650 lines
89 KiB
XML
650 lines
89 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="31A86442873C0565C5D67411747CEE68">A story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (southern Lesser Antilles)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="09E4B102F3B855944D748E3EE5C2CF5D">Bech, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9CB0EE52A903F686C06D3F0FB6371039">Jelić, Mišel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E940F919E4344F8EBB57B435DDDD78BD">Grandjean, Frédéric</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7F1E5135370D2CCAF77CABD198A9369D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9A7126A2687D08165E4E3684844034CE">2019</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCE750BF790747243AF7A4F" authority="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean, 2019" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,491,1834,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCE750BF790747243AF7A4F" bold="true" box="[151,491,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C57ACFFCE750BF6F57472401E7A4F" box="[498,602,1835,1861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" rank="subSpecies">nov. ssp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCE750BF790741743FA7A62" blockId="11.[151,602,1834,1932]" box="[151,446,1870,1896]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCE750BF7907417435C7A62" box="[151,280,1870,1896]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
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horned iguana
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<subSubSection id="C331654EFFCE750BF790742B43497A86" box="[151,269,1906,1932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCE750BF790742B43497A86" blockId="11.[151,602,1834,1932]" box="[151,269,1906,1932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCE750BF790742B434D7A86" box="[151,265,1906,1932]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStart-3="FIGURE 10" captionStart-4="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1877,1902]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,868,893]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1190,1215]" captionStartId-3="15.[151,250,1763,1788]" captionStartId-4="16.[151,250,1087,1112]" captionTargetBox-0="[346,1236,220,1825]" captionTargetBox-1="[232,1343,204,814]" captionTargetBox-2="[182,1367,488,1162]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1435,388,1724]" captionTargetBox-4="[477,1108,218,1047]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[331,1257,191,1843]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[196,1392,184,834]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[153,1418,450,1164]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[153,1437,378,1735]" captionTargetId-4="figure@16.[467,1119,192,1064]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionTargetPageId-4="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Holotype and paratype of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. The holotype MNHN2362 (A, C, D, E) and the paratype MNHN1996.8276 (B) Both specimens collected by Bonnecour(t) in 1850-51 in Saint Lucia. Note the nasals (median and lateral horns), the small subtympanic plate, the low number of small nuchal tubercles, the 7 gular spikes, the prominent oval nostril, the banded body." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Ontogenetic change in colour of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. Young male (A), old male (B). Annotations: 1. Small subtympanic plate ± 10% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Low number of sublabial scales with black margins. 4. No swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Lateral and median horns. 6. Median horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval to rounded nostril. 8. Brown eye with the white of the eye visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. 7 gular spikes. 11. Dispersed nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in first dorsal spikes in breeding animals. 15. Entirely black dewlap in old adults. 16. Body and tail black and bright green in young individuals and very light green to almost pale greenish grey in old adults. Old individuals may look nearly “black and white”. The brilliant colouration of the young male results from the flash of the camera." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Horned iguanas from the Central American clade of the “rhinolopha” phenotype. Photographed from invasive introduced populations in the Lesser Antilles: old male caught in Saint Lucia (A). young male caught on Saint Maarten (B); Annotations: 1. Huge subtympanic plate, 2 to 3 times the size of the eardrum. 2. A half crown of sublabial scales around the subtympanic plate and the first scale anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Mosaic of sublabial scales. 4. Swelling of the jowls in breeding male. 5. Generally 2-3 small median horns and no lateral horns. 6. Flat small horns. 7. Triangular nostril. 8. Yellow to dark orange eye with not the white visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. Number of gular spikes ± 10. 11. Nuchal tubercles appear to be organised in rows. 12. High number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Very large nuchal tubercles. 14. Yellow, orange to red dorsal scales on the whole body in breeding males. 15. Variable size and colour of the dewlap but often large and not uniform black (cf. I. iguana sanctaluciae) or creamy white (cf. I. iguana insularis). 16. Body orange to red in breeding males, green in other individuals, and not heavily banded. This phenotype is recognised in this paper as a full species, I. rhinolopha, native to Central America (see text)." captionText-3="FIGURE 10. Adult breeding males I. iguana sanctaluciae and I. rhinolopha. The endemic Saint Lucia horned iguana (I. iguana sanctaluciae, photo from Grand Anse, A) is clearly different from the Central America horned iguana (I. rhinolopha: this specimen was photographed from an introduced population on Sint Maarten by M. Yokoyama, B) by size, body proportion, body colour, size and form of the horns, eye colouration, scalation of the jowls, and dewlap size, colour and form." captionText-4="FIGURE 11. Distribution of iguanas on Saint Lucia. Locations are mapped to the nearest 1×1 km square. Data come from Morton et al. (2007). Grey squares, Saint Lucia endemic iguana, Black squares, alien iguana from Central America clade. “False absences” were minimized by interviewing persons about iguana presence in grid squares confirmed independently, through sightings and captures by us, to have iguanas present. We rejected some reported sightings of native iguanas, shown here as open grid squares, as being iguanas captured for food or pets or reports based on misidentification (for example on the islet of Maria Major off the far south of Saint Lucia; J. Lazell, in litt. 2010). Some of the reports that were accepted from the interior of the northern half of Saint Lucia may also be suspect, though they are all below 300 m ASL. These patterns of distribution suggest that the mountainous interior of Saint Lucia may create at least a partial barrier to direct east-west movements of iguanas." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3055220/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3055224/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3055232/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3055234/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3055242/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs 7–11</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B433C98FFCE750BF79074E341437AF3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242680529" collectingDate="1850" collectingDateMax="1851" collectingDateMin="1850" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="Paris & Bonnecour" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="MNHN2362" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCE750BF79074E3434F7ADE" bold="true" box="[151,267,1978,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<typeStatus id="54908867FFCE750BF79074E343427ADE" box="[151,262,1978,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54908867FFCE750BF64474E343E17ADE" box="[323,421,1978,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCE750BF6CD74E241467ADE" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[458,770,1978,2004]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCE750BF6CD74E241467ADE" box="[458,770,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
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housed in
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE00FFCE750BF47D74E241947ADF" box="[890,976,1979,2005]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectorName id="26DE5313FFCE750BF4D174E3464A7ADE" box="[982,1038,1978,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Paris</collectorName>
|
||
under the number
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB8D9EBEFFCE750BF3E774E3472A7ADE" box="[1248,1390,1978,2004]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">MNHN2362</specimenCode>
|
||
and collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26DE5313FFCE750BF621748743E07AF2" box="[294,420,2014,2040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bonnecour</collectorName>
|
||
(t) between
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD1E9EDFFCE750BF520748440ED7AF2" box="[551,681,2013,2040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1850" valueMax="1851">
|
||
<date id="FF951005FFCE750BF520748440ED7AF2" box="[551,681,2013,2040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1850" valueMax="1851">1850–1851</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCE750BF5BC748740BB7AF3" box="[699,767,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1877,1902]" captionTargetBox="[346,1236,220,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[331,1257,191,1843]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Holotype and paratype of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. The holotype MNHN2362 (A, C, D, E) and the paratype MNHN1996.8276 (B) Both specimens collected by Bonnecour(t) in 1850-51 in Saint Lucia. Note the nasals (median and lateral horns), the small subtympanic plate, the low number of small nuchal tubercles, the 7 gular spikes, the prominent oval nostril, the banded body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055220/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFC9750CF790740C43007AD0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055220/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" startId="12.[151,250,1877,1902]" targetBox="[346,1236,220,1825]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC9750CF790740C43007AD0" blockId="12.[151,1436,1877,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC9750CF790740C43507A64" bold="true" box="[151,276,1877,1902]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype and paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC9750CF52E740F41037A64" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[553,839,1878,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC9750CF52E740F41037A64" box="[553,839,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The holotype MNHN2362 (A, C, D, E) and the paratype MNHN1996.8276 (B) Both specimens collected by Bonnecour(t) in 1850-51 in Saint Lucia. Note the nasals (median and lateral horns), the small subtympanic plate, the low number of small nuchal tubercles, the 7 gular spikes, the prominent oval nostril, the banded body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFC8750DF790703D46C07972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055224/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" startId="13.[151,250,868,893]" targetBox="[232,1343,204,814]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF790703D46C07972" blockId="13.[151,1437,868,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF790703D43567E77" bold="true" box="[151,274,868,893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Ontogenetic change in colour of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF565703C41C77E76" box="[610,899,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF565703C413B7E76" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[610,895,868,892]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Young male (A), old male (B). Annotations: 1. Small subtympanic plate ± 10% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Low number of sublabial scales with black margins. 4. No swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Lateral and median horns. 6. Median horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval to rounded nostril. 8. Brown eye with the white of the eye visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. 7 gular spikes. 11. Dispersed nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in first dorsal spikes in breeding animals. 15. Entirely black dewlap in old adults. 16. Body and tail black and bright green in young individuals and very light green to almost pale greenish grey in old adults. Old individuals may look nearly “black and white”. The brilliant colouration of the young male results from the flash of the camera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C077FE474B79CB" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" box="[199,1295,1191,1217]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">This specimen is rigid, curved in its jar and it is nearly impossible to take accurate measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C07792437879EF" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" box="[199,316,1227,1253]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0779242BE79EF" bold="true" box="[199,250,1227,1253]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0779242B579EF" bold="true" box="[199,241,1227,1253]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Sex</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Male
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFC8750DF7C077B640417B23" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C077B643017803" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" box="[199,325,1263,1289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C077B642B97803" bold="true" box="[199,253,1263,1289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C077B642B07803" bold="true" box="[199,244,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Age</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C0764B4346787F" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0764B406E7827" bold="true" box="[199,554,1298,1325]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0764B40657827" bold="true" box="[199,545,1298,1325]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Morphological measurements</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
total length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC8750DF5C4764A415F7827" box="[707,795,1299,1325]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="132.0">132 cm</quantity>
|
||
; SVL:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC8750DF46B764B41887827" box="[876,972,1298,1325]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="38.5">38.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
; tail length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC8750DF355764B46F67827" box="[1106,1202,1298,1325]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.35" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="93.5">93.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
; height and width of left subtympanic plate: 16.7/14.6; height and width of right subtympanic plate: 16.4/15.5, height of 4
|
||
<superScript id="7C5E9B8DFFC8750DF3F9766F474F784E" attach="left" box="[1278,1291,1334,1348]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">th</superScript>
|
||
dorsal spike:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC8750DF790760342BA787F" box="[151,254,1370,1397]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="47.5">47.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C07626413278B7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0762643A47893" bold="true" box="[199,480,1406,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0762643937893" bold="true" box="[199,471,1406,1433]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Meristic characteristics</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Number of gular spikes 7; Number of horns 2 median with very enlarged base + 3 small lateral on each side; Number of dorsal spikes to cloacae: 54
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C0769F40417B23" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0769F431878EB" bold="true" box="[199,348,1478,1505]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0769F431778EB" bold="true" box="[199,339,1478,1505]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Colouration</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908867FFC8750DF664769E43D778EB" box="[355,403,1479,1505]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">type</typeStatus>
|
||
in alcohol with discolouration, the ground colouration is green light grey with dark banding, 6 on the body and 10 on the tail, the scale of the dewlap are dark or half dark, the dorsal spikes are ochre but seem to have lost their original colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFC8750DF7C0756A42BB7B9F" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C0756A46FE7B47" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" box="[199,1210,1586,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0756A43267B47" bold="true" box="[199,354,1586,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0756A431D7B47" bold="true" box="[199,345,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFC8750DF66E756A43A97B47" box="[361,493,1587,1613]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, West Indies. No more information is known for this individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C0750E42BB7B9F" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B433C98FFC8750DF7C0750E42BF7B9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242680530" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Saint Lucia" location="Saint Lucia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" specimenCode="MNHN 1996.8276" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C0750E437F7B7B" bold="true" box="[199,315,1623,1649]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908867FFC8750DF7C0750E43727B7B" box="[199,310,1623,1649]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The stuffed specimen
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB8D9EBEFFC8750DF539750E41567B7B" box="[574,786,1623,1649]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">MNHN 1996.8276</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFC8750DF425750E41237B7B" box="[802,871,1623,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1877,1902]" captionTargetBox="[346,1236,220,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[331,1257,191,1843]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Holotype and paratype of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. The holotype MNHN2362 (A, C, D, E) and the paratype MNHN1996.8276 (B) Both specimens collected by Bonnecour(t) in 1850-51 in Saint Lucia. Note the nasals (median and lateral horns), the small subtympanic plate, the low number of small nuchal tubercles, the 7 gular spikes, the prominent oval nostril, the banded body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055220/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the same island (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFC8750DF373750E46BD7B78" box="[1140,1273,1623,1650]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and the same collector
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFC8750EF7C075C747067CA5" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7C075C7416B7BD7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1191,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF7C075C740EE7BB3" bold="true" box="[199,682,1694,1721]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF66475C640EE7BB3" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[355,682,1694,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF66475C640EE7BB3" bold="true" box="[355,682,1694,1721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFC8750DF5BD75C641677BB3" box="[698,803,1695,1721]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1877,1902]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,868,893]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1190,1215]" captionTargetBox-0="[346,1236,220,1825]" captionTargetBox-1="[232,1343,204,814]" captionTargetBox-2="[182,1367,488,1162]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[331,1257,191,1843]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[196,1392,184,834]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[153,1418,450,1164]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Holotype and paratype of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. The holotype MNHN2362 (A, C, D, E) and the paratype MNHN1996.8276 (B) Both specimens collected by Bonnecour(t) in 1850-51 in Saint Lucia. Note the nasals (median and lateral horns), the small subtympanic plate, the low number of small nuchal tubercles, the 7 gular spikes, the prominent oval nostril, the banded body." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Ontogenetic change in colour of Iguana iguana sanctaluciae. Young male (A), old male (B). Annotations: 1. Small subtympanic plate ± 10% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Low number of sublabial scales with black margins. 4. No swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Lateral and median horns. 6. Median horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval to rounded nostril. 8. Brown eye with the white of the eye visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. 7 gular spikes. 11. Dispersed nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in first dorsal spikes in breeding animals. 15. Entirely black dewlap in old adults. 16. Body and tail black and bright green in young individuals and very light green to almost pale greenish grey in old adults. Old individuals may look nearly “black and white”. The brilliant colouration of the young male results from the flash of the camera." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Horned iguanas from the Central American clade of the “rhinolopha” phenotype. Photographed from invasive introduced populations in the Lesser Antilles: old male caught in Saint Lucia (A). young male caught on Saint Maarten (B); Annotations: 1. Huge subtympanic plate, 2 to 3 times the size of the eardrum. 2. A half crown of sublabial scales around the subtympanic plate and the first scale anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Mosaic of sublabial scales. 4. Swelling of the jowls in breeding male. 5. Generally 2-3 small median horns and no lateral horns. 6. Flat small horns. 7. Triangular nostril. 8. Yellow to dark orange eye with not the white visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. Number of gular spikes ± 10. 11. Nuchal tubercles appear to be organised in rows. 12. High number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Very large nuchal tubercles. 14. Yellow, orange to red dorsal scales on the whole body in breeding males. 15. Variable size and colour of the dewlap but often large and not uniform black (cf. I. iguana sanctaluciae) or creamy white (cf. I. iguana insularis). 16. Body orange to red in breeding males, green in other individuals, and not heavily banded. This phenotype is recognised in this paper as a full species, I. rhinolopha, native to Central America (see text)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3055220/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3055224/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3055232/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF43F75F946307BB3" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[824,1140,1695,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF43F75F946307BB3" box="[824,1140,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF3F275F9428E7BD7" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF3F275F9428E7BD7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs by the following association of characters:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF790745240D97A2F" blockId="13.[151,1436,1803,2045]" box="[151,669,1803,1829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">– the scales of the jowls sometimes overlap;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF7907476437C7A67" blockId="13.[151,1436,1803,2045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
– there are 7 or fewer triangular gular spikes of moderate size (cf. 8 or 9 exceptionally 10 gular spikes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF23F746943637A67" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF23F746943637A67" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF790742E415F7ABF" blockId="13.[151,1436,1803,2045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
– the vertical bands on the body are thicker, black and remain well developed in old individuals (cf. narrow bands on the body that fade with age in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF53C74C5414D7ABF" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[571,777,1947,1973]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF53C74C5414D7ABF" box="[571,777,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF79074E646727AD3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1803,2045]" box="[151,1078,1983,2009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
– the dewlap is black in old individuals (cf. creamy white in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC8750DF451749946607AD3" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[854,1060,1983,2009]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC8750DF451749946607AD3" box="[854,1060,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC8750DF79074BA47027AF7" blockId="13.[151,1436,1803,2045]" box="[151,1350,2019,2045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">– the subtympanic plate and the associated 2–3 anterior scales have black pigmentation on their margins;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF79073C0434C7DDD" blockId="14.[151,1436,153,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
– Only the anterior dorsal spikes are orange in males (cf. most dorsal spikes have an orange hue in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF3FE73C342BC7DDD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF3FE73C3471A7DB9" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[1273,1374,154,179]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iguana">I. iguana</taxonomicName>
|
||
insu- laris
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF7C073B843477C49" blockId="14.[151,1436,153,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Size. The largest adult male to be measured on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCB750EF5E273B841237DF1" box="[741,871,225,251]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF4A373B841BC7DF1" box="[932,1016,225,251]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="160.0">160 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF37273B946F97DF1" box="[1141,1213,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) and weighed over
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF7D7725D43457C15" box="[208,257,260,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCB750EF617725C43207C15" box="[272,356,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1763,1788]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,388,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[153,1437,378,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adult breeding males I. iguana sanctaluciae and I. rhinolopha. The endemic Saint Lucia horned iguana (I. iguana sanctaluciae, photo from Grand Anse, A) is clearly different from the Central America horned iguana (I. rhinolopha: this specimen was photographed from an introduced population on Sint Maarten by M. Yokoyama, B) by size, body proportion, body colour, size and form of the horns, eye colouration, scalation of the jowls, and dewlap size, colour and form." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055234/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). A sample of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2DFD4CFFCB750EF502725C402F7C15" box="[517,619,261,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="adult">30 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCB750EF588725C414B7C15" box="[655,783,261,287]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had a mean total length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF346725C46D77C15" box="[1089,1171,261,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="110.0">110 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF3A5725C46AC7C15" box="[1186,1256,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) and mass of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCB750EF7B1727042BB7C49" box="[182,255,297,323]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" unit="kg" value="1.3">1.3 kg</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF7C0721547067CA5" blockId="14.[151,1436,153,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF7C0721540447C6D" bold="true" box="[199,512,332,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCB750EF515721440217C6D" box="[530,613,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1112]" captionTargetBox="[477,1108,218,1047]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[467,1119,192,1064]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 11. Distribution of iguanas on Saint Lucia. Locations are mapped to the nearest 1×1 km square. Data come from Morton et al. (2007). Grey squares, Saint Lucia endemic iguana, Black squares, alien iguana from Central America clade. “False absences” were minimized by interviewing persons about iguana presence in grid squares confirmed independently, through sightings and captures by us, to have iguanas present. We rejected some reported sightings of native iguanas, shown here as open grid squares, as being iguanas captured for food or pets or reports based on misidentification (for example on the islet of Maria Major off the far south of Saint Lucia; J. Lazell, in litt. 2010). Some of the reports that were accepted from the interior of the northern half of Saint Lucia may also be suspect, though they are all below 300 m ASL. These patterns of distribution suggest that the mountainous interior of Saint Lucia may create at least a partial barrier to direct east-west movements of iguanas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055242/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distribution of native
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCB750EF4AD721446697C6D" box="[938,1069,333,359]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
horned iguanas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF3F1721743617C81" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF3F1721743617C81" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Iguana iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and introduced alien iguanas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF584722B41117C81" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[643,853,369,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF584722B41117C81" box="[643,853,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Iguana rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCB750EF480722846437C81" box="[903,1031,369,395]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is shown in figure 16, redrawn from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFCB750EF79072CC43E97CA5" author="Morton, M. N. & Krauss, U." box="[151,429,405,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" pagination="19 - 25" refId="ref19456" refString="Morton, M. N. & Krauss, U. (2011) Native and alien iguanas on Saint Lucia, West Indies. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians, 18 (1), 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="2011">Morton & Krauss (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with minor updates, after an island-wide, systematic survey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFCB750EF35A72CC47727CA5" author="Morton, M. N. & Anthony, D. & Besne Garcia, G. G. & Corry, E. & Dornelly, A. & Harley, S. & Jean Baptiste, T. & Johnny, A. & Kelly, A. & McGowan, D. & McPharlin, M. & Mitchel, N. & O'Kelly, H. & Ogrodowczyk, A. & Perrett, E. S. & Takacs, R. & Graham, K. S." box="[1117,1334,405,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" refId="ref19495" refString="Morton, M. N., Anthony, D., Besne Garcia, G. G., Corry, E., Dornelly, A., Dr ˆ ge, E. D., Harley, S., Jean Baptiste, T., Johnny, A., Kelly, A., McGowan, D., McPharlin, M., Mitchel, N., O'Kelly, H., Ogrodowczyk, A., Perrett, E. S., Takacs, R. & Graham, K. S. (2007) St. Lucia Iguana Project Report 2002 - 06. Unpublished report to Saint Lucia Forestry Department and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Saint Lucia Forestry Department, Castries, Saint Lucia and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Morton
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF3BD72CF46B67CA5" box="[1210,1266,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFCB750EF79077FF43ED7B2D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055232/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" startId="14.[151,250,1190,1215]" targetBox="[182,1367,488,1162]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF79077FF43ED7B2D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1190,1575]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF79077FF435179B5" bold="true" box="[151,277,1190,1215]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Horned iguanas from the Central American clade of the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF47C77FE41AF79B5" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[891,1003,1191,1215]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF47C77FE41AF79B5" box="[891,1003,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” phenotype. Photographed from invasive introduced populations in the Lesser Antilles: old male caught in Saint Lucia (A). young male caught on Saint Maarten (B); Annotations: 1. Huge subtympanic plate, 2 to 3 times the size of the eardrum. 2. A half crown of sublabial scales around the subtympanic plate and the first scale anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Mosaic of sublabial scales. 4. Swelling of the jowls in breeding male. 5. Generally 2-3 small median horns and no lateral horns. 6. Flat small horns. 7. Triangular nostril. 8. Yellow to dark orange eye with not the white visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. Number of gular spikes ± 10. 11. Nuchal tubercles appear to be organised in rows. 12. High number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Very large nuchal tubercles. 14. Yellow, orange to red dorsal scales on the whole body in breeding males. 15. Variable size and colour of the dewlap but often large and not uniform black (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF7F9769E43A578D5" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[254,481,1479,1503]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF7F9769E43A578D5" box="[254,481,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or creamy white (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF5C2769E41C578D5" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[709,897,1479,1503]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF5C2769E41C578D5" box="[709,897,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 16. Body orange to red in breeding males, green in other individuals, and not heavily banded. This phenotype is recognised in this paper as a full species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF3B776B247727B09" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[1200,1334,1515,1539]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF3B776B247727B09" box="[1200,1334,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, native to Central America (see text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFCB7511F7C0750C470A7F35" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF7C0750C43577B99" blockId="14.[151,1437,1621,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF7C0750C43167B65" bold="true" box="[199,338,1621,1647]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The subspecific name is given in reference to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCB750EF455750C41967B65" box="[850,978,1621,1647]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
which is the only island inhabited by this new taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750EF7C075C5401B7A4D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1621,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF7C075C540657BBD" bold="true" box="[199,545,1692,1719]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Comparison to other species.</emphasis>
|
||
Because in the field there is greatest risk of confusing the new subspecies with invasive alien
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF63D759B438A7BD1" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[314,462,1729,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF63D759B438A7BD1" box="[314,462,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also has nasal horns, figures 8, 9 and 10 highlight the main morphological differences between the anterior parts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF54475BF41797BF5" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[579,829,1765,1791]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF54475BF41797BF5" box="[579,829,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF47475BF46427BF5" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[883,1030,1765,1791]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF47475BF46427BF5" box="[883,1030,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two new subspecies are distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF633745343AB7A29" authority="iguana" box="[308,495,1802,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF633745343AB7A29" box="[308,495,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. iguana iguana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF6F9745340D67A29" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[510,658,1801,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF6F9745340D67A29" box="[510,658,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(considered here as a full species, see below) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF3CA7453473D7A29" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[1229,1401,1801,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF3CA7453473D7A29" box="[1229,1401,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCB750FF7C0740847077C49" blockId="14.[151,1437,1621,2043]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Colour hue and pattern. The head, body and tail are bright green in young individuals, becoming very pale greenish grey or creamy white with age (unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF5C6742F46617A85" box="[705,1061,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF5C6742F41C57A85" authority="iguana" box="[705,897,1910,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">I. iguana iguana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF488742F46617A85" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[911,1061,1909,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">I. rhinolopha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF358742F47497A85" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[1119,1293,1909,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF358742F47497A85" box="[1119,1293,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which vary widely in hue but are rarely as pale). The body has 6–8 thin or thick vertical black bands (except in old adult
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF28B74C343137ADD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF28B74C343177ADD" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">I. iguana insularis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which only faint traces of the vertical bands remain). These vertical black bands are present on the newborn
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF64974BB404F7AF1" box="[334,523,2017,2043]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">I. i. sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
whereas they are generally absent in newborn
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750EF31A74BB47537AF1" authority="iguana iguana" box="[1053,1303,2018,2043]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750EF31A74BB47537AF1" box="[1053,1303,2018,2043]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Iguana iguana iguana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCB750FF24974BB43577DB9" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="216" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCB750FF24974BB43577DB9" italics="true" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">iguana rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFCA750FF6BA73C040BB7DB9" author="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R." box="[445,767,153,179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" refId="ref18189" refString="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R. (2018) Amphibians and Reptiles of the St. Vincent and Grenada Banks, West Indies. Edition Chimaera, Frankfurt, 448 pp." type="book" year="2018">Henderson & Powell (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, juveniles most frequently are uniform green but this point has to be checked for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF69573E740E57DDD" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[402,673,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF69573E740E57DDD" box="[402,673,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tail has black bands that are conspicuous at all ages (unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF28B73E7436F7DF1" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF28B73E7436F7DF1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which does not have vertical bands on the body or tail). The legs are not black even in old individuals (unlike the indigenous iguanas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCA750FF512725C400F7C15" box="[533,587,261,287]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Saba</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCA750FF585725C41467C15" box="[642,770,261,287]" name="Montserrat" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Although the body of pale adults may have a pinkish hue, the body colouration of breeding males is never orange as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF444727341927C49" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[835,982,297,323]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF444727341927C49" box="[835,982,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Central America (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCA750FF3E5727047717C49" box="[1250,1333,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1763,1788]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,388,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[153,1437,378,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adult breeding males I. iguana sanctaluciae and I. rhinolopha. The endemic Saint Lucia horned iguana (I. iguana sanctaluciae, photo from Grand Anse, A) is clearly different from the Central America horned iguana (I. rhinolopha: this specimen was photographed from an introduced population on Sint Maarten by M. Yokoyama, B) by size, body proportion, body colour, size and form of the horns, eye colouration, scalation of the jowls, and dewlap size, colour and form." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055234/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFCA750FF79075BA475E7A62" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055234/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" startId="15.[151,250,1763,1788]" targetBox="[153,1435,388,1724]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCA750FF79075BA475E7A62" blockId="15.[151,1437,1763,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF79075BA41927BF1" bold="true" box="[151,982,1763,1788]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
FIGURE 10. Adult breeding males
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF51B75BD414D7BF6" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[540,777,1763,1788]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF51B75BD414D7BF6" bold="true" box="[540,777,1763,1788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">I. iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF44475BD41947BF6" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[835,976,1763,1788]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF44475BD41947BF6" bold="true" box="[835,976,1763,1788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The endemic Saint Lucia horned iguana (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF28A75BD43287A15" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF28A75BD432C7A15" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">I. iguana sanctaluciae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
photo from Grand Anse, A) is clearly different from the Central America horned iguana (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCA750FF209745147D17A15" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[1294,1429,1799,1823]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCA750FF209745147D17A15" box="[1294,1429,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: this specimen was photographed from an introduced population on Sint Maarten by M. Yokoyama, B) by size, body proportion, body colour, size and form of the horns, eye colouration, scalation of the jowls, and dewlap size, colour and form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFD57510F79077664723785E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055242/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" startId="16.[151,250,1087,1112]" targetBox="[477,1108,218,1047]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD57510F79077664723785E" blockId="16.[151,1436,1087,1364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F790776643657952" bold="true" box="[151,289,1087,1112]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of iguanas on Saint Lucia. Locations are mapped to the nearest 1×1 km square. Data come from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFD57510F790773D43227976" author="Morton, M. N. & Anthony, D. & Besne Garcia, G. G. & Corry, E. & Dornelly, A. & Harley, S. & Jean Baptiste, T. & Johnny, A. & Kelly, A. & McGowan, D. & McPharlin, M. & Mitchel, N. & O'Kelly, H. & Ogrodowczyk, A. & Perrett, E. S. & Takacs, R. & Graham, K. S." box="[151,358,1124,1148]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" refId="ref19495" refString="Morton, M. N., Anthony, D., Besne Garcia, G. G., Corry, E., Dornelly, A., Dr ˆ ge, E. D., Harley, S., Jean Baptiste, T., Johnny, A., Kelly, A., McGowan, D., McPharlin, M., Mitchel, N., O'Kelly, H., Ogrodowczyk, A., Perrett, E. S., Takacs, R. & Graham, K. S. (2007) St. Lucia Iguana Project Report 2002 - 06. Unpublished report to Saint Lucia Forestry Department and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Saint Lucia Forestry Department, Castries, Saint Lucia and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Morton
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F7EE773C435F7976" box="[233,283,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Grey squares, Saint Lucia endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F5D5773A41187976" authority=", Black" authorityName="Black" box="[722,860,1123,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iguana">iguana, Black</taxonomicName>
|
||
squares, alien iguana from Central America clade. “False absences” were minimized by interviewing persons about iguana presence in grid squares confirmed independently, through sightings and captures by us, to have iguanas present. We rejected some reported sightings of native iguanas, shown here as open grid squares, as being iguanas captured for food or pets or reports based on misidentification (for example on the islet of Maria Major off the far south of Saint Lucia; J. Lazell,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F58B77AC408E7806" box="[652,714,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">in litt.</emphasis>
|
||
2010). Some of the reports that were accepted from the interior of the northern half of Saint Lucia may also be suspect, though they are all below 300 m ASL. These patterns of distribution suggest that the mountainous interior of Saint Lucia may create at least a partial barrier to direct east-west movements of iguanas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD57510F7C076DB41E37B7E" blockId="16.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
With age the dewlap changes from green to entirely creamy white (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F4BA76DA46CF7896" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[957,1163,1410,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F4BA76DA46CF7896" box="[957,1163,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or completely black (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F28B76DA433D78CA" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F28B76DA433D78CA" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the indigenous iguanas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD57510F5CD76FF414478CA" box="[714,768,1446,1472]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Saba</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD57510F43276FE41F778CB" box="[821,947,1447,1473]" name="Montserrat" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but never orange (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F3AC76FE477A78CA" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[1195,1342,1446,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F3AC76FE477A78CA" box="[1195,1342,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFD57510F24C76FF47CA78CA" box="[1355,1422,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1190,1215]" captionTargetBox="[182,1367,488,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[153,1418,450,1164]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Horned iguanas from the Central American clade of the “rhinolopha” phenotype. Photographed from invasive introduced populations in the Lesser Antilles: old male caught in Saint Lucia (A). young male caught on Saint Maarten (B); Annotations: 1. Huge subtympanic plate, 2 to 3 times the size of the eardrum. 2. A half crown of sublabial scales around the subtympanic plate and the first scale anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Mosaic of sublabial scales. 4. Swelling of the jowls in breeding male. 5. Generally 2-3 small median horns and no lateral horns. 6. Flat small horns. 7. Triangular nostril. 8. Yellow to dark orange eye with not the white visible. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. Number of gular spikes ± 10. 11. Nuchal tubercles appear to be organised in rows. 12. High number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Very large nuchal tubercles. 14. Yellow, orange to red dorsal scales on the whole body in breeding males. 15. Variable size and colour of the dewlap but often large and not uniform black (cf. I. iguana sanctaluciae) or creamy white (cf. I. iguana insularis). 16. Body orange to red in breeding males, green in other individuals, and not heavily banded. This phenotype is recognised in this paper as a full species, I. rhinolopha, native to Central America (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055232/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal crest is often high, especially in males (unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F4257692418A78EE" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[802,974,1482,1508]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F4257692418A78EE" box="[802,974,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and of the same colour as the light part of the body and often pink-orange towards the tips. The iris is dark brown, not yellow to orange, and the white part of the eye is visible (unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F6D3754A41767B26" box="[468,818,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F6D3754A40D57B26" authority="iguana" box="[468,657,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">I. iguana iguana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F599754A41767B26" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[670,818,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">I. rhinolopha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F46C754A46537B26" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[875,1047,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F46C754A46537B26" box="[875,1047,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There is no black patch between the eye and the tympanum, and no pink on the jowls, as in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD57510F42D756F41247B5A" box="[810,864,1590,1616]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Saba</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD57510F491756E46557B5B" box="[918,1041,1591,1617]" name="Montserrat" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFD57510F327756F46ED7B5A" author="Breuil, M." box="[1056,1193,1590,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="309 - 346" refId="ref16656" refString="Breuil, M. (2013) Caracterisation morphologique de l'iguane commun Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), de l'iguane des Petites Antilles Iguana delicatissima Laurenti, 1768 et de leurs hybrides. Bulletin Societe Herpetologique de France, 147, 309 - 346." type="journal article" year="2013">Breuil 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFD57510F3B3756F46AB7B5A" author="Breuil, M." box="[1204,1263,1590,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" refId="ref16703" refString="Breuil, M. (2016) Morphological characterization of the common iguana Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), of the Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima Laurenti, 1768 and of their hybrids. Same paper as Breuil 2013, translated into English, by the International Reptile Conservation Foundation (IRCF) pp. 1 - 37, International Reptile Conservation Foundation, Tucson, Arizona. Available from: https: // ircf. org (Accessed 17 May 2019)" type="url" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Breuil
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F240756E473D7B5A" box="[1351,1401,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. in prep.) but some breeding males have pale golden yellow on the jowls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD57510F7C07527431D7A46" blockId="16.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
Scalation. Several scales between the nostrils are elongated to form horns (whereas nasal horns are absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F79075FA43007BB6" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,324,1698,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F79075FA43007BB6" box="[151,324,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F67A75FA407D7BB6" authority="iguana" box="[381,569,1699,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F67A75FA407D7BB6" box="[381,569,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. iguana iguana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There are 2 to 5 horns (usually 3–4) on the axial plane, and 1 to 3 smaller horns and sometimes up to 6 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F50F759E40927BEA" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[520,726,1734,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F50F759E40927BEA" box="[520,726,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on each side in adults (whereas lateral horns absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F238759E42937A0E" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F238759E42937A0E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The horns are broad at their bases and the tallest are sometimes curved back (whereas the horns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F23875B242937A22" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F23875B242937A22" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are thin, straight and shorter). However, hatchlings and young juveniles of the two new subspecies have only very small horns.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD57511F7C0740F431C7DDD" blockId="16.[151,1437,1410,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
The nostrils are prominent; their openings are from oval to circular, sometimes triangular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F3D5740E42A77A9E" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F3D5740E42A77A9E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, looking from the side. There are some small to rarely medium conical scales on the occiput. There are 6–10 medium-sized gular spikes on the dewlap that extend to the half lower part. In adults, these spikes are triangular. A subtympanic plate is present (cf. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD57510F574749A415A7AD6" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[627,798,1986,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD57510F574749A415A7AD6" box="[627,798,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">I. delicatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but it is relatively small: even in old adults the diameter of the subtympanic plate is no more than ± 20% the height of the tympanum (cf. 2–3 times the size of the tympanum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F7B373E743037DDD" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[180,327,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F7B373E743037DDD" box="[180,327,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD47511F7C073B846817CD9" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">
|
||
There are 2–3 scales of decreasing size anterior to the subtympanic plate, a characteristic not found in other species systematically present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F50B725F408C7C15" box="[524,712,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. i. sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
and sometimes in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F49C725F46777C15" box="[923,1075,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. i. insularis.</emphasis>
|
||
(This trait however resembles a feature of F1 hybrids between
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F6F7727341C17C49" box="[496,901,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F6F7727340E37C49" authority="iguana" box="[496,679,297,323]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="iguana">I. iguana iguana</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F5B3727041C17C49" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[692,901,297,323]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">Iguana rhinolopha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F4BB7273470D7C4E" authority=": Breuil 2013" authorityName=": Breuil" authorityYear="2013" box="[956,1353,297,324]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F4BB727346347C49" box="[956,1136,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. delicatissima:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFD47511F37F727047447C49" author="Breuil, M." box="[1144,1280,297,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" pagination="309 - 346" refId="ref16656" refString="Breuil, M. (2013) Caracterisation morphologique de l'iguane commun Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), de l'iguane des Petites Antilles Iguana delicatissima Laurenti, 1768 et de leurs hybrides. Bulletin Societe Herpetologique de France, 147, 309 - 346." type="journal article" year="2013">Breuil 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFD47511F20B7270470D7C4E" author="Breuil, M." box="[1292,1353,297,324]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" refId="ref16703" refString="Breuil, M. (2016) Morphological characterization of the common iguana Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), of the Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima Laurenti, 1768 and of their hybrids. Same paper as Breuil 2013, translated into English, by the International Reptile Conservation Foundation (IRCF) pp. 1 - 37, International Reptile Conservation Foundation, Tucson, Arizona. Available from: https: // ircf. org (Accessed 17 May 2019)" type="url" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There are only few tubercular nape scales: fewer than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFD47511F5AB721440A07C6D" box="[684,740,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F5EC721741E27C6D" box="[747,934,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. i. sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
and up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFD47511F31D721446177C6D" box="[1050,1107,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" unit="in" value="20.0">20 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F35E721746AC7C6D" box="[1113,1256,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. i. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
, small, not very prominent and dispersed,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F6BA722B439C7C81" box="[445,472,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
. not arranged in more or less conspicuous rows as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F347722B46917C81" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[1088,1237,369,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F347722B46917C81" box="[1088,1237,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFD47511F3E17228477C7C81" box="[1254,1336,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1763,1788]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,388,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[153,1437,378,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adult breeding males I. iguana sanctaluciae and I. rhinolopha. The endemic Saint Lucia horned iguana (I. iguana sanctaluciae, photo from Grand Anse, A) is clearly different from the Central America horned iguana (I. rhinolopha: this specimen was photographed from an introduced population on Sint Maarten by M. Yokoyama, B) by size, body proportion, body colour, size and form of the horns, eye colouration, scalation of the jowls, and dewlap size, colour and form." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055234/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the largely melanistic iguanas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD47511F6D872CC40517CA5" box="[479,533,405,431]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Saba</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFD47511F54B72CC40837CA5" box="[588,711,405,431]" name="Montserrat" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F46772CF41AD7CA5" box="[864,1001,405,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iguana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F46772CF41357CA5" box="[864,881,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F49C72CF41AD7CA5" box="[923,1001,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">iguana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This distinguishing character is present in hatchlings and throughout life, unlike some of secondary sex characteristics noted above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFD47511F7C07284470A7F35" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">
|
||
Head. The head is relatively short and flat, and the dewlap is of medium size (cf. the large dewlap in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F238728742937F11" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F238728742937F11" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The scales anterior to the subtympanic plate overlap slightly in some individuals. The jowls do not appear swollen even in reproductively active males (cf. very well-developed jowls in breeding male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFD47511F3AC717F477A7F35" authorityName=", Barbour" authorityYear="1935" box="[1195,1342,549,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinolopha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFD47511F3AC717F477A7F35" box="[1195,1342,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">I. rhinolopha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |