483 lines
101 KiB
XML
483 lines
101 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.35929/RSZ.0083" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761487" checkinTime="1679514280647" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Schwendinger, Peter J., Huber, Siegfried, Lehmann-Graber, Christina, Ono, Hirotsugu, Aung, Mu Mu & Hongpadharakiree, Komsan" docDate="2022" docId="03E18D71725E0375B2C6F95850C5FD05" docLanguage="en" docName="RevSuisseZool.129.2.375-424.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 129 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.35929/rsz.0083" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256.3:RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Liphistius birmanicus Thorell 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="402" masterDocId="FFD8F50972460369B239FFEC5305FF92" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Liphistius birmanicus-group (Araneae: Liphistiidae) with the description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="424" masterPageNumber="375" pageNumber="398" updateTime="1679571001943" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Liphistius birmanicus-group (Araneae: Liphistiidae) with the description of five new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Schwendinger, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, C. P. 6404, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huber, Siegfried</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ottenbohlstrasse 12, D- 88690 Mühlhofen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lehmann-Graber, Christina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, C. P. 6404, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ono, Hirotsugu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Aung, Mu Mu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hongpadharakiree, Komsan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Sirinart Rajini Mangrove Ecosystem Learning Center, Pranburi, Prachuab Khiri Khan Province, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Revue suisse de Zoologie</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-10-03</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>129</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>375</mods:start>
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<mods:end>424</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.35929/rsz.0083</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.35929/RSZ.0083</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0035-418</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7761487</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761525" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E18D71725E0375B2C6F95850C5FD05" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E18D71725E0375B2C6F95850C5FD05" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<subSubSection box="[255,652,1716,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[255,652,1716,1772]" box="[255,652,1716,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<heading bold="true" box="[255,652,1716,1740]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="72J64" authority="Thorell, 1897" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[255,652,1716,1740]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[255,652,1716,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[255,495,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Thorell T." box="[502,652,1717,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="161 - 267" refId="ref38425" refString="Thorell T. 1897. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXXIII. Secondo saggio sui Ragni Birmani. I. Parallelodontes - Tubitelariae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (serie 2) 17: 161 - 267." type="journal article" year="1897">Thorell, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="398" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="24.[255,652,1716,1772]" box="[351,556,1749,1772]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<figureCitation box="[351,417,1749,1772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,1431,1452]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-270@7.[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Localities of species in the Liphistius birmanicus-group in northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar and southern China. Blue lines indicate major rivers, black lines national borders, grey lines major roads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761489/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[430,442,1749,1772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,651,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-160@9.[151,1436,641,1924]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius ferox sp. nov., male paratype (matured 1.IX.2014) from Pathi Village. (B) Same species, female paratype from Thandaung Gyi. (C) Liphistius pinlaung, female from near Tong Htiwaw Temple. (D) Liphistius birmanicus from Yado, male (matured 20.IX.2017). (E) Same species, large female n°1. (F, H) Same species, large female n°2. (G) Same species, small female. (I) Same species, large female n°3. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761495/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">3</figureCitation>
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D-I, 13-14
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[151,757,1795,2076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thorell, 1897: 162 - 169" authorityName="Thorell" authorityPageNumber="162 - 169" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,626,1795,1816]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis box="[151,369,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Thorell T." box="[384,626,1795,1816]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="161 - 267" refId="ref38425" refString="Thorell T. 1897. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXXIII. Secondo saggio sui Ragni Birmani. I. Parallelodontes - Tubitelariae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (serie 2) 17: 161 - 267." type="journal article" year="1897">Thorell, 1897: 162-169</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(description of females). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Pocock R. I." box="[378,565,1824,1845]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" refId="ref38015" refString="Pocock R. I. 1900. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London, 279 pp." type="book" year="1900">Pocock, 1900: 156</bibRefCitation>
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(English summary of Thorell’s lengthy original description in Latin). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Bristowe W. S." box="[227,433,1882,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="1015 - 1057" refId="ref37433" refString="Bristowe W. S. 1933. The liphistiid spiders. With an appendix on their internal anatomy by J. Millot. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1932: 1015 - 1057." type="journal article" year="1933">Bristowe, 1933: 1025</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 6, 7b, 8d, 9a (comparison and illustration of characters of female). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Bristowe W. S." pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="661 - 662" refId="ref37469" refString="Bristowe W. S. 1938. A supplementary note on the liphistiid spiders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (series B) 108: 661 - 662." type="journal article" year="1938">Bristowe, 1938: 661</bibRefCitation>
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(misidentification; description of immature male of an unnamed
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<taxonomicName box="[394,570,1969,1990]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<emphasis box="[394,489,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Liphistius</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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from Moulmein). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Bristowe W. S." box="[254,511,1998,2019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="166 - 167" refId="ref37501" refString="Bristowe W. S. 1975. An interesting spider found in Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 26: 166 - 167." type="journal article" year="1975">Bristowe, 1975: 166-167</bibRefCitation>
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(new report based on misidentied specimen belonging to
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<taxonomicName authority="Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984" authorityName="Platnick & Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bristowei">
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<emphasis box="[627,756,2026,2047]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. bristowei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N. I. & Sedgwick W. C." box="[227,500,2055,2076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref37980" refString="Platnick N. I., Sedgwick W. C. 1984. A revision of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae). American Museum Novitates 2781: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Haupt J." box="[537,710,2055,2076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="275 - 293" refId="ref37689" refString="Haupt J. 1983. Vergleichende Morphologie der Genitalorgane und Phylogenie der liphistiomorphen Webspinnen (Araneae: Mesothelae). I. Revision der bisher bekannten Arten. Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 21: 275 - 293." type="journal article" year="1983">Haupt, 1983: 280</bibRefCitation>
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, figs
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="24.[907,1437,258,512]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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5c, 6c (illustration of vulval plate of female erroneously referred to as the holotype and later selected as the lectotype by Platnick & Sedgwich, 1984). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N. I. & Sedgwick W. C." pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref37980" refString="Platnick N. I., Sedgwick W. C. 1984. A revision of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae). American Museum Novitates 2781: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984: 8-10</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 7-13 (designation of lectotype; description of incorrectly identified males and females belonging to
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<taxonomicName box="[1256,1397,403,424]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
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<emphasis box="[1256,1397,403,424]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. pyinoolwin</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). –
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<bibRefCitation author="Schwendinger P. J." box="[907,1202,433,454]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref38065" refString="Schwendinger P. J. 1990. On the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Mesothelae) in Thailand and Burma. Zoologica Scripta 19 (3): 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="1990">Schwendinger, 1990: 331-332</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 1-4 (illustration of copulatory organs of incorrectly identified male and female
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<taxonomicName box="[978,1111,491,512]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
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<emphasis box="[978,1111,491,512]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. pyinoolwin</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens in AMNH).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[831,1436,536,786]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<materialsCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,907,536,559]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Types:</emphasis>
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MCSNG; female lectotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[1272,1428,536,559]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis box="[1272,1428,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Myanmar, Kayin State, Yadò (spelled Ja-dò in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fea L." pageId="24" pageNumber="398" refId="ref37553" refString="Fea L. 1896. Quattro anni fra i Birmani e le tribu limitrofe. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea. U. Hoepli, Milano, 567 pp." type="book" year="1896">Fea, 1896: 457-458</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 149), in montibus Carin Asciuii Chebà, 1200-1300 m; 1885-1888; leg L. Fea.
