479 lines
68 KiB
XML
479 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb17155-ff26-4d5e-abaf-3ccafecb1d09" ID-PMC="PMC8357699" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1054-173" ID-Pensoft-UUID="89361D5DA1B654838CBE24FAAEDC3D62" ID-PubMed="34393568" ID-ZooBank="F68C2889F9194D01BB50F415935024BC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1054-173" checkinTime="1628149776054" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Samyn, Yves, Sonet, Gontran & d'Acoz, Cedric d'Udekem" docDate="2021" docId="4BF419658EAD535A8752025BC9763C11" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1054: 173-184" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1054" docPubDate="2021-08-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088" docTitle="Neopentadactyla mixta" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="89361D5DA1B654838CBE24FAAEDC3D62" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="89361D5DA1B654838CBE24FAAEDC3D62" masterDocTitle="Exploring the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in the taxonomy of sea cucumbers: a case-study on the gravel sea cucumber Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Phyllophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="173" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1668150807672" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Exploring the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in the taxonomy of sea cucumbers: a case-study on the gravel sea cucumber Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Phyllophoridae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Samyn, Yves</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Scientific Service of Patrimony, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">yves.samyn@naturalsciences.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sonet, Gontran</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Joint Experimental Molecular Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>d'Acoz, Cedric d'Udekem</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Scientific Service of Patrimony, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2021-08-04</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>1054</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>173</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>184</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1054-173</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F68C2889F9194D01BB50F415935024BC</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">89361D5DA1B654838CBE24FAAEDC3D62</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="183922031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4BF419658EAD535A8752025BC9763C11" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BF419658EAD535A8752025BC9763C11" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="4BF41965-8EAD-535A-8752-025BC9763C11" authority="(Oestergren, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
Neopentadactyla mixta (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1898)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figures 1A-L</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">, 2A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ostergren" authorityYear="1898" class="Holothurioidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Pseudocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocucumis mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">Pseudocucumis mixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1898: 104, 105, 135, fig. 3 (p. 109).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ostergren" authorityYear="1898" class="Holothurioidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Pseudocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocucumis mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">Pseudocucumis mixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb03186.x" author="Bedford, FP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="834 - 848" refId="B1" refString="Bedford, FP, 1898. Report on the holothurians collected, by M. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 68: 834 - 848, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb03186.x" title="Report on the holothurians collected, by M. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb03186.x" volume="68" year="1898">Bedford 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 843 (discussion);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Aarborg" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 34" refId="B31" refString="Oestergren, H, 1902. The Holothuroidea of Northern Norway. Bergens Museum Aarborg 9: 1 - 34" title="The Holothuroidea of Northern Norway." volume="9" year="1902">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1902
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24, note 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Aarborg" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B32" refString="Oestergren, H, 1904. Pseudocucumis mixta. II. Mitteilungen aus Museen, Instituten usw. 1 Naturvetenskapliga Studentsaellskapet, Uppsala. Zoologische Sektion, Sitzung den 27 Maerz 1903: e659." title="Pseudocucumis mixta. II. Mitteilungen aus Museen, Instituten usw. 1 Naturvetenskapliga Studentsaellskapet, Uppsala. Zoologische Sektion, Sitzung den 27 Maerz 1903: e 659." year="1904">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1904
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 659;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Oestergren, H, 1906. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus -Arten. Arkiv foer Zoologi 3 (16): 1 - 24" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus - Arten." volume="3" year="1906">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1906
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1-24, figs 1-3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ohshima, H" journalOrPublisher="2). Clarendon Press, Oxford" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B29" refString="Ohshima, H, 1912. On the system of Phyllophorinae with description of the species found in Japan Annotationes zoologicae japonenses 8(1): 53-96. [pl. 1.]" title="On the system of Phyllophorinae with description of the species found in Japan Annotationes zoologicae japonenses 8 (1): 53 - 96. [pl. 1.]" year="1912">Ohshima 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
54, 59 (discussion);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lieberkind, I" journalOrPublisher="The Zoology of the Faroes" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B18" refString="Lieberkind, I, 1929. Echinodermata. The Zoology of the Faroes 3 (1): 1 - 20" title="Echinodermata." volume="3" year="1929">Lieberkind 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 14;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Massy, AL" journalOrPublisher="The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="37 - 62" refId="B20" refString="Massy, AL, 1920. The Holothurioidea of the Coasts of lreland. The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 16: 37 - 62" title="The Holothurioidea of the Coasts of lreland." volume="16" year="1920">Massy 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 52;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher="Paul Lechevalier, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B13" refString="Koehler, R, 1921. Echinodermes. Faune de France, Tome 1. Paul Lechevalier, Paris" title="Echinodermes. Faune de France, Tome 1." year="1921">Koehler 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 168, fig. 124;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mortensen, Th" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B26" refString="Mortensen, Th, 1924. Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna 27. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, Kobenhavn, 207-256." title="Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna 27. G. E. C. Gads Forlag, Kobenhavn, 207 - 256." year="1924">Mortensen 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 236, fig. 116;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher="Librairie Octave, Gaston Doin, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B14" refString="Koehler, R, 1927. Les Echinodermes des Mers d'Europe, Tome 2. Librairie Octave, Gaston Doin, Paris" title="Les Echinodermes des Mers d'Europe, Tome 2." year="1927">Koehler 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 195, pl. 16, fig 16;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Engel, H" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="3 - 42" refId="B7" refString="Engel, H, 1933. Holothuries. Resultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. Le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie 3 (13): 3 - 42" title="Holothuries. Resultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. Le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique." volume="3" year="1933">Engel 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33-34 (distribution);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cherbonnier, G" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B4" refString="Cherbonnier, G, 1952. Sur la presence a Roscoff de Pseudocucumis mixta Ostergren (Holothurie dendrochirote). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (serie 2) 24: 570-573." title="Sur la presence a Roscoff de Pseudocucumis mixta Ostergren (Holothurie dendrochirote). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (serie 2) 24: 570 - 573." year="1952">Cherbonnier 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 570, figs 1, 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" author="Koennecker, G" journalOrPublisher=") Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B16" refString="Koennecker, G, Keegan, BF, 1973. In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" title="In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157 - 162." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" year="1973">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Könnecker">Koennecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Keegan 1973
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 157-162 (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
pictures).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothurioidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Pseudocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocucumis" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pseudocucumis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothurioidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Pseudocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocucumis" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pseudocucumis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cuenoti Koehler & Vaney, 1905: 395, figs 1-6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">Neopentadactyla mixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Deichmann, 1944: 736;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heding, SG" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 209" refId="B12" refString="Heding, SG, Panning, A, 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologische Museum in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 1 - 209" title="Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologische Museum in Kopenhagen." volume="13" year="1954">Heding and Panning 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 186, fig. 91;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" author="Feral, JP" editor="Jangoux," journalOrPublisher="Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="111 - 113" refId="B8" refString="Feral, JP, 1979. Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance. In: Jangoux, , Ed.,. Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam: 111 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" title="Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" volumeTitle="." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Féral">Feral</normalizedToken>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 111, figs A-L;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Feral, JP" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="41 - 49" refId="B9" refString="Feral, JP, 1980. Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21: 41 - 49" title="Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae)." volume="21" year="1980">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Féral">Feral</normalizedToken>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 42, figs 1, 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400070697" author="Smith, TB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the marine biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="301 - 311" refId="B43" refString="Smith, TB, 1983. Tentacular ultrastructure and feeding behaviour of Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota). Journal of the marine biological Association of the United Kingdom 63 (2): 301 - 311, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400070697" title="Tentacular ultrastructure and feeding behaviour of Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400070697" volume="63" year="1983">Smith 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 301, figs 1-4;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, E" journalOrPublisher="Marine Conservation Society, IMMEL Publishing, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B47" refString="Wood, E, 1988. Sea Life of Britain & Ireland. Marine Conservation Society, IMMEL Publishing, London" title="Sea Life of Britain & Ireland." year="1988">Wood 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 143, 151 (drawing), 179;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyse, J" editor="Hayward, PJ" journalOrPublisher="2). Clarendon Press, Oxford" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="839 - 871" refId="B28" refString="Moyse, J, Tyler, PA, 1990. Echinodermata. In: Hayward, PJ, Ryland, JS, Eds., The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe (Vol. 2). Clarendon Press, Oxford: 839 - 871" title="Echinodermata." volumeTitle="The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe (Vol." year="1990">Moyse and Tyler 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 866 (key), 869, fig. 15.14 (upper left);
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="101 - 127" refId="B11" refString="Hansen, B, McKenzie, JD, 1991. A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 (2): 101 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" title="A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" volume="103" year="1991">Hansen and McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 123 (lectotype and 3 paralectotypes), fig. 126-140;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" author="McKenzie, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="123 - 171" refId="B22" refString="McKenzie, DJ, 1991. The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians. Journal of Natural History 25: 123 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" title="The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" volume="25" year="1991">McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 126, fig. 1; 132, fig. 3a-d;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Picton, BE" journalOrPublisher="IMMEL Publications, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Picton, BE, 1993. A Field Guide to the Echinoderms of the British Isles. IMMEL Publications, London" title="A Field Guide to the Echinoderms of the British Isles." year="1993">Picton 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 78 (colour photograph);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McKenzie, DJ" editor="Howson, CM" journalOrPublisher="Ulster Museum and the Marine Conservation Society, Belfast and Ross-on-Wye" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="268 - 276" refId="B23" refString="McKenzie, DJ, 1997. Echinodermata. In: Howson, CM, Picton, BE, Eds., The Species Directory of the Marine Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and Surrounding Seas. Ulster Museum and the Marine Conservation Society, Belfast and Ross-on-Wye: 268 - 276" title="Echinodermata." volumeTitle="The Species Directory of the Marine Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and Surrounding Seas." year="1997">McKenzie 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 274;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Southward, EC" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of London and The estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Shrewsbyry" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B41" refString="Southward, EC, Campbell, AC, 2006. Echinoderms. In: Crothers JH, Hayward PJ (Eds) Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 56. The Linnean Society of London and The estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Shrewsbyry" title="Echinoderms. In: Crothers JH, Hayward PJ (Eds) Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 56." year="2006">Southward and Campbell 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 224, fig. 201.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="status and location of types">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Status and location of types.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden (UPSZTY 2346): lectotype (249a); 2 paralectotypes (249b) (designated by McKenzie in 1990 according to the database of the Upsala Museum).
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" author="McKenzie, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="123 - 171" refId="B22" refString="McKenzie, DJ, 1991. The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians. Journal of Natural History 25: 123 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" title="The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" volume="25" year="1991">McKenzie (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that he did not designate a lectotype and paralectotypes. In another publication
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="101 - 127" refId="B11" refString="Hansen, B, McKenzie, JD, 1991. A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 (2): 101 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" title="A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" volume="103" year="1991">Hansen and McKenzie (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 123) did designate and describe the lectotype ("Typsamlingen Nr. 249a") from the four syntypes as present in the Uppsala
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Museum’s">Museum's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection; the three remaining syntypes therefore become paralectotypes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="101 - 127" refId="B11" refString="Hansen, B, McKenzie, JD, 1991. A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 (2): 101 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" title="A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" volume="103" year="1991">Hansen and McKenzie (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 123) stated that they have maintained the original division of the four syntypes over two jars (249a and 249b), "each containing two specimens one of which was dissected, the other intact". According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="101 - 127" refId="B11" refString="Hansen, B, McKenzie, JD, 1991. A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 (2): 101 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" title="A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" volume="103" year="1991">Hansen and McKenzie (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the lectotype is thus together with one of the paralectotype in Jar 249a, while the other two paralectotypes are in jar 249b. We did not revisit this type series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
W. Norway (most likely Molde, i.e., about
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="62" direction="north" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="62.75">62°45'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.233333">7°14'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
RBINS I.G. 33990, HOL.1736 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
plus SEM stubs: I.G. 33990/HOL.1736/1-8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Description</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">(based on material examined).</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate, with central part inflated and anterior and posterior ends more narrow. Length of fixed specimens 50-155 mm (measured along the dorsal face); diameter 30-80 mm at mid-body, 21-43 mm anteriorly and 12-25 mm posteriorly. Color in alcohol after a short period of preservation same as color in life: body light beige, with irregular, brownish spots and patches (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
); patches larger ventrally. Tentacles with their shaft light beige and the branches brownish with beige tips. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" author="McKenzie, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="123 - 171" refId="B22" refString="McKenzie, DJ, 1991. The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians. Journal of Natural History 25: 123 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" title="The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" volume="25" year="1991">McKenzie (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 10 large, five small, and five intermediate sized tentacles can be observed in live specimens. Insufficient relaxation of the specimens at hand made it impossible to observe the exact position of the tentacles in the specimens under study. Tube feet predominantly in the radii, in irregular double series anteriorly and posteriorly and in up to six rows, spreading into the interradii ventrally. Tube feet light beige. Body wall gritty to the touch. Body wall thin mid-body, thicker anteriorly and distally, possibly an artefact of fixation. Longitudinal muscles visible through the body wall where the skin is thinnest. Longitudinal muscles thick, undivided, and attached to the body wall along their entire width. Retractor muscles arise about 1/3 of the body length from anterior end, attaching to the radial section of the long and thin tubular calcareous ring, which itself is about 1/4 of the body length (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Calcareous ring with five radial and five interradial parts (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The radial parts are anteriorly notched, with 1-3 larger plates anteriorly and an irregular meshwork of smaller plates posteriorly. The interradial parts are anteriorly pointed, have 3 or 4 larger plates anteriorly and an irregular meshwork of smaller plates posteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Calcareous ring embedded in a thin layer of tissue, with the calcified elements connected by connective tissue. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). No clear posterior ending visible at the end of the comet-shaped, calcareous ring (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal surfaces of especially the radial pieces are guttered (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Single, very long Polian vesicle; single curled stone canal embedded in the dorsal mesentery (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring B lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces) C oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring D focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Neopentadactyla mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1898)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">A</emphasis>
|
||
focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">B</emphasis>
|
||
focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
|
||
focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">D</emphasis>
|
||
focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">E</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">F</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the 2-pillared tables from the introvert
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">G</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">H</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the 4-pillared tables from the dorsal body wall
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">I</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the 4-pillared tables from the ventral body wall
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">J</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">K</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">L</emphasis>
|
||
SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
); 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">E-L</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574385" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Neopentadactyla mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1898)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">A</emphasis>
|
||
micro-CT scan visualizing the position of the calcareous ring
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view with micro-CT imaging of the anterior part of the calcareous ring (AR: most anterior radial piece; AIR: most anterior interradial pieces; SAR: subsequent anterior radial pieces; SAIR: subsequent interradial anterior pieces; Mesh: meshwork of radial and interradial median to distal pieces)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
|
||
oblique view with micro-CT imaging showing a guttered internal side of the calcareous ring
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">D</emphasis>
|
||
focus-stacked view of the calcareous ring and associated structures (T: tentacles; LM: longitudinal muscle with bifurcation point (BfP); PV: Polian vesicle: SC: stone canal). Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Tentacle shafts with irregular, complex rosettes, 30-45
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and 15-25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1E</figureCitation>
|
||
); tentacle tips with straight to curved, terminally perforated rods, 30-55
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and rosettes similar to those of the tentacle shafts (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1G</figureCitation>
|
||
); introvert with 2-pillared tables only, disc smooth, 65-80
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter, irregular in outline, perforated by four central holes and a variable number of irregularly peripheral holes; pillars 40-65
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
high, with single cross-beam, ending in a narrow, sparsely-spined crown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1F</figureCitation>
|
||
); dorsal and ventral body wall with 4-pillared tables, 80-100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter, smooth rim, irregular in outline, perforated by four central holes and a variable number of peripheral holes arranged in multiple irregular circles; pillars 60-76
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
high, with single cross-beam, ending in a narrow, spined crown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal and ventral tube feet with plates, 64-95
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and 40-55
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
wide; endplate
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
200
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter, with uneven sized holes and with some relief (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren, 1898) A focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of dissected specimen B focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of dissected specimen C focus-stacked view of the dorsal-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen D focus-stacked view of the ventral-lateral view of a non-dissected specimen E SEM view of the rosettes from the shaft of a tentacle F SEM view of the 2 - pillared tables from the introvert G SEM view of the rods and rosettes from a tentacle tip H SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the dorsal body wall I SEM view of the 4 - pillared tables from the ventral body wall J SEM view of the plates from the dorsal tube feet K SEM view of the plates from the ventral tube feet L SEM view of half of an end-plate from a ventral tube foot. Scale bars: 1 cm (A-D); 50 μm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1054.67088.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574384" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Contrary to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Feral, JP" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="41 - 49" refId="B9" refString="Feral, JP, 1980. Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21: 41 - 49" title="Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae)." volume="21" year="1980">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Féral’s">Feral's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1980)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observation, no tables could be found in the tube feet. Longitudinal muscles devoid of ossicles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
North and West European coasts: Molde, West Norway (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="10 - 110" refId="B30" refString="Oestergren, H, 1898. Zur Anatomie der Dendrochiroten, nebst Beschreibungen neuer Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger 21 (551): 10 - 110" title="Zur Anatomie der Dendrochiroten, nebst Beschreibungen neuer Arten." volume="21" year="1898">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ötsergren">Oetsergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1898
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Arcachon,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bréhat">Brehat</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island, Wimereux, Roscoff, Chausey Islands, France (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher=") Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="395 - 400" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10091040" refId="B15" refString="Koehler, R, Vaney, C, 1905. Description d'une nouvelle holothurie des cotes de France (Pseudocucumis Cuenoti nov. sp.) Revue Suisse de Zoologie 13: 395 - 400, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10091040" title="Description d'une nouvelle holothurie des cotes de France (Pseudocucumis Cuenoti nov. sp." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10091040" volume="13" year="1905">Koehler and Vaney 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher="Paul Lechevalier, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B13" refString="Koehler, R, 1921. Echinodermes. Faune de France, Tome 1. Paul Lechevalier, Paris" title="Echinodermes. Faune de France, Tome 1." year="1921">Koehler 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cabioch, L" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="265 - 268" refId="B3" refString="Cabioch, L, 1965. Notes sur la faune marine benthique de Roscoff. Echinodermes. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 6: 265 - 268" title="Notes sur la faune marine benthique de Roscoff. Echinodermes." volume="6" year="1965">Cabioch 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" author="Feral, JP" editor="Jangoux," journalOrPublisher="Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="111 - 113" refId="B8" refString="Feral, JP, 1979. Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance. In: Jangoux, , Ed.,. Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam: 111 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" title="Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" volumeTitle="." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Féral">Feral</normalizedToken>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Feral, JP" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="41 - 49" refId="B9" refString="Feral, JP, 1980. Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 21: 41 - 49" title="Variation de la spiculation au cours de la croissance chez Neopentadactyla mixta (Oestergren) 1898. (Holothurioidea, Phyllophoridae)." volume="21" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study); Northern British Islands, Faroe Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Oestergren, H, 1906. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus -Arten. Arkiv foer Zoologi 3 (16): 1 - 24" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus - Arten." volume="3" year="1906">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1906
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lieberkind, I" journalOrPublisher="The Zoology of the Faroes" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B18" refString="Lieberkind, I, 1929. Echinodermata. The Zoology of the Faroes 3 (1): 1 - 20" title="Echinodermata." volume="3" year="1929">Lieberkind 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Tatihou Island, Normandy, France (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oestergren, H" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Oestergren, H, 1906. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus -Arten. Arkiv foer Zoologi 3 (16): 1 - 24" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die westeuropaeischen Pseudocucumis - und Phyllophorus - Arten." volume="3" year="1906">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergren">Oestergren</normalizedToken>
|
||
1906
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Ireland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Massy, AL" journalOrPublisher="The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="37 - 62" refId="B20" refString="Massy, AL, 1920. The Holothurioidea of the Coasts of lreland. The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 16: 37 - 62" title="The Holothurioidea of the Coasts of lreland." volume="16" year="1920">Massy 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" author="Koennecker, G" journalOrPublisher=") Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B16" refString="Koennecker, G, Keegan, BF, 1973. In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" title="In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157 - 162." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" year="1973">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Könnecker">Koennecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Keegan 1973
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" author="Feral, JP" editor="Jangoux," journalOrPublisher="Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="111 - 113" refId="B8" refString="Feral, JP, 1979. Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance. In: Jangoux, , Ed.,. Echinoderms: Present and Past, Rotterdam: 111 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" title="Neopentadactyla mixta (Holothurioidea: Phyllophoridae) - Spiculation et croissance." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-20" volumeTitle="." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Féral">Feral</normalizedToken>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Denmark (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mortensen, Th" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B26" refString="Mortensen, Th, 1924. Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna 27. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, Kobenhavn, 207-256." title="Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna 27. G. E. C. Gads Forlag, Kobenhavn, 207 - 256." year="1924">Mortensen 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Swedish and Norwegian waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="101 - 127" refId="B11" refString="Hansen, B, McKenzie, JD, 1991. A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 (2): 101 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" title="A taxonomic review of Northern Atlantic species of Thyonidiinae and Semperiellinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00899.x" volume="103" year="1991">Hansen and McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="bathymetric range">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Bathymetric range.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Intertidal (present study) to 200 m depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Southward, EC" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of London and The estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Shrewsbyry" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B41" refString="Southward, EC, Campbell, AC, 2006. Echinoderms. In: Crothers JH, Hayward PJ (Eds) Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 56. The Linnean Society of London and The estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Shrewsbyry" title="Echinoderms. In: Crothers JH, Hayward PJ (Eds) Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 56." year="2006">Southward and Campbell 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Neopentadactyla mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most frequently found in maerl beds and coarse shell gravels with fairly strong tidal streams. It is a gregarious species, which may occur in densities of up to 297 individuals/m2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" author="Koennecker, G" journalOrPublisher=") Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B16" refString="Koennecker, G, Keegan, BF, 1973. In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" title="In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157 - 162." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" year="1973">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Könnecker">Koennecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Keegan 1973
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" author="McKenzie, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="123 - 171" refId="B22" refString="McKenzie, DJ, 1991. The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians. Journal of Natural History 25: 123 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" title="The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770091" volume="25" year="1991">McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Picton, BE" journalOrPublisher="IMMEL Publications, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Picton, BE, 1993. A Field Guide to the Echinoderms of the British Isles. IMMEL Publications, London" title="A Field Guide to the Echinoderms of the British Isles." year="1993">Picton 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" author="Koennecker, G" journalOrPublisher=") Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B16" refString="Koennecker, G, Keegan, BF, 1973. In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" title="In situ behavioural studies on echinoderm aggregations. Helgolaender wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24: 157 - 162." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01609508" year="1973">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Könnecker">Koennecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Keegan (1973)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">N. mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a rheophilic suspension feeder with diurnal feeding rhythm. Smith and Keegan (1985) demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">N. mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals on the west coast of Ireland stop their suspension feeding from autumn to spring and retire to depths of 30-60 cm in the coarse sediments during that period. As with other phyllophorids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samyn & Thandar" authorityYear="2003" class="Polychaeta" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Massinium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Massinium maculosum" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="maculosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Massinium maculosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Samyn & Thandar, 2003), this species exposes only its tentacle crown and part of its introvert and the tip of its anus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
The sediment from the beach where the studied specimens were collected consisted of coarse, gravelly sand, characteristic for a wave-beaten environment and harboured a very rich and diverse fauna of other burrowing taxa (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samyn & Thandar" authorityYear="2003" class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Nemertea" rank="class">Bivalvia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samyn & Thandar" authorityYear="2003" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Nemertea" rank="class">Polychaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samyn & Thandar" authorityYear="2003" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="phylum">Sipuncula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samyn & Thandar" authorityYear="2003" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Nemertea" rank="phylum">Nemertea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="systematics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
|
||
The DNA sequence retrieved from GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) most similar to the 18S sequence obtained here was labelled as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oestergren" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Neopentadactyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopentadactyla mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Neopentadactyla mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(accession number AY133482). Its similarity with our sequence is 99.16%. This sequence is currently the only DNA sequences available online for this species. The next most similar public DNA records were from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Michonneau & Paulay" authorityYear="2014" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Phyrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyrella mookiei" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mookiei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Phyrella mookiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Michonneau & Paulay, 2014 (KX856842, 97.18%), a phyllophorid, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrocucumis africana" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Semper, 1867) (KX856841, 97.18%), a sclerodactylid. The high DNA similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">N. mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
supports the morphological identification of the specimen studied here as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">N. mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a species belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ostergren" authorityYear="1907" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phyllophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This DNA-based result is backed up by its ecology, the gross morphology of the specimens, the structure of the calcareous ring, and the ossicle assemblage. However, the high DNA similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. africana" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is troubling, as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrocucumis" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Afrocucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Deichmann, 1944 is characterized by a very different "skeletal structure": the calcareous ring has its radial pieces with two short, unsegmented, projections; the interradial pieces are without posterior projections; and the body wall holds large, 310-400
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
wide lenticular plates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Massin, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 53" refId="B21" refString="Massin, C, 1996. Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (19990). Part 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Amon during the Rhumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen 307: 1 - 53" title="Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (19990). Part 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Amon during the Rhumphius Biohistorical Expedition." volume="307" year="1996">Massin 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. mixta" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mixta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">N. mixta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no lenticular plates are present, and the calcareous ring is a much more complex structure (see the description above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="deposition of images">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Deposition of images.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">SEM images of ossicles and a focus-stacked image of the calcareous ring has been put on the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences "Virtual Collections" website at http://virtualcollections.naturalsciences.be/virtual-collections/recent-invertebrates/echinodermata#c4=N&b_start=0.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">3D mesh files have been put on https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/be-rbins-hol-1736-neopentadactyla-mixta-b013d76558234a84a4b6907132eff93d.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |