176 lines
23 KiB
XML
176 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="A053FDCEAD00FD223A180AC64C6EC5D3" ID-CLB-Dataset="45457" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280035" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bdadcf68-8647-455c-997a-efde1b035538" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280035" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460438331396" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gómez, Jose F. & Nieves-Aldrey, Jose Luis" docDate="2012" docId="03DD61577C07FFD5FF2EC65AFC6A2207" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03189p055.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3189" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pteromalidae Dalman 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFE4192F7C05FFD6FFB9C519FFCE2338" masterDocTitle="Notes on the larval morphology of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Europe" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698332528332" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="46BA3461B02267558069BAA65406AD58" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="113510DF154C5F2BFD7636C183C61EC8">
|
||
<mods:title id="6F29C71D4AF0CD60B5C1D4BBA6234CF8">Notes on the larval morphology of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species parasitoids of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Europe</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="E5998963C01BA66EC7539BA570D5DD39" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="AA4EDB8682D43FB4FDDE9AE87D276F16">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="635F35CA8CE7580C17FD836D6DB743F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="821AE772189C7C875178A2BE4CEDB653">Gómez, Jose F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="91228C14FAF406362541BB353C139963" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5B5CB098B40F87BF589BE5C0B6CED7EB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="43BEC29DBF1A018EFC6652E466EA114A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C089223ECCA1E4E554B282621A0467BC">Nieves-Aldrey, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="3426D244E06BCE761F8DE4257B102DE2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="0BE735441CB3246CA74B9BD6C57EE132" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A567B7854F878849E2BA900EB4462221">
|
||
<mods:title id="FE3B082CC7738CE758B16A9832D9A2F9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="4B21A37F491799C7060403E845A80518">
|
||
<mods:date id="B82B1C67B91A7CA300F3299536F03D51">2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="777EC75D4A506D63B4F1FC9F1EE57AA4" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="1A6274860905C8E886AEBEF4718574BC">3189</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="99B4C4FBB27E94F6DAC054CE1DB173E1" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="6B28BF7BCEA06BCBCA5E6810AFC55466">39</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="634DCD25981AA7423F154E353809C602">55</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="CD93AEAB8894D06D9DEAE577B2B0203D">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="49DFA5D307081516134108C8865B1102" type="CLB-Dataset">45457</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7EC9747FA763B3962179F39D154DBD05" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.280035</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="812591AD4447577916C8F9D7A60E4A65" type="GBIF-Dataset">bdadcf68-8647-455c-997a-efde1b035538</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C22EC4F71FF1FFF296234F885FD06B8D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="96A66C797955663472D9A36EDF204183" type="Zenodo-Dep">280035</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03DD61577C07FFD5FF2EC65AFC6A2207" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5694724" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119507164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5694724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DD61577C07FFD5FF2EC65AFC6A2207" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DD61577C07FFD5FF2EC65AFC6A2207" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36E83CA7C07FFD5FF2EC65AFC6A2207" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF2EC65AFE3C2065" blockId="2.[151,498,835,861]" box="[151,498,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<heading id="D083672D7C07FFD4FF2EC65AFE3C2065" bold="true" box="[151,498,835,861]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C07FFD4FF2EC65AFE3C2065" ID-CoL="FD9" ID-ENA="7423" authority="Dalman, 1820" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,498,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF2EC65AFE3C2065" bold="true" box="[151,498,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Pteromalidae Dalman, 1820</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF2EC693FDCC20D2" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF2EC693FBD0209A" bold="true" box="[151,1054,906,931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
General larval morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C07FFD4FDB6C693FD61209B" box="[527,687,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated with cynipid galls.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The terminal instar larvae of all studied species are morphologically very similar and share several features with other chalcidoid larvae (especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C07FFD4FF2EC6CBFED620D2" box="[151,280,978,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC6EEFD0C276F" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC6EEFE522737" box="[199,412,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Body segmentation</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FE15C6EEFE232737" box="[428,493,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[196,1396,374,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[189,1397,373,1911]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pteromalus hieracii (Thomson), body in ventral view illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: ABS 1 – ABS 9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS 1 – THS 3, thoracic segments; vlr, ventrolateral region; vmr, ventromedial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36390D17C07FFD4FDBFC6EEFDEB2737" box="[518,549,1015,1039]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for all Chalcidoidea larvae, the body consists of the head plus 13 post-cephalic segments. Three segments form the thorax (THS1–THS3) and the remaining ten segments form the abdomen including the anal segment (ABS1–ABS9, ANS).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC17AFE1527A7" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC17AFEE12743" box="[199,303,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Spiracles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FE86C17BFE482742" box="[319,390,1122,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1066,1089]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,198,1039]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1045]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cecidostiba geganius (Walker), body in lateral view. Abbreviations: ABS 1 – ABS 9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; D, dorsal area of body; epc, spiracles; P, pleural area of body; THS 1 – THS 3, thoracic segments;. V, ventral area of body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tracheal system is composed externally of nine pairs of lateral spiracles (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FAB0C17DFAFE2743" box="[1289,1328,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">epc</emphasis>
|
||
) opening on segments THS2 to ABS7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC1B2FE37264F" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC1B2FD9727FB" box="[199,601,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">General morphology in lateral view</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FDD0C1B3FD6027FA" box="[617,686,1194,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1066,1089]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,198,1039]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1045]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cecidostiba geganius (Walker), body in lateral view. Abbreviations: ABS 1 – ABS 9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; D, dorsal area of body; epc, spiracles; P, pleural area of body; THS 1 – THS 3, thoracic segments;. V, ventral area of body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Following Gómez
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FC2DC1B5FC0827FB" box="[916,966,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008), we divided the body segments in lateral view into three areas: the pleural area, which includes the spiracles, and the areas situated ventrally and dorsally of the pleural area. The three regions are denoted as the pleural (P), ventral (V) and dorsal (D) areas. In all areas setation is inconspicuous. In general, terminal instar larvae of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C07FFD4FBA1C00EFB622617" box="[1048,1196,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated with cynipid galls have only a few inconspicuous body setae compared with other chalcidoid species (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C07FFD4FAAAC023FA5A266A" box="[1299,1428,1338,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) present in the gall assemblages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC09AFCE82687" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC09AFD9326A3" box="[199,605,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">General morphology in ventral view</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FDD4C09BFD6026A2" box="[621,686,1410,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[196,1396,374,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[189,1397,373,1911]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pteromalus hieracii (Thomson), body in ventral view illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: ABS 1 – ABS 9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS 1 – THS 3, thoracic segments; vlr, ventrolateral region; vmr, ventromedial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). We divided the body into a ventro-medial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FB1EC09DFB1D26A3" box="[1191,1235,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">vmr</emphasis>
|
||
) and a ventro-lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF68C0BEFF3E2687" box="[209,240,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">vlr</emphasis>
|
||
) region. In both regions setation is inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC0D2FABB243A" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC0D2FECA26DB" box="[199,260,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FEABC0D3FEA026DA" box="[274,366,1482,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[313,1277,196,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[307,1280,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Pteromalus hieracii (Thomson), anterior view of head illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: af, antennal foramina; am, antero-medial setae of antennal region; an, antenna; anr, antennal area; cl, clypeus; cs, clypeal setae; dls, dorso-labral setae; fr, frons; gn, genal setae; gr, genal region; hr, hypostomal region; lb, labrum; lbi, labium; mx, maxillae; vr, vertex region. B. Rivasia fumariae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, anterior view of mouthparts (Mpu). Abbreviations: dls, dorso-labral setae; lb, labrum; lbs, labral setae; lbi, labium; ms, maxillary setae; mx, maxillae; ul, anteromedial labial setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FEC3C0D3FE4426DA" box="[378,394,1482,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[322,1251,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[320,1251,193,1824]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Anterior view of the head of terminal instar pteromalid larvae (A = agamic generation; S = sexual generation for host). A. Arthrolytus glandium ex Callirhytis rufescens (A). B. Cecidostiba fungosa ex Andricus quercusradicis (S). C. Cecidostiba geganius ex Andricus quercusradicis (A). D. Pteromalus bedeguaris ex Diplolepis rosae. E. Pteromalus hieracii ex Aulacidea follioti. F. Pteromalus isarchus ex Xestophanes potentillae. G. Rivasia fumariae ex Neaylax versicolor. H. Stinoplus lapsanae ex Timaspis lapsanae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280041/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head usually rounded, slightly broader than high. Upper margin of vertex regularly convex, with its medial area incised. Antennae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FDD8C0E9FDB3253F" box="[609,637,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">an</emphasis>
|
||
) always visible on frons (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FC15C0F6FC70253F" box="[940,958,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">fr</emphasis>
|
||
), situated slightly below vertex area (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FACDC0E9FA45253F" box="[1396,1419,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">vr</emphasis>
|
||
), usually short and button-like; basal region or antennal foramina (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FC33C30AFC512513" box="[906,927,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">af</emphasis>
|
||
) distinct, resulting in a remarkable outward antennal region (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FEE2C321FE4C2577" box="[347,386,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">anr</emphasis>
|
||
). Head with 6 pairs of inconspicuous setae: (i) pair of antero-medial setae on frontal area (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF19C342FF04254B" box="[160,202,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">amf</emphasis>
|
||
); (ii) pair of antero-lateral setae on vertex (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FD79C342FD2C254B" box="[704,738,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">val</emphasis>
|
||
); (iii) pair of antero-medial setae on antennal area (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FA8EC345FA97254B" box="[1335,1369,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">am</emphasis>
|
||
); (iv) pair of genal setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FEC1C399FE5A25AF" box="[376,404,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">gn</emphasis>
|
||
) on genae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FDA4C399FDF825AF" box="[541,566,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">gr</emphasis>
|
||
); (v) pair of clypeal setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FCD7C399FC4B25AF" box="[878,901,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">cs</emphasis>
|
||
) on clypeus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FB9BC366FBF825AF" box="[1058,1078,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">cl</emphasis>
|
||
) and (vi) pair of lateral clypeal setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF67C3BAFF332583" box="[222,253,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">lcs</emphasis>
|
||
) situated in lower frontal area. Clypeus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FD7FC3BAFD142583" box="[710,730,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">cl</emphasis>
|
||
) a more or less triangular region with a variably shaped ventral margin anterodorsal to mouth region. Labrum (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FD0EC3DEFD0325E7" box="[695,717,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">lb</emphasis>
|
||
) a single structure above the underlip complex (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FAB8C3D1FAFF25E7" box="[1281,1329,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">mpu</emphasis>
|
||
), usually semicircular and bearing a pair of dorso-labral setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FD54C3F2FCC0243B" box="[749,782,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">dls</emphasis>
|
||
) above and a pair of labral setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FB32C3F2FB62243B" box="[1163,1196,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">lbs</emphasis>
|
||
) below (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FAA9C3F3FA9C243A" box="[1296,1362,1770,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[313,1277,196,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[307,1280,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Pteromalus hieracii (Thomson), anterior view of head illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: af, antennal foramina; am, antero-medial setae of antennal region; an, antenna; anr, antennal area; cl, clypeus; cs, clypeal setae; dls, dorso-labral setae; fr, frons; gn, genal setae; gr, genal region; hr, hypostomal region; lb, labrum; lbi, labium; mx, maxillae; vr, vertex region. B. Rivasia fumariae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, anterior view of mouthparts (Mpu). Abbreviations: dls, dorso-labral setae; lb, labrum; lbs, labral setae; lbi, labium; ms, maxillary setae; mx, maxillae; ul, anteromedial labial setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C07FFD4FF7EC216FBCD24E2" blockId="2.[151,1436,906,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF7EC216FE9B241F" box="[199,341,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Mouth parts</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C07FFD4FED1C216FE7D241F" box="[360,435,1807,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[313,1277,196,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[307,1280,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Pteromalus hieracii (Thomson), anterior view of head illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: af, antennal foramina; am, antero-medial setae of antennal region; an, antenna; anr, antennal area; cl, clypeus; cs, clypeal setae; dls, dorso-labral setae; fr, frons; gn, genal setae; gr, genal region; hr, hypostomal region; lb, labrum; lbi, labium; mx, maxillae; vr, vertex region. B. Rivasia fumariae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, anterior view of mouthparts (Mpu). Abbreviations: dls, dorso-labral setae; lb, labrum; lbs, labral setae; lbi, labium; ms, maxillary setae; mx, maxillae; ul, anteromedial labial setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 7). The mouthparts comprise the mandibles (see below) and the underlip complex (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF19C22DFF1A2473" box="[160,212,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Mpu</emphasis>
|
||
), which is formed by the hypopharynx (hardly discernible), the maxillae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FB92C22DFB822473" box="[1067,1100,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">mx</emphasis>
|
||
) and the labium (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FAA5C22AFAF72473" box="[1308,1337,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">lbi</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36390D17C07FFD4FAEAC22AFABC2473" box="[1363,1394,1843,1867]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for other chalcid families, the maxillae and labium are not clearly separated in pteromalid terminal instar. The maxillary palps are inconspicuous and seldom visible. Below the maxillae ventrally is the labium, an area that is usually convex. The maxillae and labium bear two pairs of short setae, often hardly visible: a pair of antero-medial labial setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FF66C2DAFF3B24E3" box="[223,245,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ul</emphasis>
|
||
) and a pair of maxillary setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C07FFD4FDEDC2DDFDBD24E3" box="[596,627,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ms</emphasis>
|
||
) on one of the two maxillary palps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCBD0417C06FFD5FF7EC581FC6A2207" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C06FFD5FF7EC581FEF02388" box="[199,318,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Mandibles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134FCCC47C06FFD5FEF7C58EFE5B2397" box="[334,405,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,195,1687]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[265,1321,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Anterior view of left mandible of terminal-instar pteromalid larvae (A = agamic generation for host). A. Arthrolytus glandium ex Callirhytis rufescens (A). B. Cecidostiba geganius ex Andricus quercusradicis (A). C. Pteromalus bedeguaris ex Diplolepis rosae; and anterior view of the left mandible. D. Stinoplus lapsanae ex Timaspis lapsanae. E. Rivasia fumariae ex Neaylax versicolor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280043/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larval mandibles, especially the blades, are not clearly visible in the pteromalid species studied except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C74ABC27C06FFD5FED3C5A5FDF023EC" box="[362,574,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Stinoplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapsanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9000C537C06FFD5FED3C5A5FDF023EC" box="[362,574,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Stinoplus lapsanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both are usually symmetrical and single-toothed. They are often small and differences between the species are relatively inconspicuous. Generally the larval mandible is considered an important character in systematics and taxonomy and has been described for all studied species.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36390D17C06FFD5FB36C41DFB602224" box="[1167,1198,260,284]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
far as is known pteromalid larvae have mandibles with one or rarely more than one tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |