146 lines
16 KiB
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146 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="0E5F48C6F14FD877471454DBD2FC70F5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4750.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ff300143-3581-4909-ae95-8dec768fe27a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702847" ID-ZooBank="CF37CEA8-E156-48A6-8A28-C94A294A75DF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583849226697" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. & Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2020" docId="03DC87ABFFD7022D17E81FD8FD7995D6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4750.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4750 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paralophaster Fisher 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="FFE5FFD3FFDF0225177F1F41FFA29777" masterDocTitle="New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1698726646140" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="95A1DC1325058B89F426573A04AA2E83">
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<mods:title id="524DAE76DD8F5DB8CED180B58445EDB4">New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE8ACDBFACFC35DCBCC84EEB33785DE3">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AC69A8B69FA95555077E0F639A510F08">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7771D614BF0EC6D276F34A88CE5B61CB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B88639C2CC8259BAFACA028C9AE6085C">
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<mods:date id="0F4985F99943AB24E976B0D8F0794BCF">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DC87ABFFD7022D17E81FD8FD7995D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706291" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162481338" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3706291" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC87ABFFD7022D17E81FD8FD7995D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87ABFFD7022D17E81FD8FD7995D6" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17E81FD8FE4297C4" blockId="8.[151,480,153,180]" box="[151,480,153,180]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="D08281D1FFD7022D17E81FD8FE4297C4" bold="true" box="[151,480,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17E81FD8FE4297C4" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,480,153,180]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81FD8FE4297C4" bold="true" box="[151,480,153,180]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81FD8FEE097C3" bold="true" box="[151,322,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D16351FD8FE4297C4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[330,480,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref23873" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F6536FFD7022D17E81F9FFE1D9663" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17E81F9FFC019781" blockId="8.[151,931,221,277]" box="[151,931,221,246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB651193FFD7022D17E81F9FFC019781" box="[151,931,221,246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD410ACFFD7022D17E81F9FFE469781" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,484,221,246]" page="175" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" year="1940">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17E81F9FFE469781" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authority="Fisher, 1940: 175" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="175" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,484,221,246]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81F9FFE8B9781" box="[151,297,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D164F1F9CFE469781" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[304,484,221,246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref23873" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940: 175</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; A. M.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD410ACFFD7022D15501F9CFD689781" author="Clark, A. M." box="[559,714,221,246]" page="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D15501F9CFD689781" author="Clark, A. M." box="[559,714,221,246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref23086" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark 1962: 52</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD410ACFFD7022D15AB1F9CFC3D9781" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[724,927,221,246]" page="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D15AB1F9CFC3D9781" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[724,927,221,246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref25492" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea- stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006: 10</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17E81FBCFE1D9663" blockId="8.[151,931,221,277]" box="[151,447,252,277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB651193FFD7022D17E81FBCFE1D9663" box="[151,447,252,277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD410ACFFD7022D17E81FBCFE199663" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,443,252,277]" page="181" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" year="1940">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17E81FBCFE199663" ID-CoL="a47ca792-d04c-4fe9-91c3-caf633106ecd" authority="Fisher, 1940: 181" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,443,252,277]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81FBCFEA39663" box="[151,257,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Myoraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D16781FBDFE199663" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[263,443,252,277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref23873" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940: 181</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F6536FFD7022D17E81E03FD7995D6" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17E81E03FF7796BE" blockId="8.[151,1437,322,673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81E03FEBD962A" bold="true" box="[151,287,322,349]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Comments.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D16581E02FE6B962A" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[295,457,323,349]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D16581E02FE6B962A" box="[295,457,323,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as outlined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D15091E02FCAD962A" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[630,783,323,349]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref23873" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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are five-rayed solasterids diagnosed based on superomarginals which are largely identical with other abactinal paxillae and have abactinal paxillae arranged in oblique transverse rows.
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D165C1ECAFE3796D2" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[291,405,395,421]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D165C1ECAFE3796D2" box="[291,405,395,421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Lophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has enlarged and widely separated superomarginal paxillae without paxillae in transverse rows.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17B81E92FCAC9542" blockId="8.[151,1437,322,673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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Based on
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D164B1E92FD87969A" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W." box="[308,549,467,493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref25250" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah and Foltz (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D15541E92FD6F969A" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[555,717,467,493]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D15541E92FD6F969A" box="[555,717,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was supported as the sister taxon to the clade including
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D12461E92FF0C9566" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Lophast- er</emphasis>
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as the sister to a branch containing
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D15361EB6FD079566" authorityName="E.Forbes" authorityYear="1839" box="[585,677,503,529]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D15361EB6FD079566" box="[585,677,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Solaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D15A21EB6FCF79566" authorityName="J.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[733,853,503,529]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D15A21EB6FCF79566" box="[733,853,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Crossaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134E2A38FFD7022D14191EB6FC0B9566" box="[870,937,503,529]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,2015,2040]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[310,1293,888,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Simplified tree showing relationships between the Solasteridae, Asterinidae and Ganeriidae from Mah & Foltz (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3707920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3707920/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), suggesting the multi-armed condition was derived relative to a plesiomorphic five rayed condition.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD7022D17B81D7EFD7995D6" blockId="8.[151,1437,322,673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17B81D7EFECB952E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[199,361,575,601]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17B81D7EFECB952E" box="[199,361,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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contains four species, three of which occur primarily in Antarctic settings with one species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17E81D22FD3B950A" authority="H. E. S. Clark, 1970" authorityName="H. E. S. Clark" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,665,611,637]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyalinus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81D22FE00950A" box="[151,418,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster hyalinus</emphasis>
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H. E. S.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD7022D156D1D22FD3B950A" author="Clark, H. E. S." box="[530,665,611,637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="177 - 179" refId="ref23239" refString="Clark, H. E. S. (1970) A new species of Paralophaster (Asteroidea) from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences, 12, 177 - 179, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1970">Clark, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F362762DFFD7022D159C1D22FC22950A" box="[739,896,611,637]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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. This species represents the first occurrence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD7022D17E81DC6FE9B95D6" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,313,647,673]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD7022D17E81DC6FE9B95D6" box="[151,313,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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outside of the Southern Hemisphere.
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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