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</materialsCitation>
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–
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<materialsCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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MCSNG; 2 immature paralectotypes of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[1277,1428,666,689]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis box="[1277,1428,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Myanmar, Kayin State, in montibus Carin Chebà sive Biapò, 1000-1200 m; 1885-1888; leg. L. Fea. Not examined.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[831,1437,810,1674]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,946,810,833]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Remarks:</emphasis>
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Leonardo Fea (1852-1903) collected the types of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[953,1117,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis box="[953,1117,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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between December 1887 and January 1889 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fea L." box="[1072,1261,875,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="385 - 658" refId="ref37582" refString="Fea L. 1897. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine (LXXVI). Riassunto generale dei risultati zoologici. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (serie 2) 17: 385 - 658." type="journal article" year="1897">Fea, 1897: 391</bibRefCitation>
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). The original description states that the two juvenile specimens (the paralectotypes from Biapò, given as situated at 900 m altitude in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fea L." box="[952,1119,972,995]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" refId="ref37553" refString="Fea L. 1896. Quattro anni fra i Birmani e le tribu limitrofe. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea. U. Hoepli, Milano, 567 pp." type="book" year="1896">Fea, 1896: 391</bibRefCitation>
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) have entirely dark legs and palps (“toti nigricantes vel sordide fusci”), whereas the adult female (the lectotype from Yadò) has a carapace that is partly brick-red and partly dark (“cephalothorax praesertim in parte thoracica paullo testaceo-fuscovariatus”) as well as bicoloured legs and palps: mostly dark (“ad maximam partem… nigricantes vel sordide fusci”), with dark brick-red femora and dark brick-red annulations on patellae, tibiae and metatarsi (“patellae, tibiae et metatarsi, et etiam femora supra, vestigiis annuli vel annulorum binorum testaceo-fuscorum praedita”;
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<bibRefCitation author="Thorell T." box="[948,1162,1327,1350]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" pagination="161 - 267" refId="ref38425" refString="Thorell T. 1897. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXXIII. Secondo saggio sui Ragni Birmani. I. Parallelodontes - Tubitelariae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (serie 2) 17: 161 - 267." type="journal article" year="1897">Thorell, 1897: 166</bibRefCitation>
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). This indicates that the paralectotypes from Biapò are not conspecific with the lectotype from Yadò, because small females from Yadò have bicoloured legs and palps as do the corresponding large females (
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<figureCitation box="[999,1087,1457,1480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,651,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-160@9.[151,1436,641,1924]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius ferox sp. nov., male paratype (matured 1.IX.2014) from Pathi Village. (B) Same species, female paratype from Thandaung Gyi. (C) Liphistius pinlaung, female from near Tong Htiwaw Temple. (D) Liphistius birmanicus from Yado, male (matured 20.IX.2017). (E) Same species, large female n°1. (F, H) Same species, large female n°2. (G) Same species, small female. (I) Same species, large female n°3. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761495/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
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cf.
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<figureCitation box="[1137,1202,1457,1480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,651,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-160@9.[151,1436,641,1924]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius ferox sp. nov., male paratype (matured 1.IX.2014) from Pathi Village. (B) Same species, female paratype from Thandaung Gyi. (C) Liphistius pinlaung, female from near Tong Htiwaw Temple. (D) Liphistius birmanicus from Yado, male (matured 20.IX.2017). (E) Same species, large female n°1. (F, H) Same species, large female n°2. (G) Same species, small female. (I) Same species, large female n°3. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761495/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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E-F, H-I). It is quite likely that the paralectotypes belong to
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<taxonomicName box="[1301,1391,1489,1512]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1301,1391,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. ferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="24" pageNumber="398" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, because Biapò is much closer to Thandaung Gyi than to Yadò (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fea L." box="[994,1110,1554,1577]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" refId="ref37553" refString="Fea L. 1896. Quattro anni fra i Birmani e le tribu limitrofe. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea. U. Hoepli, Milano, 567 pp." type="book" year="1896">Fea, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 3), and because
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1349,1436,1554,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1349,1436,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">L. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[831,917,1586,1609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has an exceptionally large vertical distribution (from 140 m to 1400 m). It presumably also has a correspondingly large geographical range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[831,1437,1698,2077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,1003,1698,1721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="398">New material:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="398">
|
||
MHNG, BRCM (sample MT-14/33); 6 males (matured 24.IX.2014, 30.X.2014, 15.XI.2014, 27.I.2016, 28.II.2016, 9.XI.2017) and 10 females; Myanmar, Kayin State, farmland and rice fields in the southern part of the Yado (= Yadò) Valley, near the southernmost village called “Preisciò” in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fea L." pageId="24" pageNumber="398" refId="ref37553" refString="Fea L. 1896. Quattro anni fra i Birmani e le tribu limitrofe. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea. U. Hoepli, Milano, 567 pp." type="book" year="1896">Fea (1896: 458</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 3), 19°19’50”N, 96°48’29”E, 1100 m; 18.-19. VI.2014; leg. P. Schwendinger & S. Huber.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="398">MHNG (sample MT-14/35); 1 female; Myanmar, Shan State, roadside about 3 km NE of the northern end of the Yado Valley, 19°23’20”N, 96°49’29”E, 1130 m; 19.VI.2014; leg. P. Schwendinger.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="399" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,757,258,831]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,270,258,281]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Quite large spiders (CL in males 7.79-9.50, in the largest female 14.73, CW in males 7.29-9.45, in the largest female 13.27) with parts of legs, palps and carapace (especially pars cephalica) of females and late instar juvenile males yellow or orange-coloured (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,651,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-160@9.[151,1436,641,1924]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius ferox sp. nov., male paratype (matured 1.IX.2014) from Pathi Village. (B) Same species, female paratype from Thandaung Gyi. (C) Liphistius pinlaung, female from near Tong Htiwaw Temple. (D) Liphistius birmanicus from Yado, male (matured 20.IX.2017). (E) Same species, large female n°1. (F, H) Same species, large female n°2. (G) Same species, small female. (I) Same species, large female n°3. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761495/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E-I;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[216,391,420,443]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[259,310,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2I). Palp of male similar to that of much smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[385,510,452,475]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinlaung">
|
||
<emphasis box="[385,510,452,475]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">L. pinlaung</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, both possessing a distad-directed proventral contrategular process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,288,517,540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[344,442,517,540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[151,186,1936,1957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,946,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-412@30.[151,1436,941,1894]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 15. Liphistius pinlaung, left palps of two males: matured 23.XI.2014 (A-B), matured 4.VII.2015 (C-G). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum and embolus proper, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Palpal organ, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral view. (F) Tegulum, retrolateral view. (G) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view.All to same scale; scale line 1.0 mm. Abbreviation: cp - proventral process of contrategulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761531/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Different from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[631,756,517,540]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinlaung">
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,756,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">L. pinlaung</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a more oval palpal organ in distal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[625,720,549,572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[151,252,582,605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[151,186,1936,1957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,946,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-412@30.[151,1436,941,1894]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 15. Liphistius pinlaung, left palps of two males: matured 23.XI.2014 (A-B), matured 4.VII.2015 (C-G). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum and embolus proper, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Palpal organ, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral view. (F) Tegulum, retrolateral view. (G) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view.All to same scale; scale line 1.0 mm. Abbreviation: cp - proventral process of contrategulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761531/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
), a wider and shorter pigmented area at base of membranous embolus part (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[498,599,614,637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[648,747,614,637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[151,186,1936,1957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,946,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-412@30.[151,1436,941,1894]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 15. Liphistius pinlaung, left palps of two males: matured 23.XI.2014 (A-B), matured 4.VII.2015 (C-G). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum and embolus proper, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Palpal organ, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral view. (F) Tegulum, retrolateral view. (G) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view.All to same scale; scale line 1.0 mm. Abbreviation: cp - proventral process of contrategulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761531/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a widely arched retrolateral paracymbium side lacking a proximal heel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[424,521,679,702]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[565,665,679,702]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[151,186,1936,1957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,946,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-412@30.[151,1436,941,1894]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 15. Liphistius pinlaung, left palps of two males: matured 23.XI.2014 (A-B), matured 4.VII.2015 (C-G). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum and embolus proper, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Palpal organ, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral view. (F) Tegulum, retrolateral view. (G) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view.All to same scale; scale line 1.0 mm. Abbreviation: cp - proventral process of contrategulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761531/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vulval plate distinguished from that of uniformly dark brown
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,276,744,767]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinlaung">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,276,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">L. pinlaung</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female by anterior lobes of poreplate closer to each other and posterior stalk more angular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,236,808,831]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[276,355,808,831]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[151,186,1817,1838]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,267,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-78@31.[151,1440,255,1768]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 16. Liphistius pinlaung (A-J) and Liphistius sp. (specimen from Kalaw; K-L), vulval plates of seven females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, G, I, K) and ventral view (B-C, E-F, H, J, L). (A-B) Moult of 10.II.2019. (C) Moult of 7.XII.2018. (D-E) Moult of 10.IV.2021. (F) Moult of 21.X.2018. (G-H) Moult of 16.V.2020. (I-J) Moult of 8.III.2020. (K-L) Moult of 15.VIII.2017. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761533/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,756,856,2077]" lastBlockId="25.[831,1437,258,961]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,436,856,879]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Additions to description:</emphasis>
|
||
Males mostly with uniformly dark brown sclerites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[389,476,888,911]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,651,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-160@9.[151,1436,641,1924]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius ferox sp. nov., male paratype (matured 1.IX.2014) from Pathi Village. (B) Same species, female paratype from Thandaung Gyi. (C) Liphistius pinlaung, female from near Tong Htiwaw Temple. (D) Liphistius birmanicus from Yado, male (matured 20.IX.2017). (E) Same species, large female n°1. (F, H) Same species, large female n°2. (G) Same species, small female. (I) Same species, large female n°3. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761495/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[490,660,888,911]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,581,888,911]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2J), apart from an orange-coloured area in posterior portion of cephalic carapace part in some males (see Variation), and with weak scopulae on tarsi I-II, slightly denser ones on tarsi III-IV, covering only distal 1/2 of tarsus I, distal 2/3 of tarsus II, distal 3/4 of tarsus III and distal 4/5 of tarsus IV in most males (see also Variation). Male palp with moderately deep tibial apophysis (depth/ length ratio ~ 1.8), relatively small and triangular in ventral view, only slightly set back from distal margin of tibia (illustrated as distinctly set back in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8A), carrying four long pointed apical megaspines; distal margin of palpal tarsus widely but shallowly invaginated, with a small knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[487,587,1341,1364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
); paracymbium short, somewhat globular in ventral view, its retrolateral surface widely and evenly arched, without a proximal heel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[215,318,1438,1461]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
|
||
); cumulus slightly elevated, carrying a dense group of several long strong bristles close to each other and arranged in two rows (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[509,610,1503,1526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
|
||
); subtegulum without apophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[369,469,1536,1559]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
|
||
); tegulum large, its distal margin not elevated, its proximal edge widely arched, finely dentate, bent and overhanging membranous area below it (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[263,344,1633,1656]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E-G); contrategulum with proventral process conical and inclined distad (almost parallel to axis of embolus proper), its apex narrowly rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,265,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
, D-F;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[349,536,1730,1753]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,450,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8D-F); a few oblique wrinkles on dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[568,671,1762,1785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a pronounced proximal ledge on retrodorsal side (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13A, D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
); distal edge of contrategulum moderately wide, with a few ridges and a narrowly rounded dorsal apex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[225,310,1892,1915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B), prolateral part of edge elevated and developed as a distinct keel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[562,671,1924,1947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
); paraembolic plate short, about as long as retroventral edge of embolus complex and separated from it by a shallow invagination (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[391,467,2021,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E-F); embolus proper with sclerotised part strengthened by 5-6 longitudinal ribs reaching apex and carrying denticles distally, narrowly divided from distinctly shorter membranous embolus part; short area at base of membranous part strongly pigmented, with numerous longitudinal wrinkles, its distal margin wide and slightly oblique (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1316,1424,387,410]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females with few to several hairs on lateral folds of vulval plate; poreplate as long as wide (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1322,1407,452,475]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
NO), or wider than long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1143,1231,485,508]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A-M), posteriorly wider than anteriorly, with a pair of rather indistinct (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[839,935,549,572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14L</figureCitation>
|
||
) to very wide, rounded lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1268,1344,549,572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N-O) on anterior margin, and with a small pair of anterolateral processes; CDO fairly small, round, quadrangular or triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[955,1199,646,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14A, D, G, J, N</figureCitation>
|
||
); receptacular cluster racemose, slightly to distinctly longer than wide, not reaching anterior margin of poreplate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1297,1384,711,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[1039,1208,744,767]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1129,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 9-10); posterior stalk narrower than poreplate, axe-blade-shaped, with posterior margin widely arched (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1224,1310,808,831]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
G-I, L) or trapezoidal, in the latter case posterior margin straight and narrower than median part of posterior stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A-F, J-K, M-O); transition from poreplate to posterior stalk usually distinctly constricted (see also Variation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[831,1437,985,2077]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,1819,2013]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,949,985,1008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Variation:</emphasis>
|
||
For carapace measurements and prefoveal setae counts see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1028,1114,1018,1041]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="46.[151,204,1454,1475]" captionTargetId="graphics-627@46.[151,1436,1545,2074]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Table 1. Carapace measurements (in mm; including data from the literature) and prefoveal setae counts of Liphistius birmanicus group species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF376CEF72680347B2AEFA425282FA71" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" tableUuid="DF376CEF72680347B2AEFA425282FA71">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. In all specimens the AME are distinctly developed. The number of setae anterior to the fovea ranges 11-25 in males and it is over 40 (continuous with other setae on pars cephalica of carapace) in all females. Three males have a distinct orange-coloured area in the posterior portion of the pars cephalica; in one male this area is only indistinct; in the remaining two males it is not visible. In the female from the Shan State the carapace has a larger orange-coloured area than in females from Yado, with the W-shaped dark marking behind its eye mound only continuous in the middle, the lateral parts developed as series of dark spots. In males the extent of the tarsal scopulae is slightly variable: I - 1/2-2/3, II - 2/3-3/4, III - 3/4-4/5, IV - 4/5. Variation in details of the male palp is given in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1013,1094,1503,1526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-229@26.[151,1436,257,1320]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 13. Liphistius birmanicus, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm.Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
. In one of the males examined the tibial apophysis is slightly further set back from the distal margin of the palpal tibia than in other males, but not as far as illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[1257,1433,1600,1623]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[1300,1365,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8A. Variation in the shape of the vulval plate is considerable (see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1032,1115,1665,1688]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." box="[1131,1308,1665,1688]" pageId="25" pageNumber="399" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[1174,1233,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 9-10). The anterior margin of the poreplate is indistinctly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[840,920,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
J-K) to deeply invaginated (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1244,1326,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N-O); the poreplate is usually clearly wider than long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1329,1406,1762,1785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
AM), in one female as long as wide (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1246,1327,1795,1818]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N-O); the anterior lobes of the poreplate are indistinct (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1337,1416,1827,1850]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
JK) to very distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1069,1152,1859,1882]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N-O); the CDO is small (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[840,944,1892,1915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
) to very small (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1141,1247,1892,1915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||
), round in most females, developed as a longitudinal slit or triangle in two specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1013,1154,1956,1979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
); the pores on the dorsal side of the poreplate are quite large (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1263,1395,1989,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14A, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) to small (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[909,1014,2021,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||
); the lateral margins of the poreplate vary from widely arched (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1115,1191,2054,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="399">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
J-K) to almost straight ►
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761527/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="400" startId="26.[151,186,1411,1432]" targetBox="[157,1431,263,1314]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[151,1438,1411,1576]" pageId="26" pageNumber="400">
|
||
Fig. 13.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[237,444,1411,1432]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,444,1411,1432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="400">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, left palps of two males from the type locality; male matured 27.I.2016 (A-B), male matured 15.XI.2014 (C-H). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Distal part of tarsus, prodorsal view; knob-shaped process on distodorsal corner indicated by short arrow. (D) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (E) Same, ventral view; bent proximal edge of tegulum indicated by long arrow. (F) Distal part of palpal organ, retroventral and slightly proximal view. (G) Palpal organ, retrolateral view. (H) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm. Abbreviation: cp - proventral contrategular process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="400" startId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" targetBox="[154,1432,271,2022]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[151,1437,1819,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="400">
|
||
Fig. 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[237,446,1819,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,446,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="400">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,757,258,854]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,241,258,281]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N-O); the posterior stalk is constricted at the base, trapezoidal, posteriorly narrower than medially in most females, axe-blade-shaped in two specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14G, L</figureCitation>
|
||
), or widely connected to the poreplate without a constriction in another specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[516,620,385,408]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14M</figureCitation>
|
||
, presumably deformed). It should be noted that almost all vulval plates had more or less distinct dark soiling, especially along the posterior margins of the poreplate (removed by forceps in the illustrated vulvae). These are remnants of old cuticle, and the older the spider, the denser and thicker these remaining fragments of old cuticle are. In one of the large females this presumably caused deformation at the posterior poreplate margin and at the base of the posterior stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[503,611,672,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14M</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. & Yu L. & Aung K. P. P. & Yu L. & Liu F. & Lwin W. W. & Sang M. Z. & Li D." pageId="28" pageNumber="402" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,199,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 9F, I). Tiny fragments of old cuticle are also visible inside the lateral folds of the vulval plate in some specimens (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[394,492,767,790]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
, I-M). The anterolateral processes on the ventral side of the poreplate are always present, but not always very pronounced (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[598,696,831,854]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[151,186,1819,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-9@27.[151,1436,257,2027]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 14. Liphistius birmanicus, vulval plates (all taken from exuviae) of ten females from the type locality (A-M) and of one female from the Shan State (N-O); dorsal view [A, D (with uterus externus attached), G, J, N], ventral view (B-C, E-F, H-I, K-M, O). (A-B) Moult of 6.II.2021. (C) Moult of 27.XII.2020. (D) Moult of 20.XI.2021. (E) Moult of 19.II.2021 (same specimen as D). (F) Moult of 21.II.2021. (G-H) Moult of 25.XII.2020. (I) Moult of 14.V.2021. (J-K) Moult of 20.III.2021. (L) Moult of 26.X.2017. (M) Moult of 24.VIII.2017. (N-O) Moult of 2.IV.2018. Arrows indicating paired lateral pockets of membranous uterus externus. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761529/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,756,878,1378]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,315,878,901]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Relationships:</emphasis>
|
||
Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[426,576,878,901]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[426,576,878,901]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[631,756,878,901]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinlaung">
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,756,878,901]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. pinlaung</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share a strongly distad-directed proventral process of the contrategulum, which is unique within the genus and indicates a close phylogenetic relationship (in addition to geographical proximity) between these two species despite pronounced differences in body size and colouration. Judging from the body colouration of females and juveniles and from vulval plate morphology it is quite likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[377,526,1132,1155]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[377,526,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is even more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[275,386,1164,1187]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hpruso">
|
||
<emphasis box="[275,386,1164,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. hpruso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[498,630,1164,1187]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinlaung">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,630,1164,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. pinlaung</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, as long as the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[412,518,1196,1219]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hpruso">
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,518,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. hpruso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unknown or until molecular data of these three species are available for comparison, the relationship between these species cannot be confirmed. For a morphological distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[253,407,1323,1346]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[253,407,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[470,578,1323,1346]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hpruso">
|
||
<emphasis box="[470,578,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. hpruso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see Taxonomic remarks under the latter species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="402" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,756,1402,1648]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,300,1402,1425]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[309,543,1402,1425]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,543,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from the mountainous area where the Kayin State, the Kayah State and the Shan State meet (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[498,564,1466,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,1431,1452]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-270@7.[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Localities of species in the Liphistius birmanicus-group in northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar and southern China. Blue lines indicate major rivers, black lines national borders, grey lines major roads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761489/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The report of a damaged immature
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[366,516,1497,1520]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,516,1497,1520]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male from Moulmein (= Mawlawmyine) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gravely F. H." box="[416,646,1529,1552]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" pagination="257 - 287" refId="ref37625" refString="Gravely F. H. 1915. Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. Records of the Indian Museum 11: 257 - 287." type="journal article" year="1915">Gravely (1915: 260</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bristowe W. S." box="[151,372,1561,1584]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" pagination="661 - 662" refId="ref37469" refString="Bristowe W. S. 1938. A supplementary note on the liphistiid spiders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (series B) 108: 661 - 662." type="journal article" year="1938">Bristowe, 1938: 661</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is most likely incorrect.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[651,756,1561,1584]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,756,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Liphistius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males and females collected at two localities near Mawlawmyine belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick & Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[464,563,1625,1648]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bristowei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[464,563,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">bristowei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="402" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,756,1672,2077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,246,1672,1695]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Biology:</emphasis>
|
||
The specimens examined were collected from earth banks on the sides of rice fields, vegetable fields and ditches. Most burrows were simple and unbranched, closed by a single trapdoor; one penultimate male had two doors. The largest trapdoor in females was 3.5 cm long and 5.1 cm wide, those of penultimate males 2.0- 2.4 cm long and 3.2-3.6 cm wide. Burrow entrances had 6-8 relatively thick and short signal lines attached, the longest measuring 6 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,756,1672,2077]" lastBlockId="28.[831,1437,258,663]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">The first three males matured in captivity between early September and mid-November, only a few months after being captured. Two maturations of males, in January and February, occurred about 1.5 years after capture and presumably do not correspond with such events in nature. No egg cases were found in the field in late June; they are presumably constructed in December (as in conspecific species in northern Thailand). Most large females moulted twice per year.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[831,1437,258,663]" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">
|
||
One of the males examined (matured 30.X.2014) had parasitic mites (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1017,1159,449,472]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="28" pageNumber="402" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1017,1113,449,472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="402">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) sitting on its carapace (especially in the fovea), on the membranous cuticle behind the carapace, on opisthosomal tergites I-II (where mite exuviae were attached) and on the labium and sternum. As usual, the mites left numerous bite marks on the carapace, but not on the chelicerae (or on any other body parts).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |