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<document id="3819FD9F11A11AFB5331F599D2481E0B" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2001)263&lt;0003:TMOPFG&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378847" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630286559541" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="VOSS, ROBERT S., LUNDE, DARRIN P. &amp; SIMMONS, NANCY B." docDate="2001" docId="03B69D69FFDD374B84F2FC22FF5FFC94" docLanguage="en" docName="B263-0003.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001 (263)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0090%282001%29263%3C0003%3ATMOPFG%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chironectes minimus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FF8FE511FFCE375D863EFF99FFA9FFE9" masterDocTitle="The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1699214748838" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="23FB43DF6D02F21814D1A131161941DC">The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDD374E84F2FC22FB29FC3B" blockId="19.[716,1152,955,978]" box="[716,1152,955,978]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="D0E89B13FFDD374E84F2FC22FB29FC3B" box="[716,1152,955,978]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDD374E84F2FC22FB29FC3B" ID-CoL="5XT73" authority="(Zimmermann)" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[716,1152,955,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDD374E84F2FC22FC6CFC3B" box="[716,965,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chironectes minimus</emphasis>
(Zimmermann)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDD374E8485FC75FD4AFBD7" blockId="19.[670,1199,1004,1763]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="3B772622FFDD374E8485FC75FD50FBC8" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="AMNH 266477, 266478" specimenCount="1">
VOUCHER MATERIAL:
<specimenCode id="DBB98404FFDD374E85E4FC75FB00FBEA" box="[986,1193,1004,1027]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 266477</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBB98404FFDD374E84A0FB93FD50FBC8" box="[670,761,1034,1057]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">266478</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B772622FFDD374E8539FB93FD76FBD7" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="MNHN 1998.672" specimenCount="3">
<specimenCode id="DBB98404FFDD374E8539FB93FC75FBC8" box="[775,988,1034,1057]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MNHN 1998.672</specimenCode>
. Total =
<specimenCount id="9D19E7F6FFDD374E826EFB93FD76FBD7" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFDD37498485FBDDFE6AF9D4" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDD37498485FBDDFE65FB56" blockId="19.[670,1199,1004,1763]" lastBlockId="20.[109,638,1046,1743]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
IDENTIFICATION: Our voucher material conforms closely to most published descriptions of this widespread and distinctive species (e.g., Thomas, 1888; Cabrera, 1919; Krumbiegel, 1940a; Augustiny, 1942; Mondolfi and Medina, 1957; Husson, 1978; Marshall, 1978b; Emmons, 1990, 1997), but a few discrepancies and supplementary observations merit comment. Persistent references (op. cit.) to brownish and yellowish tints in the pelage of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDD374E8528FAF3FBB9FA68" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[790,1040,1386,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDD374E8528FAF3FBB9FA68" box="[790,1040,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chironectes minimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are probably based on old (faded or stained) museum skins; living animals and fresh skins have clear black­and­gray dorsal markings and pure white venters, with no trace of other hues. According to Cabrera (1919), the digits of the manus are webbed to the ends of the first phalanges, but our specimens (and those illustrated by Augustiny [1942: fig. 14] and Mondolfi and Medina [1957: fig. 1]) have unwebbed manual digits. The supernumerary facial bristles mentioned by Marshall (1978b) are the usual superciliary, genal, and interramal vibrissae (Brown, 1971), which are well developed (Augustiny, 1942: fig. 11) but otherwise unremarkable in
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDA374987D2FBC8FDD7FB81" box="[492,638,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374987D2FBC8FDD0FB81" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[492,633,1105,1128]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">C. minimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Apparently, the only postcranial vibrissae in this species consist of a prominent tuft of long carpal hairs at the wrist.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDA374986B9FC0CFE46FC36" blockId="20.[109,1213,917,991]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig. 8. Subcanopy habitat of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374987E2FC0CFD16FC43" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[476,703,917,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Caluromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philander">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDA374987E2FC0CFD16FC43" box="[476,703,917,938]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Caluromys philander</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other arboreal mammals (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDA37498273FC0CFC15FC2C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA37498273FC0CFF48FC2C" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Micoureus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="demerarae">Micoureus demerarae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374986CFFC29FED0FC2C" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[241,377,944,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavus">Potos flavus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374987B7FC29FD95FC2C" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1921" box="[393,572,944,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oecomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">Oecomys rutilus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA37498472FC29FD40FC2C" authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1939" box="[588,745,944,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oecomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auyantepui">O. auyantepui</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374984C7FC29FC15FC2C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[761,956,944,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Rhipidomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitela">Rhipidomys nitela</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) sampled by platformtrapping and by hunting at Paracou.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDA374986B4FB5FFE6AF9D4" blockId="20.[109,638,1046,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Our only adult voucher (AMNH 266477), an old male, had external measurements of 286 Χ 345 Χ 63 Χ
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498766FA99FE02FAFE" box="[344,427,1280,1303]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
and weighed
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA3749846FFA99FFD7FADC" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="g" value="620.0">620 g</quantity>
. Selected craniodental measurements of this specimen fall within the known range of morphometric variation for the species (Marshall, 1978b): condylobasal length,
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498430FAEFFDD0FA64" box="[526,633,1398,1421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.57" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="65.7">65.7 mm</quantity>
; length of molars,
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498779FA0AFE1FFA43" box="[327,438,1427,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
; palatal breadth,
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498653FA29FF75FA2E" box="[109,220,1456,1479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
; palatal length,
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; least interorbital breadth,
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498776FA57FE1FFA0C" box="[328,438,1486,1509]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="13.1">13.1 mm</quantity>
; least postorbital breadth,
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA374986E5FA72FEE9F9EB" box="[219,320,1515,1538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
; zygomatic breadth, 39.0 mm; length of nasals,
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. Both of our other vouchers are juveniles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFDA374B86B4F9DAFF5FFC94" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDA374986B4F9DAFCCAFB13" blockId="20.[109,638,1046,1743]" lastBlockId="20.[685,1214,1046,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
REMARKS:
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA3749872BF9DAFF13F99E" authority="Zimmermann (1780)" authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1780" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDA3749872BF9DAFE6EF9B3" box="[277,455,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lutra minima</emphasis>
Zimmermann (1780)
</taxonomicName>
was based on Buffons (1776) description of the petite loutre deau douce de Cayenne, so our specimens are practically topotypes. Krumbiegel (1940a) and Marshall (1978b) both recognized four subspecies, but the necessity for a trinomial nomenclature for water opossums has yet to be demonstrat­ ed by any substantive analysis of character data. In the event that any subspecific distinctions are warranted, the Paracou population would obviously be referable to the nominate form.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDA374984F4FA99FC80F99E" blockId="20.[685,1214,1046,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: Water opossums were commonly seen in all of the four named stream systems that have their headwaters in our study area; even the smallest and shallowest creeks were frequented (fig. 9). Because this species has bright eyeshine, is boldly marked, and splashes noisily while swimming or wading, it is not difficult to observe despite its nocturnal habits. Nevertheless, the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDA374985F6F990FBFDF9C9" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[968,1108,1545,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDA374985F6F990FBFDF9C9" box="[968,1108,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chironectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Paracou was previously unsuspected by the forestry workers and local hunters whom we interviewed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDA374B84F4F9E7FE45FE16" blockId="20.[685,1214,1046,1743]" lastBlockId="22.[109,638,195,893]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
One of our three vouchers was taken in a large (ca. 25 Χ 30 Χ
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFDA37498584F902FBA1F95B" box="[954,1032,1691,1714]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="81.0">81 cm</quantity>
) wire live trap set in a small (ca.
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wide) shallow (ca.
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deep) stream in primary forest; the trap was unbaited, but rows of stakes were driven unto the streambed on either side to funnel animals moving downstream into the trap opening. The other two vouchers were collected by shooting. In addition, we recorded 23 unvouchered observations of water opossums, of which 2 were based on juveniles trapped in small (145 Χ 145 Χ
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFD8374B87E7FE37FD92FE2C" box="[473,571,430,453]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="410.0">410 mm</quantity>
) wire live traps set in streams, and 21 were sightings of free­ranging individuals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF607CF7FFDB37488646F999FF0AF973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378867/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[120,158,1536,1557]" targetBox="[200,1091,208,1515]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFDB37488646F999FF0AF973" blockId="21.[94,1198,1536,1691]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig. 9. Aquatic habitat of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDB3748879FF999FD28F9FC" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[417,641,1536,1557]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDB3748879FF999FD28F9FC" box="[417,641,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chironectes minimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in primary forest at Paracou. Water opossums were encountered almost every night that we worked near such small streams, most of which were less than 2 m wide and 50 cm deep. Streams frequented by
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDB374884BFF9AFFD52F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[641,763,1590,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Chironectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDB374884BFF9AFFD52F9A2" box="[641,763,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. minimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Paracou had clear tea­colored (black) water and flowed slowly over mostly sandy beds. Other nocturnal vertebrates encountered in the same streams included potential predators such as caimans (
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDB37488491F9F2FCF2F969" box="[687,859,1643,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Paleosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDB37488491F9F2FC9AF969" box="[687,819,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Paleosuchus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) and anacondas (
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFDB37488223F9F2FF3DF972" authorityName="Peracca" authorityYear="1895" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFDB37488223F9F2FF3DF972" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eunectes murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFD8374B86B4FD9FFF5FFC94" blockId="22.[109,638,195,893]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">All of our 26 (vouchered and unvouchered) records of water opossums at Paracou were of animals trapped or sighted while they waded or swam in primary forest streams at night. Most free­ranging individuals alarmed by our presence quickly swam away, but two animals left the water and disappeared in dense streamside vegetation, and another entered a burrow near the waters edge. With the exception of a pair of animals apparently engaged in an aggressive interaction, all of our sightings were of solitary individuals.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>