398 lines
44 KiB
XML
398 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.247.3303" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d1b9302b-b8c2-4f1b-a37d-2225cc99e257" ID-PMC="PMC3520139" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-247-45" ID-PubMed="23275755" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-247-45" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 247" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Rhytidognathus (Carabidae, Migadopini) from Argentina" checkinTime="1451247884838" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Roig-Junent, Sergio & Rouaux, Julia" docDate="2012" docId="3DEBBC0690B19C677B16619ADBFDDD86" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 247: 45-60" docOrigin="ZooKeys 247" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.247.3303" docTitle="Rhytidognathus platensis Roig-Junent & Rouaux, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FF9BFFDAFFA4A134FFABFFBEFFEFFFC1" masterDocTitle="A new species of Rhytidognathus (Carabidae, Migadopini) from Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668154985135" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Rhytidognathus (Carabidae, Migadopini) from Argentina</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Roig-Junent, Sergio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rouaux, Julia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>247</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>45</mods:start>
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<mods:end>60</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.247.3303</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.247.3303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-247-45</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039099" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3DEBBC0690B19C677B16619ADBFDDD86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3DEBBC0690B19C677B16619ADBFDDD86" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:89A5BF3B-FB4B-4B75-95DA-D86FD0F667C8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus platensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhytidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="49">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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Holotype: male, Argentina: Buenos Aires, Los Olmos (MLP); Paratypes, same date, one male two females (MELP, IADIZA); Entre
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
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(MACN), one female.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Head with small punctures, on the borders; elytra black with interstria 8 reddish; labrum with the borders yellowish; interstriae flat; apex of median lobe sub-quadrangular.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Habitus as in Fig. 1. Length: 10.3 mm. Coloration: black; with antennae light colored, reddish, and legs testaceous, dark reddish. Labrum with borders yellowish; elytra black with interstria 8 reddish.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Head. Head with small punctures in front; eyes slightly protruding, rounded (Fig. 8). Maxillary palpi black or dark red.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Prothorax. Wider than long, maximum width at middle (Fig. 5); dorsal surface with punctures on the base (Figs 1, 5), apex with small or no punctures. Lateral margins narrow, curved; central longitudinal sulcus slightly developed; posterior transverse foveae slightly impressed. Posterior angles rounded. Prosternum without punctures or one or two on the apex. Prosternal projections not marginate, with a small apical tubercle, sinuate dorsally (Figs 6, 9).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Metathorax.Elytra with humeral angles rounded (Fig. 7); striae on basal third well impressed, and foveate, less impressed at apex. Ninth interval with six setae; elytral interval flat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Male genitalia(Figs 14-17). Median lobe wide, with apex sub-quadrangular (Figs 14-16), apical orifice big, open dorsally and straight; basal orifice wide, closed dorsally (Fig. 14), without basal keel. Left paramere wide with apex rounded (Fig. 16), setae on apical third (Fig. 16). Right paramere thin, constricted in the middle, with setae from middle to apex (Fig. 16).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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Female genital track(Fig. 18). With gonopod VIII small. Gonopod IX dimerous, the base with two sclerites, the apex small without setae, with apical setose organ (Fig. 18). Bursa copulatrix large, without accessory glands. Spermatheca on the base of oviduct, digitiform. Bursa copulatrix with a large sclerite
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="50" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">The name of the new species is related to the area where it was collected, La Plata district, near the La Plata river in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="taxonomic considerations">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Taxonomic considerations.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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<bibRefCitation author="Tremoleras, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="239 - 242" title="Notas sobre Carabidos Platenses." volume="3" year="1931">Tremoleras (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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cited
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus ovalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovalis">Rhytidognathus ovalis</taxonomicName>
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for Argentina.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tremoleras`">Tremoleras'</normalizedToken>
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specimen was held in his collection and now we can not find it. The description by
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<bibRefCitation author="Tremoleras, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="239 - 242" title="Notas sobre Carabidos Platenses." volume="3" year="1931">Tremoleras (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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does not allow a clear identification of this material.
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<bibRefCitation author="Roig-Junent, S" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Chilena" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="7 - 29" title="Los Migadopini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) de America del Sur: Descripcion de las estructuras genitales Masculinas y femeninas y consideraciones filogeneticas y biogeograficas." volume="28" year="2004">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Roig-Juñent">Roig-Junent</normalizedToken>
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(2004)
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</bibRefCitation>
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cited also
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus ovalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovalis">Rhytidognathus ovalis</taxonomicName>
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for Entre
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
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province (Argentina), based on a female. In the presentcontribution, this female specimen is now considered as being
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhythidognathus" lsidName="Rhythidognathus platensis" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhythidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
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. Taking into account that
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhythidognathus" lsidName="Rhythidognathus platensis" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhythidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
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is distributed along the western shore of the La Plata river, we considered it more likely that
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tremoleras`">Tremoleras'</normalizedToken>
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specimen belongs to the new species,
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhythidognathus" lsidName="Rhythidognathus platensis" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhythidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
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, and not to
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhythidognathus" lsidName="Rhythidognathus ovalis" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="ovalis">Rhythidognathus ovalis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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Argentina: Buenos Aires: San Isidro(
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<bibRefCitation author="Tremoleras, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="239 - 242" title="Notas sobre Carabidos Platenses." volume="3" year="1931">Tremoleras 1931</bibRefCitation>
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); Los Olmos (La Plata); Entre
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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The new material was collected in the locality of Lisandro Olmos (La Plata, Buenos Aires) at "La Nueva Era" farm (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-35.021667">35°01'18"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-58.03528">58°02'07"W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Fig. 20), devoted to horticultural production under organic management (Fig. 21). The area has elevations of about 30 m, with soils derived from the Buenos Aires belt corresponding to grassland soils. It is surrounded by horticultural crops grown under cover and in the open, primarily tomato, pepper, leafy vegetables, celery, eggplant and small plots of corn, among others. Cut flower production in greenhouse conditions is also important in this area.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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Samples were collected by pitfall traps set up in a 2000 m2-area cultivated with lettuce (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lactuca sativa" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">Lactuca sativa</taxonomicName>
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), onion (
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium cepa" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cepa">Allium cepa</taxonomicName>
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), radish (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Raphanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Raphanus sativus" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativus">Raphanus sativus</taxonomicName>
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), rocket (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Diplotaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplotaxis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplotaxis</taxonomicName>
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sp.), cabbage (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Brassica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brassica oleracea" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleracea">Brassica oleracea)</taxonomicName>
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and different types of weeds. This habitat has no native vegetation. Probably
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus platensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhytidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
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inhabits the patches of semi-natural vegetation surrounding the crops. It has been proven that carabids move between cultivated and uncultivated patches (
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<bibRefCitation author="Marshall, EJP" journalOrPublisher="Ecosystems and Environments" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="5 - 21" title="Field margins in northern Europe: their functions and interactions with agriculture." url="10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00315-2" volume="89" year="2002">Marshall and Moonen 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Magura, T" journalOrPublisher="Forest Ecology and management" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="23 - 37" title="Carabids and forest edge: spatial pattern and edge effect." url="10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00654-X" volume="157" year="2002">Magura 2002</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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On the shores of La Plata river in Buenos Aires province we found two natural habitats. One habitat is close to the river and includes: a) cliffs, with small forest of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis tala" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tala">Celtis tala</taxonomicName>
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and other arboreal species, b) riparian shallows extending between the cliffs and the river and constituting a low plain that gets flooded, similar to the marshes of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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river delta. The soil is clay and salty, and the vegetation is characterized by halophytic steppe with dominance of low grasses such as
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Distichlis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distichlis spicata" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicata">Distichlis spicata</taxonomicName>
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. The second habitat, the Pampean plain, lies above the cliffs. This lowland has a temperate climate, with an even year-round precipitation regime, soil type is loam, and the plants that dominate the landscape are herbs that compose the extensive Pampean grassland, a steppe. The typical original plant community comprises species of the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stipa" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stipa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Piptochaetium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Piptochaetium" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piptochaetium</taxonomicName>
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. This landscape is accompanied on different sites by low shrubs of several species of
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<taxonomicName genus="Bacharis" lsidName="Bacharis" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Bacharis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
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Predictive models of distribution show that the genus
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhytidontahus" lsidName="Rhytidontahus" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Rhytidontahus</taxonomicName>
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isrestricted to the coast and areas close to the La Plata river and the delta of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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and Uruguay Rivers (Fig. 20), occupying shore habitats and the Pampean grassland near the shore. This Pampean plain has been strongly modified, allowing for great agricultural development with establishment of annual crops and pastures, leaving hardly any native vegetation in the region. The Pampean grassland and forest close to the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="51" start="start">La</pageBreakToken>
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Plata river and to the high
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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River differ in species and habitat conditions from the areas inhabited by nearly all sister groups of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
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, the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lissopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lissopterus</taxonomicName>
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Waterhouse, Migadopidius Jeannel and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Migadopidius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Migadopidius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Migadopidius</taxonomicName>
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occupy temperate
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
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forests(Fig. 24, Table 1).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lissopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lissopterus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
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(Figs 22-23) occur in habitats closer to the shore, principally sub-Antarctic forest or moorlands (Figs 22-23, Table 1). The unique genus of the sister group inhabiting grassland is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
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, in some part of Malvinas Islands. As we can see,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
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inhabits coastal forest and grassland, like
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
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, but species composition in their habitats is far from being the same, as the former is of sub-Antarctic origin and the other of Neotropical origin (
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<bibRefCitation author="Morrone, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="149 - 162" title="Panbiogeografia, components bioticos y zonas de transicion." url="10.1590/S0085-56262004000200001" volume="48" year="2004">Morrone 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Climatic conditions are not the same either, and if we look at the variables that explain the predictive models of distribution of these four
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
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genera, the most important variable is temperature (Table 1)
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="52" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
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</paragraph>
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<subSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="biogeographic considerations">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Biogeographic considerations</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
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Because of its particular distribution pattern and its phylogenetic relationships with other tribes, the
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
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have been used to explain some very different biogeographic views, such as an austral origin and separation by vicariance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jeannel, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue Francaise d' Entomologie" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 55" title="Les Migadopides (Coleoptera, Adephaga), une lignee subantarctique." volume="5" year="1938">Jeannel 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brundin, L" journalOrPublisher="Handlingar" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 471" title="Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges, with a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kungla Svenska Vetenskapsakad." volume="11" year="1966">Brundin 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or a Holarctic origin, separate dispersal to the southern continents, extinction in tropical and subtropical regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Darlington, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Distribution and history of the far southern life and land with assessment of continental drift. Cambridge, Massachuset, Harvard University press" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" title="Biogeography of the southern end of the world." year="1965">Darlington 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Beyond the different proposals regarding the origin of the tribe, everybody considers that its current restricted distribution is relictual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jeannel, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue Francaise d' Entomologie" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 55" title="Les Migadopides (Coleoptera, Adephaga), une lignee subantarctique." volume="5" year="1938">Jeannel 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Darlington, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Distribution and history of the far southern life and land with assessment of continental drift. Cambridge, Massachuset, Harvard University press" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" title="Biogeography of the southern end of the world." year="1965">Darlington 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Upon the advent of the theory of plates as applied to the continental drift, it was put forward that many groups with distribution patterns similar to those of migadopines be considered of austral origin, whose fragmentation led to their present distribution. By applying a Dispersal and Vicariance analysis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roig-Junent, S" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Chilena" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="7 - 29" title="Los Migadopini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) de America del Sur: Descripcion de las estructuras genitales Masculinas y femeninas y consideraciones filogeneticas y biogeograficas." volume="28" year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Roig-Juñent">Roig-Junent</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
put both hypotheses to test and his conclusions concur with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jeannel’s">Jeannel's</normalizedToken>
|
||
saying that the tribe has had an origin in the southern hemisphere and that its current distribution across the southern continents
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="53" start="start">has</pageBreakToken>
|
||
been due to vicariant events. Notwithstanding, the analysis yielded no support for the existence of three separate phyletic lines (monophyletic groups): Australian, New Zealander and American, as Jeannel proposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jeannel, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue Francaise d' Entomologie" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 55" title="Les Migadopides (Coleoptera, Adephaga), une lignee subantarctique." volume="5" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This shows that some clades would have originated before the fragmentation of some parts of Gondwana.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Regarding the present distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South America, it is restricted to three disjunct areas. The first is in the Ecuadorian Andes, where the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Aquilex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquilex" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquilex</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs at about 4300 m elevation at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moret, P" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="245 - 257" volume="6" year="1989">Moret 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the second is on the shores of the La Plata river where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives in Pampean grassland and riparian forest environments; and the third, which is the largest in surface area and coincides with the sub-Antarctic region in Chile and Argentina, includes all
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests and sub-Antarctic regions up to Cape Horn. The latter is the area with highest number of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera, and where most taxa show more phylogenetic affinity to other taxa from southern regions (New Zealand, Australia) than to those from the rest of the Neotropics. Although the present distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely restricted to the sub-Antarctic region in South America, it is likely that, at some point of the Cenozoic, the tribe may have had a broader distribution. The sub-Antarctic biota expanded to more northern areas and its later retraction left areas with relictual distributions. Such is the case of the Fray Jorge forests in Chile (
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-30.678888">
|
||
30° 40
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="´44”">'44"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.68166">
|
||
71° 40
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="´54”">'54"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) or the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Araucaria" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Araucaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests in the south of Brazil and north of Argentina (26° 27¨S,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-53.616665">53° 37'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). This expansion might explain the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the La Plata river because, being apterous and large-sized, this taxon has almost no capacity for dispersal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moret, P" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="245 - 257" volume="6" year="1989">Moret (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considers the same situation for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Aquilex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquilex" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquilex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which would have originated from its southern ancestors in the pulses of northward expansion of the sub-Antarctic biota during the Cenozoic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Considering the particular distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the biogeographic analysis carried out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roig-Junent, S" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Chilena" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="7 - 29" title="Los Migadopini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) de America del Sur: Descripcion de las estructuras genitales Masculinas y femeninas y consideraciones filogeneticas y biogeograficas." volume="28" year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Roig-Juñent">Roig-Junent</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows that this genus would have been split by a vicariant event from its sister group (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lissopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lissopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Migadopidius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Migadopidius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Migadopidius</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which now inhabits the Magellanic region or the northern
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests. Although the distance to the Magellanic region exceeds 3000 km and is 1000 kmto the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
forest region, the possibility of a vicariant event is feasible because, as mentioned for the austral region of South America, its cold austral biota experienced expansions during the Cenozoic whereby the genus came to occupy areas more northern than the current ones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Romero, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Annual of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="449 - 461" title="Paleogene Phytogeography and climatology of South America." url="10.2307/2399123" volume="73" year="1986">Romero 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Barrera and Palazzesi 2007). So the separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have been caused either by vicariance or by isolation upon the southward retraction of the austral biota. Numerous are the relictual taxa than can be found in the Pampean region and south of Brazil, such is the case among carabids of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" rank="tribe" tribe="Broscini">Broscini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
In analyzing the environmental features of each genus, we find that there could also have been environmental features involved in the split. Figures 21-24 show the potential distribution range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that of its sister genera. For these four genera, we find three clearly separate areas, one is austral sub-Antarctic, another one comprises the cold-temperate forests, and the third one encompasses the Pampean steppe and riparian forests along the La Plata river. The Pampean region is the exception with respect to the other habitats where migadopines occur in South America, and to the remaining circum-Antarctic regions, because most are from cold-temperate or cold environments, such as the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="54" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Loxomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxomerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loxomerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chaudoir (Johnson 2010). Although the Pampean grassland is a temperate area, it has warm summers and the vegetation is Neotropical in origin, not austral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
In other cases, it has been put forward that there often is niche conservation, commonly observed in species of the same genus whose potential distributions show areas occupied by other species of the genus rather than by them. However, we see that a shift has occurred among these four genera regarding the environment occupied by some of them. We propose that the environment occupied by the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the sister group could have been cold-temperate coastal or riparian habitats, either forest or grassland (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
|
||
). An arid barrier formed during the Cenozoic between the Pampean and sub-Antarctic regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barreda, V" journalOrPublisher="The botanical review" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" pagination="31 - 50" title="Patagonian vegetation turnovers during the Paleogene-Early Neogene: origin of Arid-Adapted Floras." url="10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[31:PVTDTP]2.0.CO;2" volume="73" year="2007">Barreda and Palazzesi 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), isolating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the current species of this genuswould have had to become adapted to this more temperate climate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Table 1. Habitat characterization and the major variables explaining the predictive model of distribution obtained by Maxent.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">Habitat</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">variables</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Pseudomigadop" lsidName="Pseudomigadop" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Pseudomigadop</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Poa flabellata" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">Poa flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Empetrum rubrum" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Empetrum rubrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus betuloides" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betuloides">Nothofagus betuloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Empetrum rubrum" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Empetrum rubrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lissopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lissopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Poa flabellata" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">Poa flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Empetrum rubrum" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Empetrum rubrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus betuloides" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betuloides">Nothofagus betuloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Empetrum" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Empetrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Migadopidius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Migadopidius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Migadopidius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Araucaria" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Araucaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Araucaria araucana" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="araucana">Araucaria araucana</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus dombeyi" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dombeyi">Nothofagus dombeyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus antarctica" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">Nothofagus antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus pumilio" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumilio">Nothofagus pumilio</taxonomicName>
|
||
2005)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Figures 10-18.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus ovalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovalis">Rhytidognathus ovalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 10 Median lobe and left paramere 11 Right paramere 12 Median lobe, right view 13 Female genital track, ventral view.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus platensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platensis">Rhytidognathus platensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 14 Median lobe, left view 15 Median lobe, right view 16 Apex of median lobe 17 parameres 18 female genital track, ventral view. Scale 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Figures 19-20. Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus platenesis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platenesis">Rhytidognathus platenesis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 19 Aerial view of the collecting area 20 Area where the study was developed, showing the crops.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Figures 21-24. Potential distribution of: 21,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Rhytidognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhytidognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhytidognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
22
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudomigadops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomigadops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomigadops</taxonomicName>
|
||
23
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lissopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lissopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 24
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Migadopidius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Migadopidius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Migadopidius</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Known localities are in white, probabilities of occurrence are indicated in different shades of grey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |