991,1735,1761]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE3A154EA8938F93D" box="[998,1055,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Mean clutch size is 63 unpigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE11F54C68FDDF8D9" author="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M." box="[344,762,1771,1797]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="84 - 88" refId="ref81485" refString="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A" type="journal article" year="2004">Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in all months of the year. Tadpoles are nektonic. Eggs are preyed upon by phorid fly larvae and staphylinid beetles (Neckel-Oliveira 2004;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE4AF55228C5DF891" author="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="84 - 88" refId="ref81485" refString="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A" type="journal article" year="2004">Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are preyed upon by
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA4FF8EE29F551E8962F891" authority="(Buchacher 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Buchacher" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[728,1093,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Pipa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arrabali">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE29F551E8E56F891" box="[728,881,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Pipa arrabali</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE3C7551E891AF891" author="Buchacher, C. O." box="[896,1085,1843,1869]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="59 - 69" refId="ref75148" refString="Buchacher, C. O. (1993) Field studies on the small Surinam toad, Pipa arrabali, near Manaus, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 14, 59 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853893 X 00192" type="journal article" year="1993">Buchacher 1993</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. In experiments tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA4FF8EE5C4551E8C3FF8AC" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Callimedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE5C4551E8C3FF8AC" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C. tomopterna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were consumed by dragonflies and fish (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE2A2557A8EACF8AD" author="Gascon, C." box="[741,907,1879,1905]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="701 - 706" refId="ref77225" refString="Gascon, C. (1989 b) Predator-prey size interaction in tropical ponds. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 6, 701 - 706. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751989000400016" type="journal article" year="1989">Gascon 1989b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE3D1557A8EF9F8AD" author="Gascon, C." box="[918,990,1879,1905]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="971 - 980" refId="ref77302" refString="Gascon, C. (1992 a) Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in central Amazonia: field data and experimental manipulations. Ecology, 73, 971 - 980. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1940173" type="journal article" year="1992">1992a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE3AE557A8943F8AD" author="Hero, J-M." box="[1001,1124,1879,1905]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA4FF8DE08055578EF8FA21" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA4FF8DE08055578F53FE9D" blockId="101.[151,1437,1086,2013]" lastBlockId="102.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE08055578C68F848" bold="true" box="[199,335,1914,1940]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA4FF8EE1AF55568FAAF848" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[488,653,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Callimedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA4FF8EE1AF55568FAAF848" box="[488,653,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C. tomopterna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE33655568913F849" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[881,1076,1915,1941]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFA4FF8EE43A555689FBF849" box="[1149,1244,1915,1941]" name="Ecuador" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, by Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia and by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE1B455B28F95F865" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[499,690,1950,1977]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFA4FF8EE2B355B28E0CF865" box="[756,811,1951,1977]" name="Peru" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFA4FF8EE39D55B28910F865" box="[986,1079,1951,1977]" name="Ecuador" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized only by the presence of biseriate marginal papillae row (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA4FF8EE31D55EE892AF801" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[858,1037,1987,2013]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFA4FF8EE4E155EE89FEF801" box="[1190,1241,1987,2013]" name="Peru" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE26252BA8F17FF6D" bold="true" box="[549,560,151,177]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">s</emphasis>
|
||
nout rounded in lateral view, oral disc terminal without emarginations, LTRF varying between 2(2)/3 (as tadpoles herein described) and 2(2-3)/3, and a single irregular row of marginal papillae (although
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA7FF8DE14C52F28CB5FF25" box="[267,402,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1297,1321]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,192,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-21@36.[151,1437,181,1273]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tadpole of Ceratophrys cornuta (MNRJ s/n) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517994/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 13.14B</figureCitation>
|
||
shows marginal papillae row uniseriate posteriorly and biseriate anterolaterally;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA7FF8DE56952F28DF3FEC1" author="Duellman, W. E." pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No morphological difference was observed between the tadpoles herein characterized and those illustrated in Hero (1990) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA7FF8DE101530A8F4AFE9C" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[326,621,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE101530A8F4AFE9C" box="[326,621,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Phyllomedusa tomopterna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6FCF6625FFA7FF8DE0D057208CC0FA95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518160" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518160/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" startId="102.[151,250,1293,1317]" targetBox="[175,1427,352,1263]" targetPageId="102">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA7FF8DE0D057208CC0FA95" blockId="102.[151,1436,1293,1353]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE0D057208C07FAF9" bold="true" box="[151,288,1293,1317]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">FIGURE 68.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA7FF8DE1DD57208FB2FAF9" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[410,661,1293,1317]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Callimedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE1DD57208FB2FAF9" box="[410,661,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Callimedusa tomopterna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LCS 574/5) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA7FF8DE0D0575A8EF8FA21" blockId="102.[151,1437,1399,1534]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE0D0575A8CB3FA4E" bold="true" box="[151,404,1399,1426]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE0AD575A8CB3FA4E" bold="true" box="[234,404,1399,1426]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA7FF8DE0AD575A8CB7FA4E" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[234,400,1399,1426]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllomedusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA7FF8DE22B575A8E2CFA4D" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[620,779,1399,1425]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA7FF8DE22B575A8E2CFA4D" box="[620,779,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Phyllomedusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the Central Amazonia share the following combination of morphological characteristics: moderate to large size; body elongated oval in dorsal view and depressed in lateral view; dorsal fin shallow, ventral fin high; oral disc anteroventral, ventrally emarginate; marginal papillae uniseriate with a dorsal gap; submarginal papillae present; LTRF 2(2)/3(1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |